辽宁省杨树冻害现状及防治对策

2012冬季至2013年春季,辽宁省内多个地区发生冻害。该文通过对全省冻害情况实地调查,总结此次冻害特点,分析冻害产生的原因并提出相应防治对策。冻害集中发生在以107、108杨为代表的欧美杨品种,其中107、108杨受害最重,平均受害株率为42.5%;赤峰杨、彰武小钻杨等乡土树种受害株率为10%;辽宁杨受害株率仅为4.5%,表现出良好的抗逆性。     

苹果瘤蚜防治研究

苹果瘤蚜（Myzus malisuctus）在黑龙江省1年发生多代,主要危害苹果树的叶片和果实,受害叶片纵卷,果实被害后果面出现红色斑点,斑点大小与多少和受害程度有关,受害严重的果实生长缓慢,果个小。在当地品种当中黄太平、新帅、龙冠、K9等苹果品种发生较重。2011年东宁县K9苹果的苹果瘤蚜受害株率达到25%以上,黄太平的受害株率达到90%以上。     

防治板栗雪片象试验

板栗雪片象是近年发现的一种栗实害虫,柞水县板栗株受害率达94%,栗苞受害率达44.7—52.0%。1986—1987年用几种常用农药进行防治试验,筛选出50%甲胺磷和50%杀螟松乳油的500倍液效果较好。生产防治可于6月上旬雪片彖成虫出苞时进行,连续喷药4次,林间防治效果达85%以上。     

湖北省主要造林树种冰雪灾害调查

2008年2-3月,采用典型取样法,设置20 m×20 m的方形样地,对湖北省受灾较重的鄂东南和鄂西南地区的主要造林树种冰雪灾害进行调查.结果表明:1)鄂西南林木的受害率、受害级和受害指数分别比鄂东南高2.0%、12.0%和12.1‰2)鄂东南常绿树种受害率、受害级和受害指数分别比落叶树种高177.0%、260.0%、117.2%,而鄂西南常绿树种比落叶树种分别低23.4%、33.0%、33.0‰3)针叶树种的受害率、受害级和受害指数分别比阔叶树种高14.7%、46.7%、48.2‰4)引进树种的受害率、受害级和受害指数分别比乡土树种高54.4%、95.5%、92.6‰5)林分结构对林木冰雪灾害有重要影响.林分密度过大或过低均会使林木受灾程度加重,纯林比混交林受灾严重.7)地形因子直接影响着林木灾害发生程度,并表现出高海拔比低海拔严重,北坡比南坡严重,上坡比下坡严重,陡坡比缓坡严重.8)科学的经营管理措施如及时的抚育问伐和合理施肥等有利于减轻林木冰雪灾害.建议:进一步开展主要造林树种冰雪灾害发生机制和风险评估研究;重视优良乡土树种,慎重引进外来树种,但不能轻易放弃日本落叶松和柳杉这2个引进树种;贯彻适地适树原则,做到科学造林育林;注重培育近自然混交林;对天然林进行必要的抚育性间伐.     

关帝山林区红脂大小蠹发生与坡向坡度关系研究

对油松红脂大小蠹发生与坡度及坡向关系进行了研究。山顶受害程度最重,受害率40.89%;不同坡度危害差异显著,缓坡危害程度大于陡坡,缓坡和陡坡危害率分别达到17.79%和14.98%。     

台湾青枣果实蝇为害调查及防治措施

2004年1月、2005年12月在西南林学院专家的指导下,对云南省元江县万亩青枣地受果实蝇为害严重地块进行调查,调查结果表明为害台湾青枣果实的害虫主要是柑桔小实蝇,以青枣果实受害最为严重,最高受害率达47%.经综合防治前后对比果实受害率下降到20%～30%,最低下降5%.防治措施主要有清扫果园,合理疏伐,改善光照,推广套袋保果技术,选混配农药,毒饵诱杀及性诱剂捕杀.     

