10种杀菌剂对橡胶树嘴突凸脐蠕孢菌的室内毒力测定

采用菌丝生长速率法测定10种杀菌剂对橡胶树嘴突凸脐蠕孢叶斑病菌的抑菌能力,结果表明各杀菌剂对嘴突凸脐蠕孢菌的毒力差异显著,苯醚甲环唑、丙环唑、咪鲜胺、异菌脲对橡胶树叶斑病菌的毒力较强,EC50范围在0.0133～0.5572μg/mL,其中苯醚甲环唑、丙环唑对橡胶树叶斑病菌的抑制效果最佳,EC50均小于0.1μg/mL;代森锰锌、百菌清、三唑酮的抑制效果较差,EC50为1～100μg/mL;而多菌灵、甲基硫菌灵、嘧菌酯对嘴突凸脐蠕孢叶斑病菌基本无效。     

9种杀菌剂对桉树轮斑病原菌室内毒力测定

采用菌丝生长速率法测定9种杀菌剂对桉树轮斑病原菌(Pilidiella eucalyptorum、P. diplodiella)的室内毒力。结果表明,供试的杀菌剂对病原菌具有不同程度的抑制作用。对P. eucalyptorum毒力最强的杀菌剂是10%苯醚甲环唑ME,EC50值为0.011 6 mg/L;其次是25%吡唑醚菌酯SC,EC50值为0.045 3 mg/L;毒力最弱的是80%乙蒜素EC,EC50值为6.839 3 mg/L。对P. diplodiella毒力最强的杀菌剂是43%戊唑醇SC,EC50值为0.047 3 mg/L;其次是20%丙环唑ME,EC50值为0.085 7 mg/L;毒力最弱的是80%乙蒜素EC,EC50值为2.809 9 mg/L。     

7种杀菌剂对杨树烂皮病、溃疡病病菌的室内毒力测定

室内测定了7种杀菌剂对杨树烂皮病病原菌金黄壳囊孢菌Cytospora chrysosperma (Pers.)Fr.、溃疡病病原菌Dothiorella gregaria Sacc.的毒力.72 h含药平板对抑制金黄壳囊孢菌的菌丝生长毒力最强的有10％苯醚甲环唑水分散剂、250 g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂,EC50值依次为0.0006,0.020 2μg/mL;其次为70％甲基托布津可湿性粉剂,EC50为0.195 8μg/mL;最弱的是树乐粉剂,EC50为319.658 0μg/mL.48 h对杨树溃疡病病原菌的毒力最强的有250 g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂、10％苯醚甲环唑水分散剂,EC50依次为0.072 2,0.090 4μg/mL;其次为70％甲基托布津和50％多菌灵可湿性粉剂,EC50依次为2.5603,19.0454 μg/mL;树乐最弱,EC50为366.415 7μg/mL.同一药剂对杨树烂皮病菌的毒力强于溃疡病菌.     

赤水撑绿竹根腐病菌室内药剂筛选

采用生长速率法和悬滴法测定了8种常用杀菌剂对赤水撑绿竹Bambusa pervariabilis×dendrocalamopsis daii根腐病病原菌尖孢镰孢菌Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制作用,并测定了杀菌剂对尖孢镰孢菌的毒力。结果表明,各杀菌剂对菌丝生长和孢子萌发有不同程度的抑制作用,其中70%敌磺钠WP、3%广枯灵AS能很好地抑制菌丝生长,而70%敌磺钠WP、3%广枯灵AS、70%甲基硫菌灵WP、10%苯醚甲环唑WG对孢子萌发有较强的抑制作用,抑制率均在80%以上。对菌丝生长与孢子萌发均有明显作用的杀菌剂为70%敌磺钠WP、3%广枯灵AS。毒力测定结果表明,70%敌磺钠WP、3%广枯灵AS对尖孢镰孢菌的毒力最高,其EC50分别为0.072 5,0.112 6μg/mL、其次为70%甲基硫菌灵WP和10%苯醚甲环唑WG,其EC50分别为7.8216,7.318 7μg/mL。其余几种药剂的毒力较差。8种药剂的相关系数均在0.98以上,药剂浓度与抑制作用呈正相关。     

无花果疫霉果腐病的化学防治

在室内测定了8种化学杀菌剂对无花果果腐病病原菌的抑菌效果,结果表明10％苯醚甲环唑和80％多菌灵2种化学药剂对菌丝生长抑制作用显著,EC50值分别为0.373 5和0.647 9 μg/mL.野外防治试验结果与室内基本一致,表明10％苯醚甲环唑和80％多菌灵可作为防治该病的药剂.     

