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1.
Masson pine stands infected by Pine wilt disease(PWD) in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region of central China were surveyed to quantify the immediate responses and subsequent trajectories of biomass,carbon(C),and nitrogen(N) in stand-level major ecosystem compartments.The biomasses of above-and belowground tree components,as well as of the understory,forest floor,and mineral soil(0–40 cm),were determined within each stand.C and N storage were also estimated for each ecosystem compartment.Overstory biomass decreased steadily with the extent of PWD infection.Understory biomass ranged from1.97 to 4.16 Mg ha~(-1),and the observed value for forest floor biomass was 12.89–22.59 Mg ha~(-1).The highest mean C and N concentrations were found in the stem bark and needles of Masson pine,respectively,while the lowest were found in the semi-to fully decomposed layer of the forest floor and stem wood of Masson pine,respectively.The C and N storage of aboveground trees,tree roots,and the aboveground ecosystem decreased with the extent ofPWD infection.However,the C and N contents of the understory,forest floor,and total mineral soil initially declined after PWD infection before recovering over the following several years.Those result concluded that the biomass,C,and N storage of different forest ecosystem compartments have experienced certain variations following the PWD epidemic.This is vital to understand the shifts in stand-level C and N allocation in PWD-damaged forest stands,as well as for predicting the responses of regional and global C and N cycling.  相似文献   

2.
To elucidate the development of heartwood,bark,sapwood,pith and specific gravity of wood in fastgrowing teak(Tectona grandis)plantations in Costa Rica,we sampled three trees in each of 55 plantations and modelled each variable with age,site and different tree heights.Age and stand density of plantations were significant correlated with stem diameter at breast height and total height of the tree.Formation of heartwood was initiated at the age of 4-year-old and increased in direct proportion with age.The age of plantation had a significant relationship with stem diameter at breast height,heartwood percentage,sapwood thickness,sapwood percentage,percentage of bark,pith diameter and percentage,and specify gravity.The model for these tree parameters was model with these parameters as dependent variable and in relation to age as independent variable.  相似文献   

3.
杨树新无性系木材性质的变异研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
方升佐  杨文忠 《林业研究》2003,14(4):263-268
The wood basic density, cellulose content and fiber form were investigated for all sample trees at breast height (1.3m) in seven poplar clones, and at 0 (butt), 5.6, 9.6, 13.6, 17.6, 19.6 and 21.6 m for clone Nanlin-95 and Nanlin-895, respectively,for providing information on variation patterns of wood density, fiber characteristics and holocellulose content within trees and among clones. The results showed that significant variations about wood density, cellulose content, fiber diameter and the ratio of fiber length to diameter existed among poplar clones examined. Variance analysis indicated that there were significant differences in wood basic density, fiber length, fiber diameter and cellulose content among the growth rings, which had an increasing tendency along the direction from pith to bark. The significant differences also existed in wood basic density, fiber length and fiber diameter at different tree height. The mean wood basic density had a general increase trend with increasing height of trees and the lowest was found at the base, while fiber length and fiber diameter had a general decline pattern with increasing height of trees and the biggest value was observed at the height of 5.6 m. Regression analysis indicated that the relationship between examined wood properties and growth ring number (cambial age), and the relationship between examined wood properties and tree height can be described by polynomial functions.  相似文献   

4.
The dynamic and static modulus of elasticity (MOE) between bluestained and non-bluestained lumber of Lodgepole pine were tested and analyzed by using three methods of Non-destructive testing (NDT), Portable Ultrasonic Non-destructive Digital Indicating Testing (Pundit), Metriguard and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and the normal bending method. Results showed that the dynamic and static MOE of bluestained wood were higher than those of non-bluestained wood. The significant differences in dynamic MOE and static MOE were found between bulestained and non-bluestained wood, of which, the difference in each of three dynamic MOE (Ep. the ultrasonic wave modulus of elasticity, Ems, the stress wave modulus of elasticity and El, the longitudinal wave modulus of elasticity) between bulestained and non-bluestained wood arrived at the 0.01 significance level, whereas that in the static MOE at the 0.05 significance level. The differences in MOE between bulestained and non-bluestained wood were induced by the variation between sapwood and heartwood and the different densities of bulestained and non-bluestained wood. The correlation between dynamic MOE and static MOE was statistically significant at the 0.01 significance level. Although the dynamic MOE values of Ep, Em, Er were significantly different, there exists a close relationship between them (arriving at the 0.01 correlation level). Comparative analysis among the three techniques indicated that the accurateness of FFT was higher than that of Pundit and Metriguard. Effect of tree knots on MOE was also investigated. Result showed that the dynamic and static MOE gradually decreased with the increase of knot number, indicating that knot number had significant effect on MOE value.  相似文献   

