伐藤对五指山市低海拔次生林群落特征的影响

【目的】探究藤本植物过度干扰对低海拔次生林群落特征的影响,为是否需要对五指山地区的藤本植物进行防治提供参考。【方法】以五指山市低海拔次生林几乎被藤本植物覆盖的区域为研究对象,采用样方法分别对未伐藤、伐藤2 a、伐藤4 a、对照4种处理的样地进行植被调查,研究其物种多样性与群落特征。【结果】1)研究区域次生林群落乔、灌、草层共出现264种植物,隶属于119科205属,4种次生林群落的攀援藤本和匍匐藤本中,金钟藤、葛、榄形风车子重要值均较大,仅对照中榄形风车子重要值较小,伐藤后重要值最大的藤本植物由金钟藤变为葛。2)伐藤后乔木层冠幅、胸径增长显著;灌木层的盖度、冠幅、多度出现显著增长;草本层的多度,匍匐藤本的径粗、多度,攀援藤本的地径、多度则出现了先增加后减少的趋势。3)随着伐藤后恢复时间的增长,阳性树种的重要值之和逐渐降低。4)伐藤后4种次生林群落乔木层、灌木层、草本层、匍匐藤本、攀援藤本的物种丰富度指数、多样性指数均出现显著增长。5)相关性分析表明,攀援藤本的径粗和攀爬高度与草本层的物种多样性指数、丰富度指数呈正相关关系,攀援藤本的多度则对乔灌木的物种ShannonWienner指数、Pielou指数表现为抑制作用。【结论】藤本植物是五指山地区低海拔次生林群落中不可缺少的一部分,控制其多度有助于提高次生林群落物种丰富度和多样性,有利于推动该地区次生林群落向顶级群落演替。     

镶黄旗黄花山天然杜松林群落结构与种群分布格局研究

在内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟镶黄旗黄花山天然杜松林内,设置4个有代表性的标准样地,应用相邻格子法获得野外调查数据,分析天然杜松林群落结构及乔木层和灌木层优势种种群空间分布格局。结果表明:1)天然杜松林群落内,杜松地径较小,个体高峰值分布范围较为集中,径级结构变化明显;旱榆多以幼苗的形式存在,地径范围在2.5cm以下。群落存在明显的径阶缺陷,属于不稳定型。2)乔木层高度级较低,而灌木层高度级较好。3)乔木层杜松种群主要以聚集分布格局为主,伴有均匀分布格局,旱榆种群则为聚集分布格局;灌木层优势种群小叶鼠李和土庄绣线菊的空间分布格局都为聚集分布。群落处于不稳定的恢复发展阶段,人为和自然干扰以及种群生物学特性共同造成这种空间分布格局。     

文昌市沿海次生林群落植被调查初报

利以文昌市沿海次生林为研究调查对象,选择4个具有代表性的文昌区域内沿海村边自然次生林建立面积各为1hm2样地,调查结果:文昌市沿海次生林群落植被外观终年常绿,植物隶属于45科65属68种,乔木层属于19科24属26种;灌木层属于13科21属21种;草本层属于13科20属21种,覆盖度75%~85%。群落层次结构复杂,乔木树生长较紧密,树冠互相重叠而比较连续;距离海边最远的锦山镇样地的植物群落植物丰富度和多样性最高,且4个沿海次生林群落林下灌木层多样性要高于草本层和乔木层。通过对文昌市沿海次生林群落植被调查研究,可以了解次生林现有群落植被结构、分布格局、自然演替特征和方向,为提高沿海次生林生态恢复经营提供理论支持。     

蒙山沟谷次生林群落结构和物种多样性

选取蒙山典型沟谷次生林,设置16个样方,分析群落结构和物种多样性。结果表明:1)蒙山沟谷次生林群落至少包括乔木层植物28种,灌木层植物39种和草本层植物49种,乔木、灌木和草本3种植物类型的个体密度分别为1.425株/m~2,8.892株/m~2和11.73株/m~2。28种乔木根据径级结构划分为12种扩展种、2种隐退种、6种稳定侵入种和8种随机隐退种;2)蒙山沟谷次生林主要乔木种群径级类型为两种,栓皮栎、麻栎、黄檀、槲树、朴树、君迁子和小叶朴为增长型,黑松和赤松为稳定型;3)蒙山沟谷次生林物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数从高到低均呈现为灌木层乔木层草本层,而Pielou均匀度指数则呈现为草本层灌木层乔木层。研究结果可为沂蒙山区乃至北方土石山提供科学依据和数据参考。     

