栓皮栎天然林种内竞争关系及单木生长模型的研究

在栓皮栎天然林中随机抽取60株林木作为对象木,以对象木为依据,研究栓皮栎天然纯林中个体竞争与生长的关系,选用简单竞争指数并建立以个体树木生长为基础的与距离有关的单木生长模型,为预估栓皮栎生长提供一条简明的途径。同时,还分析了竞争指数的变化规律及竞争指数与生长量的关系,并建立了径阶平均竞争指数预估模型,简化了竞争指数的测算,进而为建立从单木到全林分的整体生长模型研究提供一条途径。     

参数化林木个体及林分场景可视化模拟技术

以湖南攸县黄丰桥国有林场为试验区,以1块林分边界规整的典型杉木人工同龄纯林为研究对象,测定林木胸径、树高、冠幅、冠高与活枝下高等测树因子及林木位置信息。研究冠形曲线函数,利用Direct 3D技术,实现冠形控制下的参数化林木模拟。研究林木模型格式转换方法,为林分场景构建提供模型数据,结合MOGRE技术,研究林分场景模拟技术方法,实现林分场景可视化模拟。结果表明：参数化林木个体建模算法简单适用,测树因子信息可直接用于林木个体可视化模拟,所建模型可体现林木个体差异,形态逼真;利用MOGRE技术可快速、有效模拟林分场景,所建场景真实感较强。此方法所需数据易于获取,适用性强,可对林木个体及林分场景进行逼真模拟,可为研究林木竞争关系、林分生长、林分结构与林分经营提供新思路。     

基于W_V_Hegyi竞争指数的杉木竞争生长模型研究——以湖南省福寿国有林场杉木生态公益林为例

根据湖南省福寿国有林场杉木生态公益林(幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林)复测数据,通过研究Hegyi,V_Hegyi,W_V_Hegyi三种竞争指数与胸径的相关性,选择相关性最强的W_V_Hegyi竞争指数,构建单木竞争生长模型。以此为基础,用加权平均树高作为胸径生长量的权重,重新构建了单木竞争生长模型,并对W_V_Hegyi竞争指数分布规律进行分析,利用回归分析方法构建径阶竞争指数预估模型和径阶生长模型。通过基于加权胸径生长量与W_V_Hegyi竞争指数构建径阶生长模型,以期为林木从单木到林分的模拟提供新途径。     

基于林分特征的林木个体信息估算可视化模拟技术

以湖南攸县黄丰桥国有林场为试验区,以6块典型的杉木人工同龄纯林为研究对象,研究林木径阶与其Voronoi多边形面积间的对应关系。以模拟样地为例,在林木株数、林分算术平均胸径与样地大小设定的前提下,研究林木空间分布格局特征,建立计算机模拟点阵生成算法;利用Weibull分布模型对样地内林木径阶分布进行估算,根据林木Voronoi多边形面积与其径阶间的对应规律,对林木胸径进行分配,参考林木测树因子估计模型对林木树高与冠幅因子进行估算;采用ArcgisEngine10开发技术,开发样地Voronoi多边形分析模块,结合GDI+与MOGRE技术,建立基于林分特征的林木个体信息估算可视化模型。结果表明:林木Voronoi多边形面积的算术平均值与所对应径阶间总体呈正相关关系;林木空间格局生成算法高效且适用;林木胸径因子分配考虑了空间环境的影响,贴近林木生长规律;可视化模拟技术可直观表现以上过程与结果,增强可操作性。此方法可用于解决由林分整体特征估算林木个体信息的难题,可为林业科学研究提供基础数据,可为森林可视化模拟提供技术参考。     

基于Weibull分布的林分结构可视化模拟技术研究

林分结构是林分生长和林分经营的理论基础,具有重要的生产实践和科研价值。以杉木人工林为研究对象,以30 m×30 m样地大小为例,以Weibull分布拟合林分直径结构,并进行x2检验。在已知林木算术平均胸径和林木株数的前提下,以C#语言为基础,结合Weibull分布模型、测树因子间关系模型、生物量估计模型、GDI+技术与MOGRE技术,实现了林分结构统计图表可视化模拟,并对林分进行了2维3维可视化模拟。结果表明:Weibull分布可有效拟合林分直径结构分布,可视化模拟技术使林分结构得到了更加直观高效的表达,为研究林分结构提供了新的技术手段,为提高森林经营管理水平提供了可视化决策平台。     