5.
Oriental Beech is the most important commercial tree species in northern Iran. In recent years wood production companies interested in felling large beech trees for profit have challenged advocates of close-to-nature silviculture who favor conservation. Our study objective was to assess the economic value of over-mature beech trees by relating tree diameter (DBH) to amount of decay. Based on the location of onset of decay, we categorized three types of decay as stump, stem, and crown decay. Trees of greater diameter (age) typically showed greater decay in the stem. Percent of decayed volume, diameter of decayed tissue, and length of decay in tree stems varied between 0.5%?64.3%, 15 cm?75 cm, and 2.0?19.5 m, respectively. With increasing trunk diameter, the proportion of truck decay increased. Red heart and dark red heart constituted 25% and 14.3% of sampled trees, respectively. However, we found no correlation between intensity of stem decay and morphological characteristics of trees. Seedlings were not abundant around the bases of over-mature trees, suggesting that the trees did not contribute to regeneration of the stand. Beech trees of diameter >1 m do not provide valuable round wood for industries and cause to raise wood production costs. We recommend that these trees >1 m DBH should be retained in forest stands because of their low commercial value but high ecological and conservational values such as maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosys-tems.  相似文献   

6.
We calculated a self-thinning exponent of 1.05 for tree mass using the 3/2 power equation in 93 Cunninghamia lanceolata plots.According to Weller’s allometric model,the self-thinning exponent for tree mass was calculated as 1.28 from the allometric exponents h and d.The both self-thinning exponents were significantly lower than 3/2.The self-thinning exponent of organs was estimated to be 1.42 for stems,0.93 for branches,0.96 for leaves,1.35 for roots and 1.28 for shoots,respectively.The self-thinning exponent of stem mass was not significantly different from 3/2,whereas thinning exponents of trees,branches,leaves and roots were significantly lower than 3/2.The stand leaf mass and stand branch mass were constant regardless of the stand density.The scaling relations among branch,leaf,stem,root and shoot mass(MB,ML,MS,MR and MA,respectively) showed that MB and ML scaled as the3/4 power of MS,whereas MS or MA scaled isometrically with respect to MR.  相似文献   

7.
落叶松水浸液对胡桃楸幼苗生长的影响   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
YANG Li-xue 《林业研究》2005,16(4):285-288
A study was conducted to detect the effect of water extracts from different parts such as root, bark, branch and leaf, of adult larch, Larix gmelini, trees on growth of Manchurian walnut, Juglans mandshudca, seedlings and the allelopathy between the two tree species. Four concentrations (100 g. kg i, 50 g. kg^-1, 25 g. kg^-1 and 12.5 g. kg^-1) were prepared for each kind of extracts. Result showed that the water extracts with low and moderate concentrations accelerated the growth of collar diameter and increased biomass and root/shoot ratio of walnut seedlings. The water extracts from branches and barks with low and moderate concentrations accelerated the height growth of the seedlings, while those from leaves and roots slightly decreased the height growth of seedlings. The fact that application of water extracts of larch improved the growth of Manchurian walnut attributes possibly to the allelopathy between the two tree species.  相似文献   