西双版纳加勒比松人工林群落特征研究

采用样方法对西双版纳加勒比松人工林开展了群落学调查。结果表明:(1)加勒比松人工林有维管束植物43种,分属22科41属;(2)乔木层、灌木层和草本层的的香农威纳指数分别为2.71、1.52和2.69;(3)其群落垂直结构明显,可分为乔木层Ⅰ层、乔木层Ⅱ层、灌木层和草本层4层;(4)加勒比松人工林群落的物种丰富度和乔灌层的多样性指数低于天然次生林,而群落垂直结构较天然次生林复杂。     

不同生态恢复过程中群落α多样性的比较研究

本文以人工林和天然次生林两类群落类型为研究对象,按生态恢复所经历的时间,把群落年龄归为A1、A2、A3和A4四个阶段。通过对两种生态恢复过程中群落α多样性动态变化规律的研究发现;(1)自然演替状态下,乔木层多样性变化不大,A1～A3阶段的灌木层多样性大于A4阶段。A1和A4阶段,草本层的多样性明显比A2～A3阶段大;A1～A3阶段人工林灌木层和草本层多样性有逐渐增大的趋势,到A3阶段人工林群落还没有达到稳定状态;(2)A1阶段天然林灌木层物种多样性大于人工林,随着演替的进行两者逐渐趋于一致;A1阶段天然次生林草本层多样性远大于人工林,从A2阶段开始人工林草本层多样性反而超过天然次生林。     

东莞银瓶山森林公园浙江润楠群落的基本特征

应用样方调查法研究了广东省东莞市银瓶山森林公园浙江润楠群落物种组成及优势种群的空间分布格局。结果表明:(1)浙江润楠群落以樟科、山矾科及茜草科等热带和亚热带植物类群为优势,浙江润楠是群落的优势种群;(2)群落垂直结构分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层,层间植物亦较丰富。从群落物种多样性上来分析,Simpson多样性指数以灌木层的最大,乔木层和草本层相当;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数的大小顺序均为:灌木层﹥乔木层﹥草本层;Pielou均匀度指数的大小顺序则为:乔木层﹥灌木层﹥草本层;(3)种群中浙江润楠幼苗个体较少,中龄级立木较多,幼龄期个体呈聚集分布,成年期立木趋于随机分布。     

川西亚高山暗针叶林恢复过程中群落物种组成和多样性的变化

以立地条件相似的原始暗针叶老龄林作为对照,采用空间代替时间的方法,在海拔3 100～3 600 m 的阴坡、半阴坡,对50块标准地进行调查,对川西亚高山箭竹原始暗针叶老龄林和藓类原始暗针叶老龄林经采伐后形成的不同恢复系列(20、30、40 和50 年) 次生林群落物种组成和多样性动态进行研究.共记录维管植物167 种,隶属于44 科117 属;次生林物种种类差别不大,但优势种重要值随森林恢复不断发生变化,20、30、40和50年生次生林群落的优势种为红桦,而160～200 年生的原始暗针叶老龄林优势种为岷江冷杉;随着森林的恢复,物种丰富度显著增加,30～40 年之间物种丰富度上升最快,到原始暗针叶老龄林时显著下降,不同生长型物种丰富度为草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层;均匀度指数在40 年生次生林最大,箭竹红桦林40 年后均匀度指数相对稳定,藓类红桦林在50 年时有所下降,到藓类原始暗针叶老龄林略有增大,乔木与灌木层以及乔木与草本层之间均匀度指数差异显著,而灌木与草本层间差异不显著;Shannon 指数随次生林恢复时间的增加呈增大的趋势,箭竹红桦林最大值出现在50 年生的林分中,为3.796 7, 藓类红桦林最大值出现在30 年生的林分中,为3.654 3, 原始暗针叶老龄林Shannon 指数大小介于次生林之间;群落优势度指数先是随着恢复年限增加而减小,随后又逐渐增大,乔木层与群落优势度指数变化趋势相似,但变化的幅度较大,藓类红桦林比箭竹红桦林乔木层优势度提前20 年降低到最小值;除优势度指数以外,其他指数在不同恢复系列间差异显著,而在2 种次生林类型间差异均不显著;随着林龄的增大,次生林与原始暗针叶老龄林间的Bray-Curtis 指数也有增大的趋势.     