基于单木位置的杉木林分空间竞争关系研究

研究林木竞争关系,有助于了解林木生长规律,帮助制定科学有效的营林措施。本文基于树冠因子的林木竞争指数,提出了一种顾及林分地形因子的树冠竞争指数,并把这两种指数与基于交角的林木竞争指数以及简单竞争指数在不同林分中的适应性进行对比。同时用这四种指数计算不同树种组成的林分以及杉木林中不同龄组、坡向、坡度的林分中单木受到的平均竞争。结果表明四种指数中简单竞争指数的相关性最高,顾及地形的树冠竞争指数次之,基于交角的林木竞争指数相关性最低;在不同树种组成的林分中马褂木样地单木受到的平均竞争最大,马褂木杉木混交林最小,其它两种林分次之;在杉木林分中,中龄林单木受到平均竞争要大于成熟林,阴坡样地中单木受到平均竞争要大于阳坡,单木受到的平均竞争随坡度增大而增大。因此四种指数中简单竞争指数的适用性最好;在杉木林经营中,中龄林需要及时间伐;在造林过程中阴坡的林地造林密度要适当小于阳坡、坡度级大的林地要小于坡度级小的林地。     

基于树冠因子的林木竞争指数研究

[目的]以湖南省黄丰桥国有林场杉木纯林为研究对象,进行树木竞争指数的研究,基于Hegyi简单竞争指数的形式,提出包含反映树冠特征因子的树冠竞争指数。[方法]将树冠竞争指数和Hegyi简单竞争指数分别与胸径增长量进行相关分析。[结果]Kendall's tau-b系数、Spearman's rho系数和相关系数R²均显示树冠竞争指数与林木生长量的相关性高于Hegyi简单竞争指数。[结论]该结果表明树冠竞争指数与林木生长量有更强的相关性,可以更好地体现树冠在树木生长中的作用,能作为模拟林分生长量的依据。     

木麻黄-湿地松人工混交林中树木个体生长的竞争效应模型

竞争是影响树木生长的重要因素。树木间竞争包括地上和地下部分。本研究将树木间竞争影响范围分为两部分 :相邻树木存在树冠和根系接触部分称为内圈 ,树木间竞争影响包括地上和地下部分 ;内圈以外称为外圈 ,树木间竞争主要来自地下。同时依据竞争木树种划分竞争指数分量 ,由此构建竞争指数模型。以年材积生长量为因变量各竞争指数分量为自变量 ,通过多元回归分析建立了木麻黄湿地松混交林中树木个体生长的竞争效应模型 ,模型拟合效果好 ,回归结果与林分实际相符 ,从而为木麻黄湿地松混交林理论研究和合理经营提供科学依据。     

基于WF的杉木人工林交互式疏伐可视化模拟技术

以湖南攸县黄丰桥国有林场为试验区,以杉木人工林为试验对象,测定林木胸径、树高、冠幅等测树因子及林木位置信息。利用WF技术,在定义林分生长模型、林分结构分析与林分疏伐模型等5种活动的基础上,利用人机交互方式,以图形形式建立了林分生长、林分结构与林分疏伐间交互的可视化工作流模型,实现了林分交互式疏伐可视化模拟。采用GDI+绘图技术与MOGRE渲染引擎技术,实现了林分结构、林分2维状态与林分3维场景的可视化模拟。结果表明:林分生长、林分结构与林分疏伐间的交互关系得到了直观的可视化模拟,此方法面向经营者具有可操作性强的特点。林分疏伐前后的林分结构、2维状态与3维场景得到了形象与逼真的模拟。应用交互式疏伐可视化模拟技术,可实现林分疏伐过程、效果以及林分未来状态的可视化模拟,实现对林分疏伐的实时监管,提高林分疏伐数字化管理水平。     

帽儿山地区次生林椴树单木胸高断面积生长模型的研究

应用帽儿山天然次生林区不同林分条件下选设的20块椴树（Tilia amurensis）固定样地的解析木调查资料,分析多个单木竞争指标与对象木胸高断面积定期生长量的相关关系,在椴树单木胸高断面积生长模型中引入林木自身大小、单木竞争指标和立地因子,应用回归分析法建立帽儿山地区天然次生椴树单木胸高断面积生长模型。研究表明：天然次生林下椴树的胸高断面积定期生长量与对象木相对直径（RD）和竞争压力指数（SCI）等指标存在比较明显的相关关系。应用主分量线性组合的方法构造的综合竞争指标（MCI）包含了各竞争指标与胸高断面积生长量之间的绝大部分的相关信息,可以作为竞争指标应用于单木胸高断面积生长模型。     

