浙江红花油茶果实形态变异研究

在浙江红花油茶主要分布区广泛设点采样,对其果实的形态变异及其性状之间的相关性进行了研究.结果表明:浙江红花油茶果实在产地间及产地内均存在着显著的差异,6个产地果实总体变异幅度最大的是果实质量(变异系数CV为42.07%),其次是果高(变异系数CV为15.79%)和果径(变异系数CV为14.77%),果实的高径比的变异幅度最小(变异系数CV为10.14%),产地内变异幅度较大的仍是果实质量,变异幅度较小的是高径比;不同产地果实果高与果径呈紧密线性相关,即随着果实果高的增大果径也随之增大,各个产地果实的果高和果径与果实质量均达到极显著线性相关关系,果实的高径比与单果质量则没有一致的相关关系.     

核桃楸果实及种子变异规律分析

对东方红林业局采集的核桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)果实形态特征变异规律及其性状间相关性进行了研究。结果表明:核桃楸果实性状在不同单株间均存在极显著的差异,20个单株总体变异最大的是种子单粒质量,变异系数为10.94%,其次是种长宽比、果长径比、种长、果长、果径和种宽,变异系数分别为5.71%、5.49%、5.34%、4.91%、4.74%和4.58%。单果质量变异最小,变异系数为4.02%。单粒种子质量与果长、果径、单果质量、种长和种宽均呈极显著正相关,且与单果质量和果径间均有很强的线性关系。单果质量与果长、果径、种长和种宽均呈极显著正相关,且与果径线性相关程度很高,可以根据单果质量对种子质量进行初步选择。     

文冠果人工种群的果实表型多样性及其变异

以文冠果果实为研究对象,调查了研究区内44株文冠果果实的19个表型性状,利用变异系数、方差分析和相关分析研究了调查区内文冠果人工种群的变异情况。方差和变异系数分析结果表明,研究区内文冠果果实表型性状差异都极显著,并在不同个体之间存在很大的变异幅度。其中,单株结果量和种子产量变异最大(变异系数大于76%),其次是单果质量、单果种质量和单果仁质量(变异系数约30%),再次是单果出种数和果柄长度(变异系数大于20%),而种子长、种子宽、种形比和心室数变异较小(变异系数低于10%),种仁出油率变异最小(变异系数6.13%);单株间丰产性差异明显,并具有一定的遗传稳定性。相关性分析结果表明,文冠果人工种群果实不同性状的相关性不一样并差异显著,其中果长、果宽、果质量、种质量、仁质量、种子长、出种数、出种率、千粒质量和果柄粗的相关性强,与多个性状呈显著相关,而果形比、出仁率、结果量和种子产量与个别性状呈显著相关,果实心室数和果柄长相关性最弱,与所有性状相关性不显著。     

内蒙古野生长柄扁桃优良单株果实性状的遗传变异分析

为了研究内蒙古野生长柄扁桃重要性状的遗传变异及遗传多样性,对内蒙古长柄扁桃优良单株果实性状的变异程度、变异类型、果实性状与产量和出仁率之间的相关性进行了研究。结果表明,长柄扁桃的单果质量、果长、果宽、长宽比、果径等数量性状均有较大变异,其中单果质量变异最大,变异系数达0.27,据此认为单果质量的选择潜力为最大;根据单果质量变异分为7个类型,即很小、小、较小、中、较大、大、很大果型;根据果长变异分为7个类型,即很短、短、较短、中、较长、长、很长果型;根据果宽分为6个类型,即很窄、窄、较窄、中、较宽、宽果型;根据长宽比变异分为4个类型,即较宽圆、中、较长圆、长圆果型;根据果径长变异分为5组,即较短、中、较长、长、很长果径型。长柄扁桃的果实性状与产量间无显著相关,果质量、宽及果径与出仁率呈极显著负相关,而果长宽比与出仁率呈显著相关,显著水平达到极显著正相关。这些结论可为野生长柄扁桃的资源评价及新品种选育提供理论依据和实践指导。     

