红树林白骨壤的育苗造林技术探讨

指出了白骨壤适宜生长于贫瘠有沙质裸露潮滩上,被称为红树林先锋树种。从白骨壤的育苗,以及苗圃地选择、播种育苗、苗木管理等几方面对白骨壤的育苗和造林进行了总结,以期提供参考。     

浅谈雷州半岛海滩红树林白骨壤群落的改造

通过分析雷州半岛海滩红树林白骨壤群落的现状，提出几种能适宜在白骨壤群落中套种的树种及其造林技术，使白骨壤群落变成多树种、多功能、稳定性强的红树林群落，更好地发挥红树林的防护效能。     

红树植物白骨壤的育苗技术

当前我国东南沿海兴起营造红树林的高潮,培育优质苗木供应造林需要是当务之急。根据经验对白骨壤育苗采种、催芽、播种、营养土的配制、水肥管理、病虫害防治等作了详细的概述。     

白骨壤林小袋蛾幼虫空间分布型的初步研究

小袋蛾 Acanthopsyche suberalbata Hampson是红树林的主要害虫之一,为了研究该虫在白骨壤 Avicennia marina 林内的空间分布情况,2008年8月在广西北海市北背岭红树林育苗站的成年白骨壤林中进行了调查研究,应用扩散系数(C)、平均拥挤度(m)等6种聚集度指标分析小袋蛾空间分布型,结果表明该虫在白骨壤林中的分布型为聚集分布,并利用聚集参数入分析了该虫聚集原因是其本身的习性和环境因素中任何一个,或者二者共同作用引起的.在此基础上,建立了该虫林间理论抽样数公式,同时给出了不同虫口密度及其不同误差要求的最适抽样数.     

广西竹山红树林群落及种群分布格局研究

以广西竹山红树林群落为研究对象,调查了红树林群落类型、密度、高度、覆盖度、更新层等,研究表明广西竹山红树林群落从内滩到外滩的演替规律为:桐花树、桐花树+白骨壤群丛→桐花+白骨壤-秋茄+海漆-桐花树+老鼠勒+卤蕨、白骨壤+桐花树→桐花树、桐花+白骨壤。种群分布格局为:桐花树呈集群分布,白骨壤、秋茄、海漆、老鼠簕呈随机分布。该群落人为干扰较多,在较小面积的滩面内集中了相对较多的群落类型,以桐花树群丛和桐花树+白骨壤两种群落为主,呈低矮的单层灌木状。样方中各个滩位均有更新层,且更新层的高度差异显著,表明该地区的红树林群落处于发展的初期。     

特呈岛红树植物群落特征及生态位研究

以广东省湛江市特呈岛红树林为对象,通过实地调查并运用径阶结构以及重要值、丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数等多样性指标对特呈岛红树林群落主要种群结构进行分析,同时运用生态位宽度、生态位重叠度、生态位相似性分析其生态位特征。结果表明:特呈岛主要是以白骨壤纯林和红海榄纯林为主,红海榄+白骨壤+木榄群落的多样性最高。白骨壤和红海榄的生态位宽度极其相似,木榄的竞争力最弱;白骨壤种群与红海榄种群重叠适中处于动态的稳定状态,而红海榄与木榄两物种之间的种间竞争较大;白骨壤、红海榄、木榄的生态位相似性比较低。因此,白骨壤和红海榄种群稳定,红海榄与木榄形成竞争。     

深圳湾红树林虫害及防治技术研究进展

指出了深圳湾红树林湿地是华南地区重要的滨海湿地。近年来,该区域的红树林虫害日趋严重,特别是白骨壤受害情况尤为显著。基于此,综述了白骨壤主要害虫海榄雌瘤斑螟的生物学特性、危害症状及主要防治技术的研究进展。     

雷州半岛徐闻红树林植物群落的结构和动态特征

为揭示不同潮位红树林群落结构及动态规律,本文对雷州半岛徐闻官曹红树林群落的物种组成、物种年龄结构和多样性等群落特征进行了分析.结果表明:离岸高潮位和和中潮位均为白骨壤+红海榄群落,低潮位为白骨壤群落,反映随潮位的降低,群落物种数逐渐减少,白骨壤种群在各潮位均为优势种,具较宽生态位,而次优势种群红海榄则只分布于中高潮位,生态位相对较窄.白骨壤和红海榄在所出现的潮位中,其幼苗和苗木均较多,年龄结构均属于增长型.各群落物种多样性Simpson指数(D)、Shannon(H)和Pielou均匀度指数(J)的大小顺序关系均为中潮位的白骨壤+红海榄群落＞高潮位的白骨壤+红海榄＞低潮位的白骨壤群落.隐含着高潮位物种竞争剧烈,均匀度较小,中潮位物种关系稳定,均匀度较大,低潮位物种受环境严重胁迫表现适生选择性.白骨壤和红海榄在所出现的潮位中,种群格局均属于集群分布,反映其典型的胎生红树特征.     

