木质素磺酸盐的接枝改性及应用研究进展

综述了木质素磺酸盐的各种接枝改性方法,讨论了木质素磺酸盐接枝产物在土壤调节、水增稠、石油钻井、胶粘剂等方面的应用,并对我国木质素磺酸盐接枝改性及应用的前景进行了展望.     

木质素磺酸盐的接枝改性及应用研究进展

综述了木质素磺酸盐的各种接枝改性方法，讨论了木质素磺酸盐接枝产物在土壤调节、水增稠、石油钻井、胶粘剂等方面的应用，并对我国木质素磺酸盐接枝改性及应用的前景进行了展望。     

超滤膜分级对木质素磺酸盐作为抑尘剂性能的影响

采用截留分子质量为6 000和20 000 u的两种超滤膜对木质素磺酸盐进行过滤分级,获得3种不同分子质量木质素磺酸盐级分(LG-1、LG-2和LG-3),分析了各级分的得率、纯度、分子质量及亲水基团含量,并考察了各级分作为抑尘剂的性能差异。结果表明:通过超滤膜过滤可以对木质素磺酸盐进行有效分级,LG-1、LG-2和LG-3的得率分别为58.32%、24.50%和17.18%,重均相对分子质量分别为4 841,15 239和37 768,分散度(M_w/M_n)分别为2.78、2.40和2.06。随着木质素磺酸盐级分相对分子质量增加,灰分含量降低,总糖含量增加;同时磺酸基团含量降低。超滤膜分级对木质素磺酸盐作为抑尘剂的性能具有显著的影响,随着截留分子质量的增加,木质素磺酸盐吸湿能力、抗压及抗风蚀能力都有所提高,分别提高了96.43%、55.11%和63.07%,表明高分子质量木质素磺酸盐级分(LG-3)作为抑尘剂表现出更好的性能。SEM分析表明,喷洒木质素磺酸盐溶液后,沙粒之间有粘结层,表现出一定的粘结性和结壳性,且截留分子质量越大粘结现象越明显。     

栲胶的用途

栲胶用途广泛。它目前主要用于鞣制皮革;石油钻井时作泥浆处理剂;铁路机车锅炉用作软水剂;稀有金属选矿用作抑制剂(沉淀剂)和浮选剂;纺织上用作固色剂;渔业上用来染制渔网。此外,在医药卫生、蓄电池等方面也有广泛的用途。因此,栲胶已成为我国轻工业、重工业、国防工业和交通运输业等部门所必不可少的化工原料之一。     

工业木质素的开发利用

1　工业木质素的性能与用途植物纤维原料在制浆过程中降解溶出的木质素称为工业木质素。根据化学制浆方法的不同 ,工业木质素分为结构和性能完全不同的碱木质素 (碱法制浆溶出的木质素 ,包括烧碱木质素和硫酸盐木质素 )和木质素磺酸盐 (亚硫酸盐法制浆煮溶出的木质素 )两类。碱木质素的分子量较低 ,水溶性差 ,很多场合不能直接使用。碱木质素经适当改性后 ,可用作染料分散剂、橡胶添加剂、水泥减水剂等。木质素磺酸盐的分子量达数万至上百万 ,具有良好的水溶性 ,其分子结构包括疏水性的芳环和亲水性的磺酸基 ,具有一定的表面活性。工业木质…     

循环冷却水中木质素磺酸盐对细菌繁殖的影响

木质素磺酸盐是来源丰富、价格低廉的造纸制浆废液回收物。改性木质素磺酸盐(GCL2)具有较好的缓蚀阻垢性能。通过平皿计数法研究了不同类型木质素磺酸盐及其组分对循环冷却水中细菌繁殖速度的影响。结果表明，木浆木质素磺酸钙(简称木钙，CL)和草浆木质素磺酸镁(简称木镁，ML)对细菌繁殖具有明显的助长作用；木钙中的糖分是其对细菌助长作用的主要原因；GCL2对冷却水中细菌繁殖具有一定抑制作用；木钙经过氧化氢氧化后对细菌的繁殖具有明显的抑制作用。     