10种杀菌剂对杨树锈病室内毒力测定及田间药效试验

室内10种杀菌剂抑制杨树锈病病原菌松杨栅锈菌Melampsora larici-populina夏孢子萌发毒力测定及田间防控药剂筛选的结果表明:对抑制夏孢子萌发毒力强的4种药剂是85%三氯异氰尿酸SP、40%嘧菌酯SC、1.8%辛菌胺醋酸盐AS和40%福美胂WP,其LC50依次为0.396,0.953,2.557,4.299 mg/kg;在田间杨树锈病发病后,使用40%氟硅唑EC 6000倍液、43%戊唑醇SC 4000倍液、45%咪鲜胺EW 1500倍液、40%苯醚甲环唑SC 3000倍液、40%嘧菌酯SC 2500倍液喷雾处理,间隔10 d,用药2次,第2次药后12 d防效92%~96%,可以高效控制该病为害。     

几种杀菌剂对花椒炭疽病的抑菌活性研究

本研究采用菌丝生长速率法测定了4种高效低毒杀菌剂对花椒炭疽病的抑菌活性,旨在为花椒炭疽病的有效防治提供理论依据。结果表明:4种供试杀菌剂对花椒炭疽病菌的菌丝生长均有一定抑制作用,但具明显差异。其中,苯醚甲环唑和百菌清的抑菌效果较强,其EC50值分别为2.18mg/L和2.20mg/L,其次为多菌灵,克菌丹对花椒炭疽病菌的抑制效果较差,其EC50值为851.14mg/L。因此,苯醚甲环唑和百菌清对花椒炭疽病菌具有较好的抑菌作用,可作为花椒炭疽病的有效防治药剂。     

杨树灰斑病菌（Coryneum populinum Bres.）对5种杀菌剂的敏感性

[目的 ]在测定杨树灰斑病菌最适生长温度的基础上,开展病菌对5种杀菌剂的敏感性试验,为进一步筛选出可用于杨树灰斑病防治的有效药剂和明确杀菌剂对病菌的作用机制提供理论参考。[方法 ]采用菌丝生长速率法和分生孢子萌发法测定5种供试杀菌剂对C. populinum菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的抑菌效果,构建毒力回归方程并计算EC50值;同时,利用光学显微镜观察杀菌剂对菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的影响。[结果 ]C. populinum的最适生长温度为20℃,20℃条件下,第25 d菌落直径为4.25 cm,12 h分生孢子萌发率为79.00%;30℃条件下,病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发均受到抑制。室内试验发现5种供试杀菌剂对C. populinum菌丝生长的抑制作用效果表现为恶醚唑>戊唑醇>多菌灵>咪鲜胺>甲基托布津,平均EC50值分别为0.004 8、0.024、0.047、0.25和0.49μg·mL^-1;对分生孢子萌发率的抑制作用效果表现为恶醚唑>咪鲜胺>甲基托布津>多菌灵>戊唑醇,平均EC50值分别为85.07、101.23、...     

冬枣树皮疱斑病防治药剂筛选试验

冬枣树皮疱斑病Phoma persicae是近年在冬枣上新发生的一种重要病害,2009～2011年对其开展了室内抑菌测定和田间防效试验。结果表明,室内抑菌效果较好的药剂为苯醚甲环唑、丙环唑、氟硅唑、苯醚甲环唑.丙环唑、恶唑菌酮.氟硅唑,抑菌率分别为98.7%、96.2%、94.9%、93.6%、92.3%;田间防治效果较好的药剂有苯醚甲环唑、嘧菌酯、氟硅唑、中生菌素,防治效果分别为90.2%、87.1%、80.4%、69.1%,可以在防治冬枣树皮疱斑病生产中推广使用。     

