针叶树木材细胞力学及纵向弹性模量的计算--试件纵向弹性模量的预测

依据针叶树木材管胞和射线细胞的结构模型。使用计算机抽样模拟解剖结构参数。以及使用针叶树木材纵向弹性模量计算公式和方法,计算人工林杉木,马尾松幼龄材和成熟材试件纵向弹性模量,计算结果与常温条件下气干试件测定结果十分符合。在试件晚材率和管胞解剖结构参数改变的条件下。计算预测了人工林杉木,马尾松幼龄材和成熟材纵向弹性模量的变化。结果表明：试件纵向弹性模量随晚材率,管胞长度,管胞壁厚度的增加而增加,而试件纵向弹性模量随管胞直径增加而减小。本文提出的纵向弹性模量计算的预测方法,对于运用现代生物技术控制和改变针叶树木材的材质,材性有实际意义。     

酚醛树脂改性对管胞细胞壁力学性能的影响

采用水溶性低分子质量酚醛树脂处理杉木试样,使用纳米压痕测试技术对其管胞细胞壁的弹性模量和硬度进行测试。结果表明:处理试样管胞细胞壁的平均弹性模量和硬度比对照试样分别增加了32.94%和32.93%。使用紫外显微分光光度计分析得知,处理试样管胞细胞壁的吸光度远高于对照试样,说明低分子质量的酚醛树脂能够扩散进入到纳米级孔隙的杉木管胞细胞壁S2层内,并最终引起细胞壁力学性质的增加。     

矮生杉木解剖构造研究

借助光学显微镜和计算机显微图像分析系统,对矮生杉木的解剖性质进行了研究,其主要特征:①矮生杉木生长轮明显,早晚材缓变;管胞壁上的具缘纹孔单列;轴向薄壁组织量多,星散状排列;木射线高有3～12个细胞,多数为3～7个细胞;射线薄壁细胞与早材管胞间的交叉场为杉木型,多2～4个.②矮生杉木第2年轮单位面积的管胞数量平均值为4 047个/mm2,径向层数平均值为118层/轮.③矮生杉木管胞长度平均值为1 560.5μm,管胞宽度平均值为20.06μm,管胞双壁厚平均值为3.602μm,管胞壁腔比平均值为0.21,管胞长宽比平均值为69.90,腔径比平均值为0.830.     

2种农作物秸秆纤维细胞壁的纳米力学性能

利用纳米压痕仪对2种农作物秸秆纤维细胞壁的纳米力学性能进行研究.结果表明:麦秸纤维细胞壁纵向弹性模量高于稻秸纤维细胞壁纵向弹性模量,其数值分别为20.8和19.4 GPa;2种秸秆纤维细胞壁硬度数值分别为0.65和0.50 GPa.在纳米尺度下,秸秆纤维细胞壁纵向弹性模量低于多数阔叶树材,但高于针叶树材和再生纤维素纤维,其细胞壁硬度的平均值高于木材及再生纤维素纤维.     