亚硫酸氢镁预处理麦秆木质素磺酸盐的性质和应用

木质纤维原料是一种丰富的可再生资源,其中木质素分子结构最为复杂,木质素的综合利用度成为木质纤维原料生物炼制商业化的瓶颈和关键。当前,我国商品木质素磺酸盐主要来源于亚硫酸盐制浆造纸废液,而源于生物炼制的木质素磺酸盐材料的研究和应用却鲜有报道。我国是农业大国,麦秆资源丰富,笔者对亚硫酸氢镁预处理麦秆木质素磺酸盐进行了性质和应用初步研究。结果表明:与市售商用木质素磺酸盐(CMLS)相比较,麦秆木质素磺酸盐(IELS)磺酸基团较高,酚羟基和羧基含量较低;重均分子量和数均分子量分别为3 456 u和2 842 u,分子量分布均一;对于微晶纤维素的酶解有促进作用,添加1.0 g/L IELS,酶解48 h纤维素酶解得率达72.3%,较空白组提高了7.7%;添加质量浓度2.0 g/L的超滤麦秆木质素磺酸盐(UFLS)可使甲基咪草烟(IMM)颗粒表面Zeta电位降至-30.3 mV;质量浓度2.0 g/L的UFLS液滴在IMM压片表面接触角为72.38°,易于在疏水材料上铺展开来。研究结果可为生物炼制来源木质素磺酸盐的资源化高效利用提供理论参考。     

不同结构木质素聚醚磺酸盐与石油磺酸盐复配体系界面张力研究

对不同结构的木质素聚醚磺酸盐与石油磺酸盐的复配体系与华北京-11原油间的油水界面张力性质进行了研究,进而对其在该类型油田矿藏中的可行性应用进行了评估。结果表明:木质素聚醚磺酸盐与石油磺酸盐之间存在良好的协同效应,可以有效地改善石油磺酸盐的耐盐性能。三种木质素聚醚磺酸盐与石油磺酸盐的复配体系在一定的弱碱Na₂CO₃浓度下均可以使华北原油的油-水界面张力平衡值达到超低,其中LPO₁₀SO₃Na/PS体系与华北原油间超低界面张力的碱浓度范围明显拓宽,说明该复配体系对华北原油的界面活性优良,可用作石蜡基原油的驱油剂。     

木质素磺酸盐电化学氧化的低相对分子质量产物的初步研究

用PbO2电极在碱性条件下进行木质素磺酸盐电氧化降解研究,温度25℃,电流密度50~70 mA/cm2,电压0.8~2.0 V。电氧化产物经分离,用高效液相色谱分析。结果表明,木质素磺酸盐电氧化降解为香兰素、紫丁香醛、丁香酸、对羟基苯甲醛、苯乙酮、苯甲酸等6种低相对分子质量化合物。     

落叶松树皮栲胶废渣木质素磺酸钠的制备及其物化性能研究

对兴安落叶松（Larix gmelinii Rupr.)树皮栲胶废渣进行了分析及磺化处理，结果表明：在碱质量用量13％（NaOH计），亚硫酸化度60％－70％，反应温度140－150℃，时间为2h的条件下，可以获得性能优良的木质素磺酸盐产品，该产品可用于混凝土添加剂和油田驱油剂的复配剂，为树皮废渣的高效利用提供了依据。     

旋转挖孔灌注桩在跨线工程中的应用

文中介绍旋钻挖孔灌注桩在常州西绕城高速公路新区互通跨线桥工程中的应用,通过现场施工方案的比选,表明在跨线桥工程中应用旋挖钻成孔,比传统的回旋钻成孔施工速度快、交通干扰小、泥浆用量少、更加环保;然后从钻孔灌注桩的整个施工工艺过程出发,具体分析旋挖钻在护筒埋设、钻机就位和钻进作业时与回旋钻的区别;总结了旋转挖孔灌注桩在跨线桥施工中的施工要点,包括钻进速度的控制、下钻提钻的注意事项、原路面的保护措施、泥浆的制备方法、钻渣的清理和施工安全等方面。     