大兴安岭地区野生蓝莓果实的形态变异

为给蓝莓育种工作提供理论依据,采用方差分析、相关性分析等方法,对大兴安岭地区图强、阿木尔、新林、塔河和漠河集中分布的野生蓝莓果实形态变异进行研究。结果表明,在大兴安岭地区不同产地间及产地内野生蓝莓果实形态特征均存在着显著的差异。产地间野生蓝莓果实宽度变异系数最大(28.83%),产地内各单株间长宽比变异系数最大(25.08%),单果质量在产地间和产地内的变异系数均较低。不同产地果长与果宽呈紧密的线性相关,即果宽随果长的增加而增加。大兴安岭地区各产地蓝莓果长、果宽和单果质量均达到显著的线性相关关系,据此可以对单果质量进行预测。纬度与单果质量呈显著的负相关。土壤全氮与单果质量呈现较高的正相关。大兴安岭地区各产地野生蓝莓果实形态变异受纬度和土壤全氮影响较大。     

33个薄壳山核桃无性系果(核)性状以及产量的比较

对33个薄壳山核桃无性系果实、核果以及产量之间的差异进行了多重比较,分析了各无性系果实、核果性状以及产量等12个指标之间的相关性,用12个指标在33个无性系之间进行系统聚类分析,结果表明:薄壳山核桃果实性状、核果性状以及产量等12个指标在33个无性系之间均达到了极显著差异;33个无性系果实性状以及产量之间的变异系数最大的是单株鲜果产量(变异系数为85.78%),其次是果质量(12.05%)、果皮厚(11.29%)、果高(6.34%)、果型指数(5.74%)、果径(5.31%),这与33个无性系核果性状变异系数的大小顺序(单株核果产量、核质量、出核率、核高、核型指数、核径)保持一致;不同无性系果质量与核质量、果高与核高、果质量与核质量、果径与核径呈显著正相关,即果实的大小和形状决定着核果的大小和形状;聚为一类的无性系,其试验所测得的12个指标越接近(差异越不显著),反之差异越显著。     

凤山县不同海拔漾濞泡核桃果实性状变异分析

采集经营管理相似的4个不同海拔(410、630、810、980 m)漾濞泡核桃(Juglans sigillata)果实,测定漾濞泡核桃果实相关性状指标统计分析。结果表明:漾濞泡核桃果实性状在凤山县不同海拔存在极显著差异(P 0.01),4个海拔漾濞泡核桃变异幅度最大的性状是单果核仁质量(范围为2.72~10.01 g,变异系数为24.59%),三径值变异幅度最小(3.03~3.78 cm),其次是单果质量(9.12~17.98 g),壳厚(0.86~1.44 mm),出仁率(42.12%~59.12%)。综合分析,随着海拔增高,核桃品质逐渐提升,海拔980 m的三径值最大(3.58 cm),单果平均质量最大(14.09 g)、单果果仁平均质量最大(7.14 g),平均果壳厚最薄(1.10 mm),果实平均出仁率最高(54.73%),品质最优。     

北京延庆蒙古栎天然群体种实性状变异

为探明北京延庆山区蒙古栎天然群落种实性状自然变异特征,对14块标准地116株蒙古栎植株种实表型性状及结实特征进行了调查分析。结果表明,蒙古栎天然群体5个种实表型性状果长、果宽、平均果径、果长/果宽和单果质量在个体间均差异极显著;可将蒙古栎天然群体植株划分为谷堆型、椭圆形、锥形、长柱形和纺锤形6个基本类型,各类型植株在群体所占比例依次为46.55%、28.45%、13.79%、6.03%和5.17%;蒙古栎天然群体结实性状中单位结实量、单位产仁率和单位淀粉产量变化幅度较大,其变异幅度分别为24.25～135.78、18.67～106.02和9.11～55.00 g/m2,三项性状指标变异系均数均约为42.0%。     