基于竞争指数的杉木林分生长可视化模拟研究

以我国南方速生丰产林——杉木纯林为研究对象,采用改进过的Hegyi的简单竞争指数模型对杉木纯林间的竞争强度进行定量分析,并建立单木生长模型,再通过径阶模型将其应用于全林分,将单木生长模型研究扩展到全林分生长模型研究。同时,通过可视化模拟技术,为更加逼真的恢复和重建林分空间结构提供理论依据。     

杉木人工林单木断面积生长动态模拟

应用面板数据固定效应模型对杉木人工林单木断面积生长规律进行模拟,在模拟过程中,将胸径(DBH)和活冠比例(LCR)作为自变量,又分别加入密度因子和不同类型的竞争指数,同时引入立地条件和林龄效应来解释单木断面积生长过程中的异质性。结果表明:虽然密度因子与竞争指数有较强的相关性,但是在单木断面积生长中都具有不可忽略的重要影响。立地条件与林龄对单木断面积的拟合偏差在不同的林分密度下略有不同,随立地指数或者林龄增加,其对平均单木断面积拟合偏差的影响也增大。     

Stand structure, competition and growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in a Mediterranean mountainous environment

The relationship between competition and tree growth was studied in four stands of Pinus sylvestris L. occurring in a continental Mediterranean mountain area (in the Guadarrama range, Spain), i.e., an uneven-aged stand, a stand with oak (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.) understorey, a plantation, and a mature even-aged stand. Competition was measured by a simple size-ratio distance-independent index and was negatively associated with tree diameter. This negative association was stronger in the uneven-aged, plantation and mature even-aged stands than in the stand with oak understorey. Competition was also negatively associated with current diameter increment. This relationship was moderately strong in the mature even-aged stand and weak in the uneven-aged stand and the plantation. In the uneven-aged and the mature even-aged stands, a weakly significant relationship was found between diameter growth and tree size, whereas these parameters were not associated in the stand with oak understorey. The competition index provided a better prediction of growth rate than the alternative use of diameter. Both diameter and basal area growth were greater in the uneven-aged than in the even-aged stands.     

云南铁杉地理种源表型变异研究

采用以树冠光竞争高度为基础的林分垂直层数量化方法研究了云蒙山几种典型森林群落的垂直结构特征,并将不同群落的垂直层划分结果与树高系统聚类分析结果相比较,发现在森林群落垂直层划分过程中,树冠光竞争高度附近的树被误划的几率较高;截止系数a=0.4时,平均误划率最低,为10.10%.对几种森林群落结构指标相关性分析表明:森林群落垂直分层数与乔木高度多样性指数、树高变异系数及乔木物种多样性指数呈显著正相关;乔木高度多样性指数和树高变异系数与灌木层多样性指数呈极显著正相关,而与草本层多样性指数却均呈显著负相关.几种描述林分垂直结构的指标能很好地描述森林群落的垂直分层情况,同时森林群落的垂直结构对下层植物的物种组成具有重要影响.     

Evaluating tree competition indices as predictors of basal area increment in western Montana forests

Fire hazard reduction treatments are commonly applied to mixed-species coniferous forests in western Montana, USA, to modify fuels structures and alter the competitive environments of individual trees. An improved understanding of how competition can be measured and how it conditions individual tree growth is needed for projecting the development of these forests, with and without treatment. Numerous studies have evaluated how competition affects tree growth and many indices have been developed to quantify the competition an individual tree experiences. These studies suggest that no single competition index or a single class of indices is universally superior; indices perform differently according to forest type and forest conditions. We chose several widely used distance-independent and distance-dependent competition indices, and also derived anisotropic distance-dependent indices from estimates of light interception by tree crowns. We evaluated the effectiveness of these competition measures for predicting basal area increment (BAI) of Pinus ponderosa, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Larix occidentalis in western Montana. The best distance-dependent competition indices explained a larger proportion of growth variation than the best distance-independent indices (64% vs. 56%). This result indicates that competition is an important growth determinant in these forests and that competition varies locally, with variable tree densities and relatively complex stand structures creating heterogeneous neighborhood conditions. Competition indices derived from light interception models were only weakly correlated with other indices and performed poorly in terms of predicting tree growth. This result accords with previous observations that competition for light is not the primarily growth limitation for trees in the semi-arid conditions of western Montana. More sophisticated light availability models could be used to better assess variability in light interception and its marginal contribution to predictive accuracy of radial tree growth. Diameter and distance-dependent BAI models were developed for growth prediction at the species level and for all species combined.     