Valonia oak agroforestry systems in Greece: an overview

Valonia oak agroforestry systems of Greece are Mediterranean systems of high natural and cultural value with distinct economic, environmental, social and historical characteristics. These systems can be silvopastoral or agrosilvopastoral, and have been used since ancient times for grazing, and acorn and wood harvesting. Acorn cup collection for use in tanning, which has been undertaken since at least the fifteenth century, was an important economic activity from the nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century contributing to the local economy and development. This overview describes the historical importance of valonia oak in Greece, and the present extent, structure, ecology, products and services of valonia oak agroforestry. The sustainability of such systems is being promoted through the sale of traditional and new products, eco- and agri-tourism, and engagement with local stakeholders.     

木质素磺酸盐与丙烯酸类单体的接枝共聚研究

研究了木质素磺酸盐粗产品与丙烯酸类单体的接枝共聚反应，对其反应机理进行了评述，并采用红外光谱分析证实了聚合反应的发生。与现有的对纯化木质素磺酸盐的研究结果不同，粗产品的接枝共聚反应可以单纯由过氧化氢引发，原因可能是粗产品中含有的还原性物质起到了亚铁离子的作用。研究表明，合适的引发剂用量应该是木质素磺酸盐干重的1．5％～2．0％，当反应体系中引发剂用量充分时，反应温度和时间对产物粘度的影响不明显。产物的粘度随丙烯酸类单体用量的增加而提高，在相同单体用量下，丙烯酰胺改性产物的粘度高于丙烯酸改性产物，原因是丙烯酰胺聚合物上酰胺基的亲水性比丙烯酸聚合物上羧酸基的亲水性低。     

Floristic diversity of valonia oak silvopastoral woodlands in Greece

Valonia oak (Quercus ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis (Kotschy) Hedge and Yaltirik), a deciduous species grown in the xerothermic conditions of the east Mediterranean zone of Europe, forms woodlands of open canopy that permits adequate light to reach the ground thus sustaining an exceptionally rich flora. In Greece, these woodlands are mainly used for livestock grazing and considered important silvopastoral systems. Nowadays, most of them are abandoned and degraded as a result of inappropriate management. For the effective evaluation and sustainable management of these woodlands and the establishment of reliable monitoring systems, a detailed analysis of their plant diversity characteristics across Greece is needed. This paper aims at determining and comparing floristic diversity measures as well as at assessing the impact of human activities on vegetation and floristic diversity of the most characteristic valonia oak silvopastoral woodlands of Greece. It was found that the truncated log-normal model adequately predicts the species abundance data for eleven out of the twelve woodlands. From the statistical comparison of the diversity indices Q-statistic, Berger–Parker dominance index and Shannon-Wiener measure of equitability, three groups of these woodlands can be distinguished (a) the high-richness group of Pentalofos, Lesvos, Lakonia and Thesprotia, (b) the medium-richness group of Kriti Island, Alexandroupoli, Strofylia and Galaxidi, and (c) the low-richness group of Kea Island, Amfilohia, Almyros and Lilaia. However, the Rényi’s diversity ordering diagram showed that, generally, in low levels of entropy inconsistency is the rule and no clear pattern of diversity is extracted reflecting the impact of complex factors. Among them, those related to management seem to mostly determine plant diversity of valonia oak silvopastoral woodlands, with abiotic factors having an occasionally supporting role. Changes of species richness and evenness due to livestock grazing as well as acorn and wood harvesting are further discussed.     