8.
By means of calorimetry measurement,the caloric values of various components,the standing crop of energy,not energy production and energy conversing efficiency of an artifi-cial dahurian larch community at Laoshan Plantation Experimental Station of Maoer Shan For-est Farm in the eastern part of northeast China were determined and studied in the present paper.The result of the experiment were as follows:(1)caloric value varied with plant species and plant organs,in general,the order of caloric value was tree,shrub and herb,and for different organs,was leaf, branch,trunk(stem),bark and root.(2)The standing crop of energy of larch community and tree layer were 269.719×10~(10)J/ha.and 264.440×10~10J/ha.respectively.Theree xisted different distributions of energy in various components and different layers.(3)Net ener-gy prduction of larch community and its tree layer were 264.346×10~8J/ha.a and 243.678×10~8J/ha.a respectively.To the photosythetical active radiation on the stand,its energy con-versing eff  相似文献   

9.
Variable-top stem biomass models at the tree level for second growth forests of roble(Nothofagus obliqua), raulí(Nothofagus alpina), and coigüe(Nothofagus dombeyi) were fitted by a simultaneous density-integral system, which combines a stem taper model and a wood basic density model. For each model, an autoregressive structure of order 2 and a power equation of residual variance were incorporated to reduce residual autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity, respectively. By using dummy variables in the regression analysis, zonal effects on the parameters in the variable-top stem biomass equations were detected in roble. Consequently, equations for clusters of zones were obtained. These equations presented significant parameters and a high precision in both fitting and validation processes(i.e., CV11.5% and CVp11.9%, respectively), demonstrating that they are unbiased. The advantage of these types of functions is that they provide estimates of volume and biomass of sections of the stem, defined between any two points of the stem in the three species. Thus, depending on the final use of the wood and the dimensions of the tree, a stem fraction can be quantified in units of volume and the remaining fraction in units of weight.  相似文献   

10.
The Brazil nut tree(Bertholletia excelsa) is a frequent component of agroforestry systems in the Amazon because of its adaptation to nutrient-poor upland soils and multiple uses.We investigated the aboveground biomass production(kg dry weight),nutrient uptake and requirements(N,P,Ca,Mg,K) of Brazil nut trees of different sizes grown under agroforestry conditions and fertilized at different levels.Eight of 70 experimental trees with different size were harvested and stem,branches and leaves were separated.Nutrient contents were determined for three trees of varying size.Average tree growth was fast,but variability was high,suggesting considerable potential for the improvement of this economically important species.The trees responded to increased levels of fertilizer and lime with significantly increased foliar nutrient contents and growth,probably because of the improved availability of Mg and Ca for which the species seems to have a relatively high demand.In contrast to Brazil nut trees grown in forest or dense plantations,the agroforestry trees invested a substantial part of their biomass and nutrients in large branches and developed spreading crowns.To improve stem form,reduce competition with associated crops for light and recycle nutrients,regular pruning of lower branches or planting arrangements that favor self-pruning are recommended.These measures would also increase the recycling of Ca and Mg,large quantities of which are contained in the branches.  相似文献   

11.
植物热值是森林生态系统中物质循环和能量转化评价的重要指标。利用假设检验和回归分析方法,对东北落叶松不同器官的热值和灰分含量进行了研究。结果表明:林木不同器官的热值和灰分含量在统计上大都存在显著差异,去灰分热值从大到小排序为叶(21.57 kJ/g)﹥枝(20.98 kJ/g)﹥皮(20.73 kJ/g)﹥根(19.88 kJ/g)﹥干(19.51 kJ/g),灰分含量排序为叶(5.79%)﹥皮(2.48%)﹥枝(1.88%)﹥根(0.95%)﹥干(0.47%);树干热值和灰分含量随树干从下往上呈增加趋势,且上、中、下部均存在显著差异;树根热值和灰分含量从根茎、粗根到细根也呈增加趋势,且两两之间差异显著;地上部分的平均干质量热值、去灰分热值和灰分含量均大于地下部分(树根),且差异显著;不同器官的热值和灰分含量与林木直径、树高和起源等因子显著相关,但其影响程度不尽相同。  相似文献   