吉林省西部白杨透翅蛾的发生现状及综合防治技术

调查结果显示,2002年吉林省西部杨树防护林的危害率在15%左右。采取的对策是,在掌握其生物学特性的基础上,选择多个受害较重的林地进行综合防治,包括人工措施和使用生物化学药剂进行防治。通过连续4 a的防治,最终把受害率控制在0.010%以内。     

自治区森林防火指挥部奖励1990年森林防火达标的地、市

我区的森林防火工作在最近几年连续取得好成绩的基础上再上新台阶。1990年全区共发生森林火灾716次,受灾面积1789.3公顷,森林火灾受害率0.27‰,与1989年相比,林火次数减少1003次,下降56.3%,受害森林面积减少11220.3公顷,下降86.2%,林火次数比国家森林防火总指挥部下达我区林火指标900次低20.2%,受害森林面积比规定指标6000公顷低70.2%,全区没有发生重大、特大火灾。其中,防城港区无火灾,桂林地区森林火灾受害率0.07‰,玉林、钦     

星天牛对光皮桦人工林危害的调查及防治

通过两处不同营林抚育措施下星天牛(Anoplophora chinensi)对光皮桦(Betula luminifera)人工林分的危害调查,结果发现:造林前不炼山造林后不修枝、连续进行割草3年的营林抚育措施在一定程度上可以抑制星天牛对光皮桦幼树的危害。光皮桦纯林、光皮桦杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)混交林均易遭受星天牛的危害,且以冲沟地段受害较为严重;光皮桦幼树被星天牛危害后枯死率极高,2年生幼树受害后枯死率达100%,3年生幼树受害后枯死率达的达75%。     

薄壳山核桃果园虫害调查分析

对多种模式6年生薄壳山核桃果园的虫害情况进行了调查分析。结果表明:果园虫害主要以蛀干害虫天牛和食叶害虫刺蛾为主,其中天牛虫害率高达61.95%,严重受害率为6.46%;薄壳山核桃园中混交林分虫害率高于纯林,且不同混交林分之间虫害程度差异明显,虫害率为57.49%~81.40%。邻近杨树林果园的虫害最为严重,严重受害果树约占43.24%。对严重危害薄壳山核桃果园的2类害虫天牛和刺蛾的危害特点、发生规律以及防治方法进行了详细介绍。     

青杨天牛生物学特性研究

青杨天牛是杨树人工林的主要枝梢害虫之一，本文对其生物学特性进行了系统的研究，从而为青杨天牛的科学防治提供了依据。     

Carbon reservoir and biomass in Canadian prairie shelterbelts

Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, mainly carbon dioxide (CO₂), can be mitigated by the planting of trees and shrubs. Appropriate agroforestry practices in Saskatchewan include field and farmyard shelterbelts, wildlife plantations, poplar plantations and managed woodlots. A study was conducted to determine the amount of carbon held in prairie shelterbelts. The effect of the soil type and tree species on biomass and carbon content was measured in shelterbelts in the brown, dark brown and black soil zones of Saskatchewan. For some of the main shelterbelt species, the mean aboveground carbon content was 79 kg/tree (32 t/km) for green ash, 263 kg/tree (105 t/km) for poplar, 144 kg/tree (41 t/km) for white spruce and 26 t/km for caragana. In the brown and the dark brown soils, which are more arid than the black soil zone, trees had 60.6% and 65.5%, respectively, of the biomass and carbon content of trees and shrubs in the black soil zone. Improved, fast-growing poplar clones had the greatest biomass at maturity and fixed the greatest amount of carbon. Simple equations were developed to calculate the carbon contents of prairie shelterbelts, based on easily measured tree or shrub parameters. This paper will discuss the results of this particular study and the broader implications of this work. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

青杨楔天牛防治技术的研究

该文对不同杨树品种间的抗性、不同林分的被害情况以及青杨楔天牛Saperda populnea的防治技术进行了研究。结果表明,不同杨树品种间的被害率存在明显差异,小黑杨、银中杨和小叶杨被害率较低,在青杨楔天牛幼虫期采用40%氧化乐果乳油、36%虫杀星乳油涂干或36%虫杀星点涂虫瘿,其校正死亡率分别为77.15%,47.32%和87.53%。利用吡虫啉、乙酰甲胺磷原粉和大力士10倍液涂抹2 a生杨树主干,其幼虫死亡率分别为84.59%,78.52%和77.82%。     

半干旱地区防护林体系健康维护技术试验

分别采用诱木法、改善林况及林禽混养等生物措施针对天牛、杨干象等病虫害进行了维持防护林健康技术试验。结果表明:采用易感天牛的诱树营造杨树品种混交林可有效地控制天牛的发生范围,缩小其种群集中分布区,为人工集中捕杀创造了条件;通过半带皆伐改善林况未使杨干象甲感病状态得到有效改善;在林带内放养家禽可使林木感病株率、感虫株率分别减少7%、9%,同时可获得可观的经济收入。     