杉木无性系新品种‘洋020’和‘洋061’10年生幼龄材微观结构与力学性能的相关性

【目的】阐明杉木无性系间幼龄材的力学性能差异,筛选力学性能优良的无性系,探究影响杉木幼龄材力学性能的微观结构特征,为杉木优良无性系选育、杉木木材加工利用和加工工艺研发提供科学依据。【方法】以福建洋口国有林场杉木无性系品种比对示范试验林中2个经国家认定的杉木无性系新品种‘洋020’和‘洋061’10年生幼龄材为试验材料,各采伐8株标准株作为样木。按照国标加工、制备主要力学性能试件,测定木材抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、顺纹抗压强度和硬度,应用光学显微图像分析系统、X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外显微成像等技术观测样品显微构造并测量微纤丝角、结晶度和木质素含量。采用单因素方差分析进行数据处理,系统分析2个杉木无性系幼龄材微观结构与力学性能的相关性。【结果】杉木无性系‘洋020’早材管胞形态与‘洋061’较为接近,但年轮晚材区比‘洋061’宽,管胞壁较厚,管胞腔较小,壁腔比较‘洋061’约大25%。‘洋020’的平均微纤丝角为12.06°,较‘洋061’(14.97°)约小18%;平均结晶度为39.73%,较‘洋061’(35.88%)高11%左右;木质素含量特征峰高比的平均值较‘洋061’高8%左右;平均抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、顺纹抗压强度和硬度分别为51.36 MPa、10.18 GPa、30.27 MPa和1 497 N,较‘洋061’的平均抗弯强度(42.56 MPa)、抗弯弹性模量(8.98 GPa)、顺纹抗压强度(27.20 MPa)和硬度(1 391 N)分别高21%、13%、11%和8%。【结论】除结晶度外,杉木无性系‘洋020’与‘洋061’幼龄材在解剖构造参数、微纤丝角和木质素等微观结构因子方面均存在显著性差异,‘洋020’幼龄材的抗弯、抗压和硬度等力学性能均高于‘洋061’。杉木无性系幼龄材管胞壁厚度、壁腔比等解剖构造参数以及木质素含量与力学性能呈正相关,细胞壁纤维素微纤丝角与力学性能呈负相关,这些微观结构因子的协同作用影响其力学性能。评价杉木无性系幼龄材木材力学品质性状,解剖构造参数和微纤丝角是最主要的判断依据。     

杉木无性系管胞形态及其拉伸性能的研究

为了给人工林杉木选育和合理利用提供依据,以3个杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)无性系为研究对象,测试分析管胞长度、宽度和长宽比以及单根管胞拉伸强度、拉伸弹性模量的变异规律。结果表明,管胞长度、长宽比、拉伸强度、拉伸弹性模量,在株内径向由髓心向外逐渐增大,在株内纵向1.3～5.5 m段自下向上逐渐增大。管胞的拉伸强度、拉伸弹性模量,与管胞长度、长宽比均呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。杉木无性系管胞形态和单根管胞拉伸性能在幼龄与成熟时期材性呈现显著差异。     

针叶树木材细胞力学及纵向弹性模量计算——纵向弹性模量的理论模型

本文是关于针叶树木材弹性特性研究的理论分析。设定针叶树木材细胞主要由管胞和射线组成 ,根据管胞和射线细胞的解剖构造特征 ,建立了两端劈尖、矩形截面、中空的管胞模型与长方体状、中空的射线细胞模型。沿用MP层 (胞间层 初生壁 )内与 3S层 (次生壁的S1、S2、S3层 )内力学性质相同 ,而MP与 3S层间力学性质相异的假定 ,利用管胞和射线细胞模型 ,导出了管胞和射线细胞纵向弹性模量的计算公式。同时 ,根据管胞和射线细胞在针叶树木材中的排列规律 ,结合线形弹性体串并联的特性 ,进一步给出了计算针叶树木材试件宏观纵向弹性模量的方法。本项研究从木材细胞的结构和弹性特性出发 ,分析研究针叶树木材的宏观弹性行为 ,一方面可以获得关于针叶树木材弹性特性的认识 ,另一方面可以用于针叶树木材纵向弹性模量的计算和预测。     

日本落叶松无性系管胞力学性质的遗传变异

对4个12年生的日本落叶松无性系幼龄材早材单根管胞进行了拉伸实验。结果表明:日本落叶松无性系幼龄材早材单根管胞拉伸弹性模量、拉伸强度和断裂伸长率的均值分别为11.44 GPa、616.59 MPa和6.54%,相应的变异系数为26.97%、26.26%和23.17%。方差分析表明日本落叶松幼龄材早材单根管胞拉伸弹性模量和管胞断裂伸长率在无性系间差异极显著(0.01水平),拉伸强度在无性系间差异不显著;株内早材单根管胞拉伸弹性模量、拉伸强度和管胞断裂伸长率在年轮间差异显著。对日本落叶松无性系幼龄材早材单根管胞拉伸力学性能进行遗传参数估计,单根管胞弹性模量和断裂伸长率的重复力分别是0.79和0.57,属于中度到强度遗传控制,无性系早期选择及材性遗传改良潜力较大。     