12.
充分利用木质能源对于缓解我国能源危机,减轻生态负荷有很大作用。为此,对广西省北海市合浦县内桉树、厚荚相思和马占相思三种速生树种的热值进行试验研究。结果表明,桉树的热值为19.782kJ/g,马占相思的热值为20.640kJ/g,厚荚相思的的热值为20.978kJ/g;桉树、厚荚相思和马占相思三树种的各器官中,热值由高到低的顺序大致为树叶和树枝、树干边材、树干心材和树皮,其中,马占相思树皮的发热量界于树叶与树枝之间。  相似文献   

13.
南方马尾松不同器官的含碳系数分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了应对全球气候变化,森林碳储量监测日益受到重视,而含碳系数是一项重要的基础计量指标.以南方马尾松为对象,利用假设检验和回归分析方法,对不同器官的含碳系数进行系统分析.结果表明:马尾松不同器官的含碳系数存在显著差异,从大到小依次为树叶>干材>树根>树枝>干皮;树干不同高度干材和干皮的含碳系数也存在明显差异,但不同层次树...  相似文献   

14.
The fuelwood potential of indigenous (Acacia nilotica, Azadirachta indica, Casuarina equisetifolia, Dalbergia sissoo, Prosopis cineraria andZizyphus mauritiana) and exotics (Acacia auriculiformis, A. tortilis, Eucalyptus camaldulensis andE. tereticornis) trees were studied. Calorific value variations for components, such as, stump, main stem, treetop, branches, foliage and bark, were determined. Tree components differed highly significantly (P<0.01) among groups (indigenous and exotics) and within species. The calorific means ranged from 18.7 to 20.8 MJ/kg for indigenous tree species and 17.3 to 19.3 MJ/kg for exotics. Besides calorific values, other fuelwood characteristics, such as, density, ash, biomass/ash ratio, moisture and nitrogen content were also studied. It was observed that indigenous tree species are better suited as fuelwood species as they contain high density wood, low ash content and low N percentage. The fuelwood value index (FVI) was found to be high of indigenous tree species and was maximum forCasuarina equisetifolia (2815). The most promising tree species were in the order ofC. equisetifolia, A. nilotica andZ. mauritiana.  相似文献   

15.
以中国南方马尾松为研究对象,对南方马尾松不同器官的碳素含量、灰分含量与去灰分热值的分布特征进行研究。结果表明:①南方马尾松林分的平均碳素含量、灰分含量与去灰分热值分别为50.55%,1.02%,21.74 kJ.g-1;枝、叶、干、皮、根相互之间的平均碳素含量、灰分含量、去灰分热值都具有显著性差异;②认为将树干(去皮)中部位(3.5/10树高处)碳素含量,皮的上、中、下部位的平均去灰分热值,枝的中、下部位的平均灰分含量可分别作为整株碳素含量、去灰分热值、灰分含量是可行的;③马尾松碳素含量、去灰分热值、灰分含量三者之间均存在较强的相关性,其中去灰分热值与灰分含量的相关性系数达0.668;④马尾松碳素含量比较稳定,与林木起源、胸径、年龄等因子相关不显著,而去灰分热值、灰分含量与胸径、年龄、冠幅、树高相关性显著,与起源、坡度、海拔等因子相关性不明显。  相似文献   

16.
Obtaining accurate and reliable information on biomass characteristics of tree species is important as it aids in selecting plant species that optimize fuel production for bioenergy. In this study, the net calorific value (NCV) and mineral concentration of 13 plant species selected from the Guinea savanna ecological zone of Ghana were investigated. Significant variation in NCV across the species components was found, with branch wood from most of the species exhibiting higher values compared to stem wood or the bark tissues. Accurate and reliable information on plant biomass could therefore be obtained through plant partitioning. High mobility of Zn and Pb after uptake was observed in the studied species. Apart from Cd whose concentrations in the species exceeded the recommended levels, no toxic levels were observed for the rest of the heavy metals. Thus, the major drawbacks in the use of the species as biomass resource are their higher concentrations of Cd and to some extent, higher ash contents. On account of the relatively high NCV, low ash content and low mineral concentrations, D. microcarpum, and C. febrifuga were found to be most suitable candidates for biomass production and subsequent bioenergy optimization in the Guinea savanna of Ghana.  相似文献   