香椿育苗技术

<正> 香椿喜湿润,抗盐碱,生长快,材质好,是优良的家具用材树种和庭院绿化树种。但是,香椿在幼苗期怕积水,怕干旱,怕高温,易感病,极为娇嫩,从而影响苗木生产。为探索香椿育苗技术,我们于1982年至1984年分别选择了旧菜地,沙地,壤土地,轻壤地、粘土地做育苗地,采用当地种子和种根进行了育苗试验,现介绍如下: 一、利用种子育苗 1.采种,香椿在我省10日份种子成熟。     

泉州红树

福建泉州湾红树林湿地是中国典型的亚热带河口滩涂湿地,具有丰富的生物多样性,其中最引人瞩目的是秋茄、桐花树和白骨壤这3种红树。这里是桐花树和白骨壤在太平洋西岸自然分布的北界,生长的桐花树和白骨壤具有较好的典型性。作者介绍了泉州湾的胎生红树林的秘密。     

Sensitivity to chilling temperatures and distribution differ in the mangrove species Kandelia candel and Avicennia marina

We compared the effects of short-term (hours) and long-term (days) exposure to chilling temperatures on the photosynthetic gas exchange, leaf characteristics and chlorophyll a fluorescence of seedlings of the mangrove species Kandelia candel Druce and Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. Both species occur along the west coast of Taiwan, but K. candel occurs further north than A. marina. We hypothesized that temperature was one of the major environmental factors limiting the northern distribution of A. marina. Avicennia marina was more sensitive to chilling temperatures than K. candel. Leaves of both species showed reductions in light-saturated photosynthetic rates (Amax), stomatal conductance (gs) and quantum yield of photosystem II after a 1-h exposure to 15 degrees C, with A. marina showing significantly greater reductions in Amax and gs than K. candel. No significant differences in Amax, gs and electron transport rate (ETR) were found between leaves of K. candel grown at 15 and 30 degrees C for 10 days. However, leaves of A. marina grown for 10 days at 15 degrees C had significantly lower Amax, gs and ETR than plants grown at 30 degrees C. After 20 days at 15 degrees C, leaf mass per area of both species was increased significantly, whereas area-based chlorophyll concentrations were reduced, with significantly greater changes in A. marina than in K. candel. We concluded that sensitivity to low winter temperatures is a primary limiting factor in the distribution of A. marina along the western coast of Taiwan.     

Photosynthetic gas exchange and accumulation of phytotoxins in mangrove seedlings in response to soil physico-chemical characteristics associated with waterlogging

We evaluated photosynthetic gas exchange and the accumulation of iron, manganese and sulfur in seedlings of five mangrove species (Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh., Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk., Hibiscus tiliaceus L. and Rhizophora stylosa Griff.) growing under anoxic soil conditions at low irradiance. Seedlings of the viviparous mangroves showed no significant responses to root anoxia. The presence of ferrous sulfate or manganous sulfate had a smaller effect on CO(2) assimilation, transpiration rate and stomatal behavior than the presence of sodium sulfide. Sodium sulfide inhibited photosynthetic gas exchange and caused complete stomatal closure in all species. Stomatal closure was probably the result of the damaging effect of sulfide ions on root cell membranes. Some leaf epinasty and wilting were also observed in response to the Na(2)S treatment in all species. A combination of FeSO(4), MnSO(4) and Na(2)S had a smaller effect on photosynthesis than Na(2)S alone, especially for Avicennia marina and Rhizophora stylosa seedlings, which maintained appreciable rates of CO(2) assimilation (2.49 and 3.84 &mgr;mol m(-2) s(-1), respectively) in the presence of all three phytotoxins. Roots of phytotoxin-treated seedlings of all species accumulated significant amounts of the corresponding toxin compared with roots of the control plants. The FeSO(4) or MnSO(4) treatments had no effect on foliar concentrations of iron or manganese, whereas the Na(2)S treatment resulted in an accumulation of S in the leaves of all species. Interactions between Fe(2+) and Mn(2+) and sulfide in the culture medium appeared to reduce their uptake by the seedlings. We conclude that high concentrations of sulfides in mangrove sediments may adversely affect both growth and survival of mangrove seedlings at low irradiances.     

Interactions between epibenthos and meiobenthos in a high intertidal Avicennia marina mangrove forest

Many studies in the muddy intertidal zone of temperate regions haveindicated meiofaunal communities to be mainly affected by epibenthicpredation and disturbance rather than competition. Few studies, however,have dealt with mangrove sediments of tropical areas. In addition to aparallel study in a Ceriops tagal (Perr.) Rob. zone, a manipulativeexclusion technique was used to trace the dominant biological interactionsstructuring the meiobenthos of an East African Avicennia marina (Forsk.)Vierh. mangrove forest.The densities of the major meiobenthic taxa and nematode genera and abroad range of environmental factors were monitored over a depth profile forone year of caging. Cages (1 m²) excluded all epibenthos (> 2 mm)for one year and were procedurally controlled. Procedural and exclusioneffects were traced, using a factorial and mixed ANOVA design. Significant exclusion effects were indicated for oligochaetes and for oneof the dominant epistratal feeding nematode genera. They are discussed interms of epibenthic composition and density, feeding behaviour, foodresources, and the abiotic environment. The conclusion is that the observed meiobenthos (especially oligochaetesand nematodes) is influenced mainly by exploitative or resource competitionwith the epibenthos. The common food source was indicated to be muddydetritus and microalgae. Consequently, the role of the meiobenthos is mainlysituated in an isolated, detrital food web with only minor energy fluxes tothe epibenthos.     