卧龙自然保护区山地暗针叶林不同生态恢复过程中群落α多样性的比较研究

本文以人工林和天然次生林两类群落类型为研究对象，按生态恢复所经历的时间，把群落年龄归为A1、A2、A3和A4四个阶段。通过对两种生态恢复过程中群落α多样性动态变化规律的研究发现；(1)自然演替状态下，乔木层多样性变化不大，A1～A3阶段的灌木层多样性大于A4阶段。A1和A4阶段，草本层的多样性明显比A2～A3阶段大；A1～A3阶段人工林灌木层和草本层多样性有逐渐增大的趋势，到A3阶段人工林群落还没有达到稳定状态；(2)A1阶段天然林灌木层物种多样性大于人工林，随着演替的进行两者逐渐趋于一致；A1阶段天然次生林草本层多样性远大于人工林，从A2阶段开始人工林草本层多样性反而超过天然次生林。     

帽儿山典型森林群落优势种空间分布格局及其关联性

选取帽儿山地区阔叶红松林、红松人工林和水曲柳天然次生林3种典型群落,基于方差均值比、L函数和角尺度方法比较研究各群落乔灌层优势种的空间分布格局与空间关系。结果表明,帽儿山典型森林群落优势种的空间分布格局主要呈聚集分布或随机分布。阔叶红松林乔木优势种呈随机分布或不显著聚集分布;红松人工林中红松呈随机分布;水曲柳次生林乔木优势种主要呈随机分布。各群落灌木优势种均呈聚集分布。帽儿山典型森林群落中各乔木优势种间主要呈空间正关联或无空间关联,红松与阔叶树小尺度无关联,大尺度正关联,阔叶树种间主要呈正关联。红松人工林与水曲柳天然次生林乔木优势种间均呈正关联。帽儿山典型森林群落优势种空间关系良好,空间结构稳定。     

山西太岳山典型灌木林生物量及生产力研究

本文采用收获法研究了山西太岳林区榛子，虎榛子，黄刺玫3种有代表性的灌木林类型的生物量和生产力。3种灌木群落的总生物量分别为：54.3.43.3,35.7t.hm^-2，其中木本层，草本层，枯落物层的生物量占落总生物量比例为：榛子群落75.67%,9.9%,14.4%；虎榛子群落80.3%,8.7%,11.0%，黄刺玫群落76.7%,11.0%,12.3%，在活生物量的构成中，3种妙落的地上部分生物量分别占32.7%,30.6%,34.7%；地下部分生物量分别占67.3%,69.5%,65.3%；这种生物量结构与同一地区的乔木林生物量的结构正好相反，对灌木树种生物量的相对生长研究结果表明，灌木树种的总生物量，枝干生物量及叶生物量与基径平方乘高（D2H）之间存在极为显著的相关关系，表现出与乔木树种类似的相对生长规律，关系式W＝a(D^2H)^b可较好地描述这种规律。     

乌拉山自然保护区主要森林群落物种多样性与群落结构研究

乌拉山自然保护区位于典型草原与荒漠草原的交界处,是研究干旱区山地物种多样性的理想区域。利用α多样性指数、β多样性指数以及重要值,对乌拉山主要森林群落（白桦林、油松林）林下灌木层和草本层的物种多样性以及群落结构进行了研究,结果表明：（1）群落草本层α多样性指数明显高于灌木层;（2）群落灌木层、草本层α多样性指数表现为：白桦林〉天然油松林〉人工油松林;天然油松林〉人工油松林〉白桦林〉柄扁桃灌丛;（3）群落β多样性指数表现出同一种森林群落类型之间绝大多数呈轻度相似性;不同森林群落类型之间呈极不相似;生境条件的差异、人为干扰等因素对群落β多样性的影响较为明显;（4）群落物种组成以菊科、蔷薇科植物为主,草本植物以多年生中生、中旱生、旱生植物为主,林下灌木水分生态型以中生为主。     

Frequency and timing of stem removal influence Corylus americana resprout vigor in oak savanna

Shrubs are an important component of many ecosystems, contributing to spatial and resource heterogeneity and adding to life form and species diversity. Many shrub species have adapted to regular disturbances such as fire by resprouting after stem removal. The relative vigor with which shrubs resprout influences post-disturbance size and density of individuals and thus, can alter community structure. However, little is known about how disturbance frequency and seasonality influence resprouting. We studied resprout vigor of the native shrub American hazel (Corylus americana Walter) in oak savanna in Minnesota, USA. We measured resprout growth of individual shrubs in response to the frequency and timing of clipping in relatively open and shaded conditions. We hypothesized that resprouting of C. americana would be negatively related to clip frequency, due to more rapid depletion of stored resources necessary for resprouting, and positively related to light availability. In 12 weeks following a single clipping, shrubs recovered 82% of the lost stem biomass in open savanna, but only 17% in shaded forest. In both open and closed sites, shrubs clipped three times or more resprouted only 10-15% as much biomass as those clipped once. Moreover, the timing of clipping had as large an effect on resprout potential as the number of clipping events, and small differences in timing were important. Plants clipped once in mid or late June or in July regrew 57, 17, and 8% as much biomass, respectively in the six weeks following clipping as those clipped in early June. These results illustrate that both the timing and number of disturbance events within a growing season can strongly influence shrub growth, which can have important implications for ecosystem structure, function, and management.     