桉树小新壳梭孢梢枯病菌室内药剂毒力测定

在室内培养条件下,采用生长速率法测定了10种常用杀菌剂对桉树小新壳梭孢枝枯病菌Neofusicoccum parvum (Penny Cook & Samuels)的抑制效果,结果表明:25％苯醚甲环唑和25％丙环唑对N.parvum抑制效果最好,EC50值分别是0.0312和0.0330 mg/L;18.7％丙环·嘧菌酯、25％咪鲜胺、50％甲基硫菌灵、50％异菌脲、50％多菌灵、40％腈菌唑和75％百菌清抑菌效果次之,EC50值分别为0.0499,0.0681,0.1462,0.1672,0.2720,0.3454和4.6199 mg/L;25％嘧菌酯抑菌效果最差,EC50值是16.1451 mg/L.     

Armillaria ostoyae in managed coniferous forests in Kastamonu in Turkey

Although several Armillaria species have been reported in Turkey, there is little information about their ecology in Turkish forests. In this study, we investigated five forest stands, approximately 5–74 ha in size, in Kastamonu province in the Black Sea Region of Turkey for the presence of Armillaria species in stumps and logs. The stands were mixed Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmülleriana and Pinus sylvestris forests managed using a selective cuttings system; the proportion of fir in the total number of stems and stumps ranged from 36 to 98%. Based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and intergenic spacer regions of the rDNA, all rhizomorphs sampled from the stumps and logs were of Armillaria ostoyae. The size of the genets was estimated with random amplified microsatellites analysis of the isolates and ranged from single stumps to approximately 450 m². One to seven genets were found in each stand. These results indicate that the genets had arisen from spores and vegetative spread was limited on most sites.     

上海中央公园特大银杏树白蚁防治探讨

通过对上海松江中央公园内65株特大银杏树白蚁为害情况的调查,发现该公园银杏受害率为100%,其中存在活白蚁的银杏占总量的56.9%,采用毒土处理、粉剂疗法、建立白蚁监测点等措施,经过两次灭杀,活白蚁的灭杀率达到92.3%和93.3%,从而使存在活白蚁银杏树的比例从56.9%下降到2.7%,白蚁发生情况明显降低。       

我国食品中农药残留研究进展

随着人们安全健康意识提高,食品中农药残留问题更加受到重视,本文综述了样品预处理研究进展及农药残留快速检测技术研究进展,并简单分析介绍各种方法的优缺点。     

建平半干旱地区石质山地造林技术研究

研究了不同植物在石质山地的造林成活率、土壤化学性质随造林年限的变化和造林措施对土壤化学性质和植物胸径、树高年净生长量的影响。结果表明：不同植物在石质山地的成活率在21%～85%之间,其中白榆和沙打旺的成活率分别为81%和85%,而小叶杨、刺槐、栾树的成活率均在70%左右;植被能明显提高石质山地不同土层的有机质、全N、P2O5含量,但提高程度随土层深度、养分种类和造林年限的不同而不同;在同一土层,生物复合肥料、菌剂和保水剂均显著提高土壤有机质含量（p〈0.01）并显著降低土壤P2O5含量（p〈0.01）;只有保水剂可引起土壤全K含量的明显升高;生物复合肥料、菌剂和保水剂均显著提高白榆、小叶杨、刺槐、栾树树高和胸径的年净生长量,但保水剂的提高程度最高。     

植物DNA甲基化研究进展

植物经常暴露在各种生物和非生物的胁迫之下,这些胁迫会影响植物的生长发育和繁殖并最终导致植物死亡。为了抵御不利的环境条件,植物已经进化出复杂而精细的网络来感知胁迫并激活防御系统。为此,植物激活许多信号转导通路,这些信号转导通路可以改变一些胁迫响应基因的表达,从而引起植物形态、生理和生化的改变以适应逆境。DNA胞嘧啶甲基化是高等真核生物的主要表观遗传机制之一,在维持基因组稳定性和调节基因表达方面起着关键作用。表观遗传变异比遗传变异更为灵活。一旦环境条件发生变化,为了适应新的环境植物都会发生表观遗传的改变。许多研究表明DNA甲基化参与植物的发育和应激反应。基于相关研究对DNA甲基化进行了综述,对植物逆境胁迫有重要意义。     