山杏果的表型多样性研究

以山杏果为研究对象,在山杏的主要分布区庆阳地区,调查了138株山杏果实的7个表型性状.利用方差分析和变异系数研究了其在此分布区内的变异情况.方差分析结果表明,山杏果各表型性状的差异都极显著.变异系数分析结果表明：试验区内山杏果的单果质量、单果大小、单核质量、果肉厚、单仁质量、出核率及出仁率7个表型性状在不同个体之间存在着较大的变异幅度,但各指标的变异幅度不一致,表型性状变异系数从大到小依次为单果大小、单果质量、单核质量、出核率、单仁质量、果肉厚、出仁率.     

榆属种质资源半同胞家系果实表型多样性研究

9份榆属种质资源半同胞家系果实的果长、果宽及果实长宽比等表型性状在家系间和家系内均有丰富变异,家系间的部分表型差异达到显著水平。但各性状在家系内的平均变异系数均不大,而且各性状间的平均变异系数差异亦不大,以果实长宽比为最大(9.87%),其次为果长(9.76%),果宽平均变异系数最小(9.54%),各性状家系内变异的稳定性较高。果长与果宽、果长与果实长宽比均呈显著正相关,其相关系数分别为0.515、0.751;果宽与果实长宽比呈显著负相关,其相关系数为-0.165。以组内联接、Euclidean距离对9份榆属种质资源进行系统聚类,在距离5处,可将其分为5组。     

Quantitative Estimation of Genetic Variability in Morphological Characteristics of Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) Clones

The study was carried out to analyze the genetic variability for different growth parameters in poplar clones at the age of 2 and 3 yr in the nursery. Forty-nine exotic and indigenous clones of poplar were evaluated for eight morphological traits. Clones were planted in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications with four clones in a block in each treatment. Observations for different characters were recorded on six selected competitive clones per genotype. Results showed a high interclonal variability for most parameters. Statistically significant differences among clones indicated that the majority of study characters are controlled by genetic factors, specific to each clone. Highly significant genotypic difference supported by wide range of variation of mean and range values were observed for the characters under study. Significant and positive correlation was observed between diameter at breast height (DBH) and plant height. Leaf lamina length showed positive and significant correlation with petiole length, total leaf length, leaf width, and L/B ratio. Total leaf length showed positive and significant correlation with leaf width and L/B ratio. High estimates of heritability (in a broad sense) were observed for almost all characters in the study. High genetic advance expressed as percent of mean was recorded for petiole length (60.90), followed by plant height (60.78) and collar diameter (44.19) at 2 yr. At the age of 3 yr, genetic advance was found maximum for petiole length (60.05), followed by collar diameter (47.62) and plant height (45.29). The efforts for selecting new clones and their field-testing must continue under a long-term improvement plan so that the best clones can be recommended for plantations and hybridization programs.     

野生香榧种实性状变异研究

通过对安徽黟县、浙江富阳市、建德市3个地区野生香榧种实形态指标进行分析,结果表明:(1)香榧在产地间性状差异较小(仅鲜重出核率表现出显著性差异),变异幅度最大的为建德地区,其次为黟县地区,富阳地区相对较小;(2)产地内株间各项性状均表现出极显著差异,变异幅度最大的是单种重(CV=26.33%),其次为单核重(CV=27.20%),最小的为核径(CV=9.21%);(3)香榧种实的重量与长、径的大小呈极显著线性相关,与长径比相关性不显著;香榧种子的大小和重量与其出核率呈负相关.     