基于简单竞争指数的杉木人工林树冠形状模拟

以湖南省株洲市攸县黄丰桥国有林场杉木中龄林为研究对象,用逐步回归的方法建立以单木大小、单木竞争指标为自变量,冠幅、冠长为因变量的函数估算模型,实现林木树冠形状的模拟。研究结果显示:在杉木树冠形状模拟时,与竞争有关的冠幅模型、冠长模型的判定系数R2分别为0.771、0.872,显著高于与竞争无关的冠幅模型、冠长模型的调整的判定系数0.729、0.811,这说明竞争对树冠生长影响的作用是显著的。     

Response of climate-growth relationships and water use efficiency to thinning in a Pinus nigra afforestation

Thinning is the main forestry measure to increase tree growth by reducing stand tree density and competition for resources. A thinning experiment was established in 1993 on a 32-year-old Pinus nigra Arn. stand in central Spain. The response of growth, climate-growth relationships and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) to a stand density reduction were compared between moderate thinned plots and a control plot by a combined analysis of basal area increments (BAI), and C and O stable isotope ratios (δ¹³C_c and δ¹⁸O_c). BAI in the control plot showed a decreasing trend that was avoided by thinning in the thinned plot. Thinning also partially buffered tree-ring response to climate and trees were less sensitive to precipitation although more sensitive to temperature. Δ¹³C_c in the thinned plot was not modified indicating that stomatal conductance (g) and photosynthetic capacity (A) did not change or change in the same direction. However, δ¹⁸O_c decreased in the control plot (unrelated to δ¹⁸O of precipitation) but not in the thinned plot, suggesting a relative increase of temperature and irradiance and/or a decrease of air humidity after reducing the density consistent with an increase in A, g and BAI. As WUEi did not increase in the thinned plot, faster growth in this plot was caused by higher abundance of resources per tree. The trend of WUEi in both plots indicated low-moderate CO₂-induced improvements. Thinning might be a useful adaptation measure against climate change in these plantations reducing their vulnerability to droughts. However, because WUEi was not affected, the positive growth response might be limited if droughts and warming continue and certain thresholds are exceeded.     

Tree growth-competition relationships in thinned Eucalyptus plantations vary with stand structure and site quality

Growth responses to thinning can vary with site quality and age, however, the direction of the response varies. An understanding of the mechanisms behind thinning responses could help forest managers optimise production as well as inform modellers and ecologists about the functioning of tree stands. Thinning was used to create a range of stand densities in eleven Eucalyptus plantation stands on seven sites in south-eastern Australia. Basal area periodic annual increment (PAI; cm² year^?1) of individual dominant and codominant trees was then related to competition, such that PAI = a + b ln(Competition). Competition was defined as the sum of the basal area of neighbouring trees within a radius of 6.5 m. The relative (%) and absolute (cm² year^?1) responses to competition were quantified using b, which was correlated with site quality and stand structure of unthinned stands. Stand structure was quantified using statistics or parameters that describe the diameter distribution for the given age, species and site, including skewness, the coefficient of variation and parameters of the Weibull probability distribution. Relative and absolute responses both increased with increasing site quality and in stands with more negatively skewed diameter distributions (higher proportion of larger trees) or lower coefficients of variation. Absolute thinning responses often increased with increasing size class, while relative thinning responses often decreased. Variables describing diameter distributions (size-class structure) were able to describe some of the variation in competition responses that site quality could not. This indicates why stands on similar site qualities but with different stand structures can have correspondingly different thinning responses. Stand structural variables may be more useful predictors of thinning responses in stands that experience large temporal changes in diameter distributions compared with site quality, which is a more static variable. Thus, knowledge about the development of diameter distributions might help to refine thinning regimes.     

COMPETITION IN OLD GROWTH KOREAN PINE FOREST

INTRoDUCTIoNThcdcscribingintcrsPCcificandintrasPCi-ficcompeitivcintcnsity'oftrccsPCcicsisal-``aysshortoftl1cdcsirablcquantitati\'cindiccsintraditionalPOpulationccqog}.Toprcdictgrott1hofindit-idualtrcccxactI}',sOI11crc-searchcrhateadt'anccd111a11}'quantitatit'cindiccsintcrPrcti11gcol11PCtiti\.cintcl1sit}'bc-twccnindividualtrccssincctI1cl96()'s.Tl1cscquantitatit'cindcxs}'stc111s.callcdasco111PCti-tionindcxs}'stc111salso'I1asbcc11considcrcdasanapproachtostal1dgro`vtl1prcdictionb)'grot'…