三种针叶树材单根管胞形态与拉伸性能

选取杉木、白皮松、日本落叶松三种针叶树材为研究对象,探究并比较位于不同生长轮的单根管胞的形态参数及拉伸力学性能.结果表明,三种针叶树材的管胞长度、宽度、长宽比及拉伸强度、弹性模量、断裂伸长率基本符合随生长轮增加而增大的变化规律;杉木管胞的长度、宽度最大,日本落叶松晚材第9生长轮的管胞具有最佳的拉伸性能.方差分析表明,杉木和白皮松的第3生长轮与其他生长轮的管胞形态具有显著性差异(P<0.05).杉木、日本落叶松的第3生长轮与其他生长轮的管胞拉伸力学性能具有显著性差异(P<0.05),而白皮松各生长轮间的拉伸力学性能没有显著性差异.研究结果为人工林木质纤维的高效利用及建筑用材提供依据.     

响叶杨细胞壁尺寸参数及其纳米压痕特性

利用原子力显微镜对响叶杨细胞的特征参数与形貌进行分析,并对响叶杨细胞壁表面的纳米压弹性进行测量.结果表明:响叶杨细胞横截面的壁厚平均尺寸为2.230 μm;壁长平均尺寸为9.498 μm;细胞外径为9.023～26.802 μm,平均尺寸为19.723 μm;响叶杨细胞壁S2层(大约位于细胞壁的中部)上的压痕点为有效测试值,其平均弹性模量和硬度可以用来代表细胞壁的纵向硬度和弹性模量,即所选择的响叶杨细胞壁的平均弹性模量和硬度分别为18.52 GPa和478.59 MPa.     

Longitudinal hardness and Young's modulus of spruce tracheid secondary walls using nanoindentation technique

Summary Using a mechanical properties microprobe, measurements of hardness and elastic modulus of tracheid walls in the longitudinal direction of spruce wood were obtained by continuously measuring force and displacement as a diamond indenter impressed a cell wall. Maximum mechanical properties were found at the edges of the walls of angular shaped tracheids. Both the hardness and elastic modulus of latewood cell walls were higher than cell walls in the earlywood. The high spatial resolution of this new concept of mechanical testing allows a direct comparison with ultrastructural and microchemical parameters of lignified cells which opens a wider area of applications for the understanding of intrinsic wood properties.This work was conducted while the senior author was a Visiting Scientist at the Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA partly with joint fundings from the Austrian Science Foundation (Schrödinger scholarship J799-BIO)     

人工兴安落叶松次生木质部的解剖学研究

运用木材解剖图像分析系统和显微照相的方法对人工兴安落叶松次生木质部的解剖结构进行研究,结果表明:落叶松具正常树脂道和受伤树脂道两种类型,前者常见于晚材。落叶松生长轮内的早晚材在干和枝内急变,在根内缓变。早材管胞呈六边形至多边形,胞壁常见单列具缘纹孔,偶见对列具缘纹孔;晚材管胞多呈矩形,胞壁鲜见具缘纹孔,通常为单列具缘纹孔。落叶松木射线同时具有单列木射线和纺锤形木射线两种类型,纺锤形木射线中仅含一枚纵行树脂道。纵行管胞与木射线交叉形成的纹孔场为云杉型。从根到干再到枝,管胞逐渐细化,管胞长度逐渐减小,木射线分布由密到疏。     