Comparison and early selection of new clones in Populus tomentosa

In our study, two experimental plantations, respectively, with 24 and 32 new clones of P. tomentosa, were established in Weixian County, Hebei Province and Wuzhi County, Henan Province using a completely randomized block design. A comparative study was conducted on the continuous 5-year-old height and diameter at breast height (DBH) of new clones in the two plantations. As well, based on genetic correlation over the years of testing of these clones, a preliminary study of early selection was carried out. Results indicate that the growth traits of the new clones in Weixian were better than those in Wuzhi The traits show weak correlation between the two plantations. In some stands, the height, DBH and seedling volume of 5-year-old clones presented statistically sig-nificant differences among clones. In both plantations, the new clones showed over 0.6 repeatability of beight, DBH and volume, as well as larger coefficients of variation (CV). The fact that these clones achieved the largest repeatability and CV in the second year suggests that these traits are highly controlled by heredity. Thus, based on the growth traits of the second year, the new clones B305, B307, B303, H75, BT18, BTI7 and 21J-1 were considered suitable in Weixian. hi Wuzhi, the new clones had variable repeatability and CVs in various years and their correlation of growth traits among different years was not high. We conclude that early selection of new clones was not feasible in Wuzhi.     

鸡爪绵核桃坚果质量与坚果三径变异及相关性研究

对鸡爪绵核桃坚果质量和坚果三径的变异及相关性进行研究。结果表明：鸡爪绵核桃果实形态在采样点间及采样点内均存在着显著差异。3个采样点间果实总体变异幅度最大的是坚果质量10．55-21．05g（变异系数CV为13．44％）,其次是纵侧径比3．03～4．44（变异系数CV为8．31％）,侧横径比的变异幅度最小0．92～1．23（变畀系数CV为4．50％）;采样点内变异幅度最大的是坚果质量,最小的是侧横径比。不同采样点间坚果横径与侧径呈紧密线性相关,坚果的质量与坚果3径均达到极显著线性相关,可根据多元回归方程对坚果质量进行预测。     

Comparison and early selection of new clones in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus tomentosa</Emphasis>

In our study, two experimental plantations, respectively, with 24 and 32 new clones of P tomentosa, were established in Weixian County, Hebei Province and Wuzhi County, Henan Province using a completely randomized block design. A comparative study was conducted on the continuous 5-year-old height and diameter at breast height （DBH） of new clones in the two plantations. As well, based on genetic correlation over the years of testing of these clones, a preliminary study of early selection was carried out. Results indicate that the growth traits of the new clones in Weixian were better than those in Wuzhi. The traits show weak correlation between the two plantations. In some stands, the height, DBH and seedling volume of 5-year-old clones presented statistically significant differences among clones. In both plantations, the new clones showed over 0.6 repeatability of height, DBH and volume, as well as larger coefficients of variation （CV）. The fact that these clones achieved the largest repeatability and CV in the second year suggests that these traits are highly controlled by heredity. Thus, based on the growth traits of the second year, the new clones B305, B307, B303, H75, BT18, BT17 and 21J-1 were considered suitable in Weixian. In Wuzhi, the new clones had variable repeatability and CVs in various years and their correlation of growth traits among different years was not high. We conclude that early selection of new clones was not feasible in Wuzhi.     

Variation in cone and seed characters in clonal seed orchards of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus sylvestris</Emphasis>

Cone and seed characters were observed on top, middle and bottom portions of tree crown in 3 ramets/clone in three Turkish Pinus sylvestris seed orchards. Broad sense heritability (clonal repeatability), and correlations among characters were estimated. Around one quarter of the seed production occurred in the top portion, half in the middle and one quarter in the bottom portion of the crown for all orchards. The percentage of filled seeds varied little with the crown position, indicating more or less similar levels of selfing in the bottom of the crown as in the top. The seed weight was typically 11 mg. Differences were found for studied cone and seed characters among orchards and crown positions. Variation among grafts within clone was higher than among clones for most characters. The heritability was on average below 0.5 (e.g., cone diameter, number of filled seed per cone) and rarely rose above that (e.g., cone form, length/diameter; percentage of filled seed) for any individual characters. The coefficient of variation within clones was often higher than among clones. Thus, non-genetic factors seem often more important for the variation in performance of grafts than their genetic constitution. Cone form (length/diameter) was the character where the clone influence was the strongest. Cone number and cone dry weight showed significant correlations with seed characters (numbers of total and filled seed, percentage and weight of filled seeds). Significant correlation was found between seed characters.     