Comparison of fractal characteristics of species richness patterns among different plant taxonomic groups along an altitudinal gradient

This study was done using the non brown fractal model to quantify and compare the variations in the species richness of trees, shrubs, herbs and all plants along an altitudinal gradient and to characterize the dominating ecological processes that determine the variations. Two transects were sampled far away from any anthropogenic disturbances along the shady slopes of the Dongling mountains in Beijing, China. Both transects were continuous and 2 m wide, and every individual tree and shrub was recorded in each of them. Discrete quadrats of 1 m × 1 m were located along the transects A and B for estimation of the herb species richness along the altitudinal gradients. The level interval between the quadrats was 10 m and 25 m respectively. In this study, transects A and B were combined into one transect AB, and 40 m was selected as the optimal quadrat length along the altitudinal gradients for measuring the plant species richness patterns. Species richness in each quadrat was calculated using a program written in Matlab 6.0. Direct gradient analysis was used to describe the overall trends in the species richness of trees, shrubs, herbs and other plants with change in altitude, while the non-brown fractal model was used to detect more accurately their variations at various scales along the gradient. The model assumed that each class of ecological processes affecting the distribution of a variable could be represented by an independent spatial random function. Generally, ecological phenomena are determined not by a single ecological process but by multiple ones. These processes act on ecological patterns within their own spatial scales. In the non-brown fractal model, the spatial random functions are nested within a larger range of spatial scales. The relative contribution of the spatial random functions to the spatial variation of a variable is indicated by a weighting parameter that has to be greater than or equal to zero. In this paper, we reached the following results and conclusions. Firstly, the direct gradient method describes the general trends of trees, shrubs, herbs and all plants along the altitudinal gradient but is unable to provide further details on the altitudinal variations in the species richness. The non-brown fractal model brought out the altitudinal variations in the species richness of trees, shrubs and herbs at various scales and related them to the ecological processes. The sharp changes in the double-log variograms suggest that the non-brown fractal model is suitable for characterizing the altitudinal patterns in the species richness of trees, shrubs and herbs at various scales but is not appropriate for explaining the variations in the plant species richness, since no significant changes were found in the double-log variograms in this case. Secondly, for the trees, the double-log variogram was divided into two scale ranges (0–245 m and 245–570 m), with a fractal dimension of 1.83 and 1.10, respectively, implying that changes in the tree species richness were random at small scales (0–245 m) and almost linear at large scales (245–570 m) along the altitudinal gradients. This suggests that altitudinal variations in the tree species richness are dominated by short-range processes at small scales and by long-range processes at large scales. Thirdly, for shrubs and herbs, the double-log variograms exhibited three ranges (0–101 m, 125–298 m and 325–570 m), and the fractal dimensions were 1.78 and 1.97, 1.56 and 1.43, and 1.08 and 1.25, respectively. The results indicate that, as in the case of trees, species richness of shrubs and herbs are distributed randomly at small scales and change in a linear manner at large scales although variations in the herb species richness is less heterogeneous than shrub species richness at large scales. These results also indicate that species richness of shrubs and herbs change approximately like brown movement at middle scales. The results also suggest that altitudinal variations in the specie richness of shrubs and herbs are dominated by three ecological processes, short-range ecological processes at small scales, long-range ecological processes at large scales, and brown fractal processes at middle scales. Interestingly, comparisons of the variations in the species richness of shrubs and herbs reveal that shrubs and herbs present the same scale range in spatial variation in species richness but display different trends in species richness along the altitudinal gradient, i.e. the shrub species richness decreased with increasing elevation whereas the herb species richness peaked at the mid-high elevation. These patterns suggest that although the scales at which the main processes affect patterns in species richness are the same, the processes are completely different, or the processes are similar but the responses of the shrubs and herbs to the ecological processes are different. Finally, the plant species richness did not show any obvious pattern along the altitude gradient and maintained a constant fractal dimension across all scales, this is perhaps because the processes defining the patterns of plant species richness had similar weights and acted over closely related scales. __________ Translated from Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2005, 29(6): 901–909 [译自: 植物生态学报]     