Ultrastructure of pits inPinus banksiana lamb

Summary The cross-sectional view of pitting between various cell types inPinus banksiana Lamb. was studied at the ultrastructural level. Cell types inPinus banksiana include longitudinal tracheids, ray tracheids, ray parenchyma cells, buffer cells and epithelial cells. Two common characteristic features of bordered pit-pairs between longitudinal tracheids are an initial pit border and a thickened torus at the center of the pit membrane. The shape and size of the pit border and torus of bordered pit-pairs between two compression wood cells, and between the last-formed latewood longitudinal tracheid and first-formed earlywood longitudinal tracheid were different from those in the earlywood and latewood longitudinal tracheids. The pit border on the ray tracheid side varied in size and shape due to wall dentation. No initial pit border was found on the pit border of the ray tracheid side. The shape of bordered pit-pairs between two ray tracheids varied considerably due to irregularity of the dentate cell wall. The size of bordered pit-pairs in longitudinal tracheids was between 16 m to 20 m, which was twice the diameter of bordered pit-pairs in ray tracheids. Bordered pitpairs at the end wall of two ray tracheids appeared to be the smallest at 5 m, Pit aspiration occurred in the bordered pit-pairs with or without a torus. In the heartwood zone, some half-borders pit-pairs between tracheary and ray parenchyma cells showed an additional secondary wall on the ray parenchyma cell side. Plasmodesmata were found in the half-bordered pit-pairs as well in the simple pit-pairs. Blind pits were observed between a ray tracheid and a longitudinal tracheid. Bordered pit-pairs between two buffer cells were also observed. The possible functions of buffer cells were discussed.Use of transmission electron microscope provided by the Science Instrumentation Lab, Lakehead University and the technical assistance provided by Mr. A. MacKenzie, Director of Science Instrumentation Lab are gratefully appreciated     

Distribution of lignin in normal and compression wood of Pinus taeda L.

Summary The distribution of lignin in normal and compression wood of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) has been studied by the technique of lignin skeletonizing. Hydrolysis of the wood carbohydrates with hydrofluoric acid left normal wood tracheids with a uniform distribution of lignin in the S1 and S2 cell wall layers. However, the S3 region of both earlywood and latewood tracheids consistently retained a dense network of unhydrolyzable material throughout, perhaps lignin.Lignin content in compression wood averaged about 7% more than in normal wood and appears to be concentrated in the outer zone of the S2 layer. The inner S2 region, despite helical checking, is also heavily lignified. The S1 layer, although thicker than normal in compression wood tracheids, contains relatively little lignin.Ray cells, at least in normal wood, appear to be lignified to the same extent, if not more so in certain cases, than the longitudinal tracheids. Other locations where lignin may be concentrated include initial pit border regions and the membranes of bordered pits.This report is a detailed excerpt from the Ph. D. dissertation of R. A. P. Financial support provided by the College of Forestry at Syracuse University and the National Defense Education Act is hereby gratefully acknowledged.     

Microscopic tensile tests in the transverse plane of earlywood and latewood parts of spruce

This paper presents a method which makes it possible to measure elastic properties of a small group of tracheids in the transverse plane. The method is based on tensile tests under microscope that are performed with the assistance of an image analysis system. The calculation of the strain field is based on a global comparison of the grey levels between each deformed image and the initial image. All tests were carried out within one annual ring of spruce: • radial and tangential Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio can be measured in earlywood with a good accuracy, • radial Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of tracheids in latewood can be estimated with good confidence, • two tests of very thin samples allowed the evaluation of the tangential elastic modulus in latewood. The small size of the sample together with the local measurement of the strain field permitted us to perform several measurements along one single annual ring. Consequently, it was possible to reveal a good relationship between the mechanical properties and the local density determined by microdensitometry. Received 27 October 1997     

Morphological changes in sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) wood after treatment with the ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride

We investigated morphological changes in wood tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) resulting from treatment with the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C2mim][Cl]), which dissolves cellulose. Treatment with [C2mim][Cl] caused dissociation and distortion of tracheids in latewood, but not in earlywood. This difference was due to the difference in swelling behavior of the cell wall between earlywood and latewood. Many pit membranes in bordered pits were broken by treatment with [C2mim][Cl]. In addition, some chemical changes in wood components, such as cellulose and lignin, occurred before significant disruption or destruction of the cell wall. Our results show that the reaction of wood liquefaction by [C2mim][Cl] treatment is not homogeneous, both from chemical and morphological viewpoints.     