17.
人工林樟子松发热量与碳氢含量的关系分析   总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2  
对东北林业大学哈尔滨实验林场人工林樟子松发热量和碳氢含量进行试验研究,结果表明,人工林樟子松发热量平均值为20.03 kJ/g,碳含量平均值为47.63%,氢含量平均值为6.39%;人工林樟子松各器官中,发热量和碳氢含量呈现出一致的变化趋势,即树叶各项值最高,树干木质部次之,其它依次为树枝木质部、树枝皮和树干皮;人工林樟子松各器官中,发热量与碳氢含量存在显著的相关关系。  相似文献   

18.
本文以马尾松(Pinus massoniana)地上生物量数据为例,通过利用度量误差模型方法,研究建立了地上生物量与干、皮、枝、叶4个分量的相容性方程系统。首先,从各个分量所占比例变化特点分析入手,采用比值函数分级联合控制和比例函数总量直接控制2种方案构建了以地上总生物量为基础的相容性方程系统,其中对地上总生物量模型的估计,又采取了独立估计和联合估计2种处理方法。结果表明,分级联合控制方案和总量直接控制方案效果基本相当,而独立估计方法和联合估计方法也几乎没有差异。然后,还对一元、二元和三元模型的拟合效果进行了对比分析,结果显示随着解释变量的增加,估计值的标准误差和平均预估误差会有所下降,但对模型效果的改善幅度并不大。最后,对各个分量占地上总生物量的比例随直径的变化特点进行了分析,结果表明干材生物量所占比例随林木直径的增大而提高,干皮和树叶生物量所占比例则随林木直径的增大而下降,而树枝生物量所占比例相对比较稳定。本文所建立的相容性生物量方程系统,地上总生物量的预估精度达到95%以上,树叶生物量的预估精度最低,但也达到了85%以上。  相似文献   

19.
5年生刺槐4个无性系的枝干生物量及热值对比分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
对河南省陕县5年生的3-I、豫刺槐1号、匈牙利四倍体、一般刺槐(CK)4个刺槐无性系的生物量、灰分含量、干质量热值和去灰分热值进行分析。结果表明:无性系间单位干质量热值和去灰分热值差异显著,分别在3750~3950kcal·kg-1与3800~4000kcal·kg-1之间,高低排序均为3-I>CK>豫刺槐1号>匈牙利四倍体;部位间单位干质量热值和去灰分热值差异显著,分别在3800~3960kcal·kg-1与3840~4000kcal·kg-1之间,高低排序均为树干中部>树枝>树干上部>树干下部;无性系间单株枝干干质量热值和去灰分热值差异显著,分别在10900~35000kcal与11000~35500kcal之间,无性系间单株枝干热值排序与枝干总生物量排序一致,均为豫刺槐1号>3-I>CK>匈牙利四倍体。综合热值、灰分含量和生物量分析,对刺槐进行能源林经营的品种选择是有效的,无性系豫刺槐1号选做能源刺槐树种栽培最为理想,3-I次之;树干中部为理想能量部位,树枝次之。  相似文献   

20.
  • ? The objective of this study was to explore the distribution of major nutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) in the aboveground compartments of an intensively managed tree species (Pinus pinaster Ait.). A total of 53 trees were cut down in even-aged stands respectively 8, 16, 26, 32 and 40 years old. The nutrient concentrations of the aboveground compartments were analysed.
  • ? Nutrient concentrations of foliage did not vary with any of the variables used, except needle age. Nutrient concentrations of living branches, stem bark, stem sapwood, stem heartwood, stemwood and stem decreased with increasing branch diameter, bark thickness, sapwood thickness and heartwood thickness, respectively. Beyond a certain value of the predictive variable (stem diameter ≈ 15 cm; branch diameter ≈ 2.5 cm), the concentration of all the nutrients stabilised.
  • ? A 50 year-old pine stand was used to obtain a validation dataset for nitrogen concentration. For this nutrient, the regression relationships gave satisfactory estimates for most compartments (mean error = 12–25%) and particularly for the stem.
  • ? A procedure is proposed to estimate the nutrient exports associated with harvests of Pinus pinaster biomass.
  •   相似文献   

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