太原市公园植物群落稳定性研究

为考察城市公园植物群落稳定性与植被特征的相关性,筛选太原市15个有代表性的公园,设定筛选46个典型样方后,采用M-Godron稳定性测定方法,对所选样方进行稳定性研究。所得稳定性结果与太原市实际情况基本相符,表明所选择的稳定性计算方法可行。可以看出稳定性与群落物种丰富度关系较为密切,稳定性高的样方,其物种丰富度也较高,反之也成立。两者的变化趋势基本一致。而稳定性较高的样方内,灌木与乔木的比值接近6:1;稳定性差的样方内,灌木与乔木的比值则远离6:1。较稳定的19号(学府公园)与27号(太原森林公园),这两个样方内植物群落都具有乔、灌、草结构,物种丰富,各层植物种类多样,平面布局密度合理。较不稳定25号(西海子公园)和38号(玉泉山森林公园)样方,群落空间结构只有乔木和草本两层,缺乏灌木层,群落丰富度较差,乔灌比例严重失调,同时游人干扰多,养护频率低,群整体稳定性较低。总之,为确保城市公园绿地群落的稳定性,除了植物群落自身发展演变之外,还需要适度的、合理的人工管理养护。     

岷江上游大沟流域自然封育灌丛群落特征

在岷江上游大沟流域,以受干扰而退化,经封育后自然恢复至灌丛阶段的植物群落为研究对象,分析了自然恢复灌丛群落的种类组成、区系特征、结构及物种多样性特征.结果表明:在1 hm2的灌丛群落样地中,共调查到木本和草本植物43科,88个属,135种,其中:草本21科44属49种、木本34科47属86种.木本物种数和个体密度都随着基径级、高度级而递减;不同高度级和不同基径级的个体密度呈显著的正相关关系.恢复后的灌丛具有较高的物种多样性.岷江上游自然恢复灌丛阶段的植物群落其外貌虽然呈现灌丛状,但其组成成分却相当丰富,其中本研究区域的顶级乔木树种如辽东栎等已在群落中出现并占有较大的优势.对于该区的退化群落而言,封育为一种有效的植被恢复和物种多样性保育方式.     

广西石山灌木生物量估算模型的建立

根据广西全区森林资源分布特点,在桂林、百色、柳州、河池等7市的22个县设置2m×2m的石山灌木样方62个,调查灌木优势种名、株数、平均高、平均地径和平均盖度,采用全部收获法分别获取枝、干、叶、根鲜重。选择地径和高2个因子与各器官生物量拟合,分别建立生物量模型,认为用该模型估算不同地区石山灌木生物量是科学、可行的。     

乌拉特多种优势灌木(半灌木)生物量研究

对乌拉特灌木优势种进行了统计分析,以为该地区的生态保护后期工作提供数据支持。通过样方调查法对该地区种优势灌木进行了研究,结果表明:乌拉特地区共有野生灌木植物群落50种,隶属于11科,29属;其中优势灌木为20种,对20种优势灌木群落的盖度、高度、数量生物量、干鲜比进行了统计分析,从中选取6种典型灌木,得出了灌木地上生物量与土壤含水量、孔隙度有显著性的关系,而与土壤容重之间没有显著性关系。     

千烟洲试验区几种灌木生物量估算模型的研究

灌木生物量是衡量植被生产力的重要指标,灌木的生物量与高度、地径之间具有密切的关系.选择千烟洲试验区内的长托菝葜、牡荆、山莓、紫珠4种主要灌木,采用数学模拟的方法,以实测数据为基础,建立了灌木生物量的回归方程,并进行了检验和模拟验证,结果良好,能够用于生物量的估算.     

城市绿化灌木耐旱性评价及灌溉制度研究进展

干旱缺水是当今社会发展面临的重大难题，筛选抗旱节水灌木树种和制定科学合理灌溉措施是有效的解决方法。文中分类归纳绿化灌木耐旱性评价指标，对比各评价方法的原理和特点，并从灌溉技术和灌溉量2个方面阐述节水灌溉制度，重点探讨了亏缺灌溉方式的内涵、类型以及在绿化灌木管理中的应用前景。建议今后优先开展以下4个方面的研究:1）目前大量使用的盆栽控水研究与城市干旱实际发生模式间存在着差异，应开展绿化灌木干旱原位控制试验；2）筛选并全面考虑各抗旱指标贡献，建立综合评价指标体系，为绿化灌木耐旱性评价提供理论依据；3）明确各灌木树种需水、耗水规律，探究不同时段内灌木需水量变化，并据此动态调整灌溉量；4）为了将亏缺灌溉应用于实际绿化管理中，需要明确灌木对水分亏缺的可接受度，验证保证绿化灌木使用功能前提下的最低灌溉水平。