Studies on opposite wood in conifers part II: Histology and ultrastructure

Summary A study has been made of the histology and ultrastructure of opposite wood in Larix laricina, Picea rubens, and Pinus resinosa. The width of the growth rings varied considerably, in one case from 0.1–1.0 mm, with the wide rings containing a much higher proportion of latewood than the narrow ones. The earlywood tracheids were square in outline and more regularly arranged than in normal wood. In the latewood they were sometimes irregular and distorted. The S₃ layer in the tracheids was 0.2 m thick in the earlywood and 0.4–0.8 m in the latewood, as compared to a thickness in normal wood of 0.1–0.2 m in both zones. The S₃ was often buckled in the latewood and was terminated towards the lumen by a spiral thickening. The cell wall structure of the tracheid pit border was described. Normal coniferous wood might be regarded as an intermediate between opposite wood and compression wood.This paper is dedicated to Dean Edwin C. Jahn in honor of his 70th birthday.     

Elevated temperature and CO(2) concentration effects on xylem anatomy of Scots pine

We studied the effects of elevated temperature and carbon dioxide concentration ([CO(2)]) alone and together on wood anatomy of 20-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees. The study was conducted in 16 closed chambers, providing a factorial combination of two temperature regimes and two CO(2) concentrations (ambient and elevated), with four trees in each treatment. The climate scenario included a doubling of [CO(2)] and a corresponding increase of 2-6 degrees C in temperature at the site depending on the season. Anatomical characteristics analyzed were annual earlywood, latewood and ring widths, intra-ring wood densities (earlywood, latewood and mean wood density), tracheid width, length, wall thickness, lumen diameter, wall thickness:lumen diameter ratio and mass per unit length (coarseness), and numbers of rays, resin canals and tracheids per xylem cross-sectional area. Elevated [CO(2)] increased ring width in four of six treatment years; earlywood width increased in the first two years and latewood width in the third year. Tracheid walls in both the earlywood and latewood tended to become thicker over the 6-year treatment period when temperature or [CO(2)] was elevated alone, whereas in the combined treatment they tended to become thinner relative to the tracheids of trees grown under ambient conditions. Latewood tracheid lumen diameters were larger in all the treatments relative to ambient conditions over the 6-year period, whereas lumen diameters in earlywood increased only in response to elevated [CO(2)] and were 3-6% smaller in the treatments with elevated temperature than in ambient conditions. Tracheid width, length and coarseness were greater in trees grown in elevated than in ambient temperature. The number of resin canals per mm(2) decreased in the elevated [CO(2)] treatment and increased in the elevated temperature treatments relative to ambient conditions. The treatments decreased the number of rays and tracheids per mm(2) of cross-sectional area, the greatest decrease occurring in the elevated [CO(2)] treatment. It seemed that xylem anatomy was affected more by elevated temperature than by elevated [CO(2)] and that the effects of temperature were confined to the earlywood.     

日本落叶松无性系木材性质的遗传变异

对10个10年生日本落叶松无性系的木材基本密度、管胞参数进行了测定.结果表明:木材基本密度,早、晚材管胞宽度和早材长宽比无性系间差异显著;木材基本密度,早、晚材管胞长度,早晚材管胞宽度和早晚材长宽比径向变异模式相似,即从髓心向外以曲线形式不断增加,有时亦有起伏;早材从髓心向外以近似直线的形式缓慢增加,晚材从髓心向外以曲线形式增加,初期增加幅度较大,到一定年龄后趋于水平变化并略有波动;材质性状与树木年轮间的关系以对数方程、幂函数方程、指数方程拟合效果较好;除了晚材壁腔比和早材壁厚外,其它木材性质的重复力均在0.5以上,受中度或中度以上的遗传制约,按照20%的选择率,长宽比和晚材管胞长能获得较高的遗传增益.