6HW-50型车载高射程喷雾机防治青杨天牛试验

青杨天牛(Saperda populnea Linnaeus)是我国历史性的森林害虫,对杨树具有较强的破坏力。文章报道了使用6hw-50车载高射程喷雾机、采用不同药剂、不同施药量进行青杨天牛防治的对比试验的结果,旨在评估这一新药械的防治青杨天牛效果。     

不同杨树品种对青杨天牛和青杨虎天牛的抗性研究

通过对3处发生青杨天牛和青杨虎天牛的杨树评比试验林内共计32个杨树品种的2种天牛的有虫株率、虫口密度的调查,选择出相对抗青杨天牛和青杨虎天牛的银中杨等杨树品种以及易受2种天牛危害的小黑杨等杨树品种。抗性杨树品种可作为目的树种,易受天牛危害树种可作为诱树进行栽植。     

青杨天牛生物学及发生规律的研究

本文通过对青杨天牛发育进度的观测和对青杨天牛其它生物学特性的研究，摸清了青杨天牛成虫羽化、卵孵化的规律及青杨天牛对不同杨树品种危害程度的差异，为青杨天牛的监测与防治提供了科学依据。     

农田防护林树种中林46杨不同器官碳含量的研究

Carbon partition in plants is one of the key points for carbon cycle research. In order to estimate the carbon storage of shelterbelts in plain areas of China accurately, the method of biomass inventory was used to study the individual biomass, organ carbon storage and partition in different organs of 8, 10, 13 and 16 year-old poplar shelterbelts in Yuncheng, Shandong Province. The results indicated that the biomass of different poplar organs followed the pattern of trunk>branch>root>leaf, and the biomass of trunk and branch accounted for about 80% of the total. The carbon concentration of the different organs followed leaf>branch >trunk >root. The carbon concentration of different organs ranged between 43.51% and 70.49%. The carbon concentration of the four age groups’ shelterbelts were higher than 50%, which was slightly higher than the average carbon concentration of poplar in Northern China(48.80%). The variation coefficient of carbon concentration was the smallest for leaf, and the largest for root. As for the difference of carbon concentration, it was significant among different organs for all the four age groups, and not significant among the whole trees for the four age groups. The carbon storage was closely related to its biomass for all tree organs, and its sequence was trunk>branch>root>leaf. The proportion of trunk carbon storage obviously increased with tree age.     

Estimating stand transpiration in a Eucalyptus populnea woodland with the heat pulse method: measurement errors and sampling strategies

Sap flow measurement techniques, such as the heat pulse (compensation) method, are practical means for estimating the water use of individual trees and are often the only reasonable alternative for measuring forest and woodland transpiration in complex heterogeneous terrain. The need to scale estimates of water use from a sample of individual stems to a stand (population) of known area may be satisfied by applying scalars of flux based on tree size or domain. We estimated the aggregate errors in applying the heat pulse technique to the estimation of stand transpiration in a poplar box (Eucalyptus populnea F.J. Muell.) woodland in southeastern Queensland, Australia, by a combination of precision analyses, experimental validation and Monte Carlo simulations of sampling errors. Errors in sap flux density measurements were approximately 13%. The potential error in the flux estimates for individual stems with stratified sampling of sap flux density with depth and bole quadrant based on four sensors was an additional 25%. Conducting wood area, diameter at 1.3 m, leaf area and domain based on Ecological Field Theory all proved excellent scalars of flux at the stand level. With a sample size of six trees stratified by diameter, coefficients of variation in scaling to the stand level were approximately 5% for any of these scalars. The greatest potential source of error in estimating stand transpiration by the heat pulse method was in the measurement of the fluxes of individual stems; scaling these measurements to a homogeneous stand of trees involved less uncertainty.     

杨树防护林蛀干害虫及其天敌的调查与分析

吉林省西部杨树防护林蛀干害虫的调查结果表明:白杨透翅蛾和青杨天牛的平均危害率分别为19.31%和11.98%,是杨树防护林的主要蛀干害虫。两种蛀干害虫的主要天敌均为啄木鸟和肿腿蜂,且种群数量很少,呈零星分布;害虫的种群变化与天敌的种群变化密切相关,据此可以对害虫的种群数量进行监测,并预测害虫大发生的可能性。对于没有实施过人为防治的杨树防护林,可以利用诱捕害虫数量与基础危害率的相关关系进行蛀干害虫的预测预报。