木材碳封存研究进展

碳封存可以分工业封存和生物封存, 工业封存包括地质封存、海洋封存、矿石碳化以及工业循环利用, 这些方法能快速回收CO₂, 但工艺流程技术复杂, 成本较高。木材碳封存是生物碳封存的一种类型, 树木光合作用吸收的碳主要存贮在木材中。运用木材密度、微密度等检测仪器, 通过确定木材密度变化, 结合其含碳率来计量木材的碳封存过程以及封存过程中碳的分配格局, 同时研究其与环境因子的相关性, 可以为研究森林的碳吸收动态提供便捷的方法和科学的依据。     

Natural regeneration in patch clear-cutting in Picea abies stands in Southern Finland

Abstract

The success of natural regeneration on patch clear-cuts in Norway spruce stands in Southern Finland was examined in terms of stocking and tree height. The experiment was established in mature spruce stands in the submesic Myrtillus (MT) site type. In each of the eight study sites, three plots were treated with clear-cutting and planting, clear-cutting with partial tree retention and planting, and patch clear-cutting without site preparation, respectively. In three of the study sites, one plot with patch clear-cutting and site preparation was established. Each plot was 1 ha, out of which three patches of 40×40 m were clear-cut in the patch treatments. 10–11 years after cutting, the patches had on average 1316 crop trees ha^–1, of which 91% were spruces. Some 27% of the stands were up to the target stocking level (≥1600 ha^?1), and 36% were at least satisfactory (≥1300 ha^?1). Site preparation did not yield greater stocking levels on patches, but that result is ambiguous due to a difference in initial stocking. The average spruce tree height in the patches (0.76 m) was much smaller than in the case of clear-cutting and planting (2.42 m). In conclusion, the patches had been restocked tolerably well with spruce and birch for practical purposes during the 10- to 11-year period, but the regeneration process had been very slow compared to clear-cutting and planting.     

Tree regeneration in patch cutting in Norway spruce stands in northern Finland

The study focused on the success of regeneration on patch cuts in spruce-dominated stands in terms of stocking and tree height. It was based on an experiment in the Kainuu region in northern Finland. The experimental design included 8 stands with 58 clearcut patches of variable size (0.09–0.37?ha), on which either natural regeneration without site preparation or site preparation and planting of Scots pine was applied. A regeneration survey was conducted 13–15 growing seasons after treatments. Patches without site preparation had been restocked quite well from natural seed sources. The average number of trees was about 11,000?ha^?1, of which 1700?ha^?1 crop trees. With site preparation and planting, the stocking levels were also very high, 25,000 and 2100?ha^?1, respectively. One hundred percent of the planted patches and 75% of the naturally regenerated patches had an acceptable density. Restocking was equally good across the range of patch sizes. Tree growth had been somewhat slower in the smallest patches than in the largest ones in the range. Natural regeneration was capable of yielding good regeneration results in most patches, especially when site preparation was applied. Stocking levels and height development were higher yet in the planted patches.     

Changes in micropores in dry wood with elapsed time in the environment

To investigate the changes in microstructures of wood with elapsed time in the environment, CO₂ adsorption onto dry wood was measured at ice-water temperature (273 K) for samples aged from 0.1 years to over 1000 years. The micropore size distribution was obtained using the Horvath-Kawazoe method. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood decreased in number with elapsed time in the environment, and a negative correlation was found between cumulative pore volume for pores smaller than 0.6 nm and elapsed time in the environment. Cumulative pore volume in the 1000-year sample was almost half of that in the 0.1- year sample. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood with a few decades or more of elapsed time increased in number after rewetting and drying. Consequently, microstructures of wood with longer time elapsed in the environment were considered to be more stable, because of longer-term thermal motion and possibly more repeated moisture adsorption and desorption and/or temperature variation in the environment.