美国山核桃无性系叶绿素的荧光特性

研究了12个不同品种美国山核桃无性系嫁接苗的叶绿素荧光特性.结果表明:不同品种间的初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、PS II原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、PS II潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)均存在显著或极显著差异;光合量子产额(Y ield)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)未达显著差异.初步聚类分析表明,不同无性系嫁接苗中的所有西部品种和国内优系金华1号具有较好的光合性能.     

大果沙棘不同品种果实特性比较研究

在黑龙江绥棱和内蒙磴口试验区对俄罗斯11个大果沙棘品种和蒙古1个大果沙棘品种的果实特性进行了比 较研究,结果表明:(1)黑龙江绥棱试验点百果质量在38．33-67．59 g之间,磴口试验点为32．87-63．85 g。在供 试的品种中除卡图尼在2个试验点百果质量一致外,其余品种百果质量在磴口试验点均比绥棱试验点有不同程度 的下降。引进品种除阿尔泰新闻外,其余品种的百果质量均显著低于原产地俄罗斯,反映出百果质量随纬度下降而 下降的趋势。(2)不同品种果实横径与纵径呈紧密线性相关,即随着果实纵径的增大横径随之增大。(3)果实纵 径、横径、长宽比三个指标与百果质量均达到极显著线性相关,因此可根据果实形状指标对百果质量进行预测。 (4)供试的11个大果沙棘品种果汁Vc含量在342．6-1770．3 mg·kg-1之间,与俄罗斯原产地Vc含量(470- 3300mg·kg-1)相比均有不同程度的下降。(5)供试大果沙棘品种浆果果汁中VE含量在4-29 mg·kg-1之间。 总黄酮在36-429 mg·kg-1之间,其中槲皮素、山奈酚和异鼠李素分别为21．9-310．8 mg·kg-1、1．0-9．8 mg· kg-1和13．1-133．8 mg·kg-1,很明显总黄酮主要由槲皮素和异鼠李素组成,而且二者的含量比较接近。     

杨树新无性系木材性质的变异研究

The wood basic density, cellulose content and fiber form were investigated for all sample trees at breast height (1.3m) in seven poplar clones, and at 0 (butt), 5.6, 9.6, 13.6, 17.6, 19.6 and 21.6 m for clone Nanlin-95 and Nanlin-895, respectively,for providing information on variation patterns of wood density, fiber characteristics and holocellulose content within trees and among clones. The results showed that significant variations about wood density, cellulose content, fiber diameter and the ratio of fiber length to diameter existed among poplar clones examined. Variance analysis indicated that there were significant differences in wood basic density, fiber length, fiber diameter and cellulose content among the growth rings, which had an increasing tendency along the direction from pith to bark. The significant differences also existed in wood basic density, fiber length and fiber diameter at different tree height. The mean wood basic density had a general increase trend with increasing height of trees and the lowest was found at the base, while fiber length and fiber diameter had a general decline pattern with increasing height of trees and the biggest value was observed at the height of 5.6 m. Regression analysis indicated that the relationship between examined wood properties and growth ring number (cambial age), and the relationship between examined wood properties and tree height can be described by polynomial functions.     

樟树无性系生长与形质性状早期分析

对2012和2013年种植在广东省河源市紫金县的2片樟树（Cinnamomum camphora）无性系林进行调查分析,结果表明,参试无性系保存率达93％以上,不同无性系间树高、地径、冠幅和干形4个性状均存在极显著差异,生长与形质性状的重复力较高,为0．8077-0．9354;树高、地径和冠幅3个生长性状之间极显著相关,但干形与生长指标的相关度随林龄增加呈降低的趋势。建议今后开展樟树无性系选择时应兼顾生长和形质两方面的性状。