蜡彩袋蛾取食不同红树植物后纤维素酶活力的测定

通过对蜡彩袋蛾喂饲7种红树植物叶片,观察取食情况,测定对不同红树植物叶片的取食量及取食后其体内纤维素酶活力变化,探讨蜡彩袋蛾(Chalia larminati Heylaerts)对不同红树植物叶片的消化吸收能力。结果表明,取食无瓣海桑、木榄、红海榄和秋茄的幼虫体内纤维素酶含量较高,而取食白骨壤和海漆之后纤维素酶含量较低,差异显著。根据林间调查结果显示,秋茄上的蜡彩袋蛾虫口密度最高,木榄最低,而在无瓣海桑、白骨壤和海漆没有发现蜡彩袋蛾危害。     

白骨壤古树群资源可持续利用管理对策的研究

通过对广东省湛江市特呈岛白骨壤古树群可持续利用资源实地调查表明,该资源的利用方式有9种,而林中沙虫等采挖和采集薪柴等破坏行为要加以严格禁止,从而科学利用、加强管理该珍稀古树群资源及其它红树林资源。     

6种红树树种生长与叶片元素含量及化学计量特征

为探讨红树林树种生长与叶片元素含量特征，比较木榄（Bruguiera gymnorrhiza）、角果木 （Ceriops tagal）、正红树（Rhizophora apiculata）、红海榄（R. stylosa）、白骨壤（Avicennia marina）和桐 花树（Aegiceras corniculatum）6个树种成活率、生长量、叶片元素含量及化学计量。结果表明，栽植 120 d后，6种红树树种的成活率均在85%以上；苗高净生长量在2.60~10.32 cm之间，地径净生长量在 8.62~16.92 mm之间，以桐花树和正红树的生长较快。白骨壤的叶片N含量最高，角果木K含量较高，红海榄Ca含量较高；6种红树叶片N/P值均小于14，属于N制约型植物；叶片化学元素K/P、N/K、Ca/K、Ca/Mg和K/Mg的值存在一定程度的差异。PCA分析结果表明，6种红树树种均能较好地各聚为一类，每个树种对其生长量因子、叶片元素含量因子和化学计量因子响应不同。     

生活污水排放对红树林植物生长的影响

经过 1a的实验结果表明 :生活污水的排放使红树林湿地系统的水体DO值下降 ,BOD5和CODMn值升高 ,TN、TP 增高。排污对红树林植物秋茄、桐花树、白骨壤的生长 (包括树高、茎径和生物量的年增长量以及年净生产力 )有促进作用 ,同时使秋茄、桐花树的年凋落物量增加而白骨壤的年凋落物量减少。表明红树植物对生活污水的适应能力较强 ,利用红树林湿地系统净化生活污水有一定可行性     

Mangrove expansion and population structure at a planted site,East London,South Africa

Avicennia marina (Forrsk.) Vierh. was planted in 1969 at Nahoon Estuary, East London, followed a few years later by the planting of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam. and Rhizophora mucronata (L.) among the larger A. marina trees. This study tested the hypothesis that mangroves have expanded and replaced salt marsh over a 33-year period (1978–2011). It provides important information on mangroves growing at higher latitudes, where they were thought to not occur naturally due to lower annual average temperatures. It further provides insights on future scenarios of possible shifts in vegetation types due to climate change at one of the most southerly distribution sites worldwide. The expansion of mangroves was measured using past aerial photographs and Esri ArcGIS Desktop 10 software. In addition, field surveys were completed in 2011 to determine the population structure of the present mangrove forest and relate this to environmental conditions. The study showed that mangrove area cover increased linearly at a rate of 0.06 ha y^?1, while the salt marsh area cover also increased (0.09 ha y^?1) but was found to be variable over time. The mangrove area is still relatively small (<2 ha) and expanded mostly over a bare sandflat area. Avicennia marina was the dominant species and had high recruitment (seedling density was 33 822 ± 16 364 ha^?1). Only a few Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Rhizophora mucronata individuals were found (<10 adult trees), although observations indicate that some young plants are becoming established away from the parent plants. The site provides opportunities for studies on mangrove/salt marsh interactions in response to a changing climate. Mangroves should not be planted in non-native areas as they may become invasive outside their natural range. However, future increases in temperature will certainly lead to a southerly expansion of mangoves in South African estuaries.     

New flavonoids from Avicennia marina

In addition to luteolin 7-O-methylether, chrysoeriol 7-O-glucoside and isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside, the methanol extract of the aerial parts of Avicennia marina yielded two new flavonoids identified as luteolin 7-O-methylether 3'-O-beta-D-glucoside and its galactoside analogue 2.