硝酸钙泥与硝酸镁泥磷吸附特性研究

对硝酸钙泥、硝酸镁泥两种化工废渣的磷吸附特性进行了研究。结果表明：用Langmuir方程能很好地拟合300℃焙烧后的硝酸钙泥硝酸镁泥和500℃焙烧后的硝酸钙泥硝酸镁泥对磷的等温吸附。300℃、500℃焙烧后的硝酸钙泥、硝酸镁泥的磷最大吸附量分别为37．45、32．36、35．59、28．82mg/g ,表面吸附强度因子分别为1．5615、0．2946、0．2948、0．2882mL/g ,最大缓冲能力分别为58．48、9．53、10．49、8．31mL/g。对磷的吸附效果最好的是300℃焙烧后的硝酸钙泥。300℃、500℃焙烧后硝酸钙泥、硝酸镁泥对磷的去除率达到83％～99％左右。去除率最好的是300℃的硝酸钙泥。     

Ultrastructure—Critical domain for wood behavior

Summary That the behavior of wood in service results from its structure is generally accepted by wood scientists. No doubt this acceptance is due to the broad interpretation of such a term. Structure can refer to the organization of elements on a macro scale, such as in a laminated beam, as well as to the arrangement of cellulose molecules in the crystalline region of an elementary fibril.This presentation focuses on a structural domain that appears increasingly to be a critical one in wood behavior-ultrastructure. The spectrum of terminology that has been used in profusion during the electron microscopic era must first be defined so that confusion is minimized. Then a historical evolution of the field of wood ultrastructure can be presented to provide perspective. Structures that have been shown to affect or indeed to control certain processes can be identified. The role of a non-structure, the elusive transient capillary, can be illustrated. Microfibrillar organization and cell wall archictecture fall into the realm of ultrastructure as well.The past decade of research in wood science has been productive to a significant extent because of scanning electron microscopy and its accessory tools and techniques. The exploration of wood penetration by wood preservatives, pulping liquors and coatings using this approach has yielded much new evidence. One can speculate about the anticipated contributions of computer-driven SEM, stereology, STEM, and even higher resolution microscopy in the near future.     

园林废弃物堆肥对宫粉紫荆袋苗生长的影响

选用黄泥、黄泥︰泥炭=5︰2、黄泥︰园林废弃物堆肥产品=5︰2、黄泥︰园林废弃物堆肥产品︰泥炭=5︰1︰1等4种基质,研究其对宫粉紫荆袋苗生长的影响。综合分析植株株高、叶片叶绿素含量及叶片氮含量3个指标,结果表明:以黄泥︰园林废弃物堆肥产品︰泥炭=5︰1︰1配制的基质对宫粉紫荆生长有最好的效果,其次是以黄泥︰园林废弃物堆肥产品=5︰2配制的基质,说明园林废弃物堆肥产品是园林苗木基质的优良组成材料。     

五大连池矿泉泥水溶盐测定分析及应用

指出了矿泥作为新型矿产资源,在国内外发现和开发利用的不多,对其全面、系统地开展过调查研究的甚少,但其医疗和保健作用早已被证实,且疗效显著。针对五大连池矿泉泥水溶盐进行了测定分析。     

不同栽培基质对3种野牡丹属植物生长的影响

为筛选野牡丹属在不同栽培基质上生长的差异，促进野牡丹属植物在城市园林中的推广应用 , 以 3 种野牡丹属植物（白花印度野牡丹 Melastoma candidum var. albiflorum、野牡丹 M. candidum 和毛稔 M. sanguineum）为试验材料，设置了 4 种不同比例泥炭土、蛭石和椰糠混合物 / 料和黄泥栽培基质处理， 比较 3 种植物的净生长量和生物量。研究结果表明，3 种野牡丹属植物苗高、冠幅、叶面积净生长量均以 黄泥栽培基质处理组较高，生长促进效应优于泥炭土、蛭石和椰糠的混合比例处理组；其地上部、地下 部生物量积累也均以黄泥栽培基质组最高。隶属函数分析结果表明，促进 3 种野牡丹植物生长效应的栽 培基质均为黄泥。