美国黄松与油松生长特性的比较研究

以陕西榆林黑龙潭树木园引种的美国黄松和油松为研究对象,结合延安树木园的一些情况,对2个树种进行了比较,研究了生长进程和生长性状的相关性,并对其适应性进行了阐述。研究结果表明,18年生美国黄松与油松在生长量上有差异,但未达到显著水平。2个树种的高生长进程表现为一致,第7年进入速生阶段,年生长量达到40 cm以上。在树高、胸径和材积3个生长指标上,美国黄松具有很好的相关性,相关系数均在0.9以上;而油松的树高与胸径相关系数仅为0.583。对于黑龙潭山地树木园而言,油松和美国黄松都是外来树种。18年引种结果表明,2个树种引入该地后成活率高、生长量大、适应性强,具有较高的引种推广价值。     

黄松引种初报

黄松(Pinus Ponderosa):又名西黄松,针叶,三针一束,粗硬且长。原产美国西部和加拿大等地,是美国用材、环境保护、水源涵养、农田防护林的优良树种,国内早己引种栽培。辽宁熊岳树木园1930年从加拿大以种子引进栽培,现已长成大树,植株生长良好,并早已开花结实,引种获得成功。1977年我     

山西省林业外来良种资源调查概况

笔者通过走访了解及实地调查的方式,对山西省林业外来物种进行了系统调查。调查发现,在山西省境内共发现欧洲山杨(Populus tremula L.)和美国黄松(Pinus ponderosa Dougl.ex Laws.)2种林业外来良种资源,并对其引种栽培情况、分布与生长状况和适用性进行了分析。最后阐述了外来良种的推广价值和应用前景,并提出了发展建议。     

抗旱耐寒国外松的选择

中国‘三北’００９项目区最显著的气候特点是干旱，寒冷，也是构成林木引种工作的主要限制因素，小干松，美国黄松，美国蓝叶松，美国果松，欧洲黑松（包括班克松与欧洲赤松）同时具备较强的抗旱耐寒能力，是最有希望获得引种成功的树种，然而，选择适宜的变种（亚种，类型）及种源（产地）在林木引种中，特别是在寒冷的干旱，半干旱（半温润）地区是至关重要的。美国蓝叶松与美国果松尚无明显的变种。Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｃｏｎｔｏｒｔａ     

黑龙潭树木园引种美国黄松生长调查

对榆林黑龙潭山地树木园引种的美国黄松生长状况做了调查,并和油松进行了比较.结果表明,美国黄松和油松的树高、胸径、材积生长量有差异,但未达到显著水平;其冠幅小于油松.针叶长度远大于油松,二者差异显著.树高、胸径和材积3个生长指标,美国黄松具有很好的相关性,相关系数均在0.9以上;而油松的树高与胸径相关系数仅为0.583.对于榆林黑龙潭山地树木园而言,油松和美国黄松都是外来树种.引入该地后成活率高,生长量大.适应性强.具有较高的推广价值.     

美国黄松介绍

美国黄松（Pinusponderosa），也叫美国西部黄松，是北美西部分布最广泛的树种之一。黄松除主要用干生产木材外，其天然林也是很重要的野生生物栖息地及旅游观光风景点。美国黄松分为1种2变种：种为亚利桑那黄松（Pinusarizonica）（该种过去被划作一个变种），2个变种为太平洋黄松（P.ponderosavar.ponderosa）和落基山黄松（P.ponderosavar.scopulorum）。1自然分布区美国黄松由北向南从加拿大南部穿过美国一直分布到墨西哥。在美国境内，分布区东起内布拉斯加州和俄克拉荷马州，西止太平洋海岸。太平洋黄松分布区北起北纬52°的加拿大…     

甘肃各地理区域适宜引种驯化的野生果树种类

为了合理开发与有效利用甘肃省的野生果树资源,并为甘肃省各地理区域野生果树资源的引种驯化与人工栽培提供依据与指导,从甘肃省各地理区域的自然地理状况及野生果树资源状况出发,重点阐述了陇南高山河谷区、陇东南丘陵沟壑区、陇东黄土高原区、中部黄土丘陵区、陇西南阴湿区、河西走廊干旱荒漠区等6个野生果树引种栽培区适宜引种驯化的野生果...     

薄壳山核桃研究概况及发展趋势

介绍薄壳山核桃优良的经济性状、在原产地美国的栽培情况以及在我国的引种栽培等情况，阐述其生物学特性、生态要求、品种类型及有性繁殖、无性繁殖、杂交育种等方面研究概况，指出薄壳山核桃的栽培与种植发展趋势．     

美国黄松优良种源家系

引进不同种源的美国黄松种子150kg，家系15个，开展了种源选优工作，摸索出美国黄松容器育苗适宜的营养土和防治苗期病虫害的有效药剂配方，成熟胚组织培养已获得完整植株。经叶燃性测定，美国黄松为难燃性针叶树种。     

陕北黄土丘陵区仁用杏早期丰产栽培技术

陕北黄土丘陵区仁用杏早期丰产栽培技术杨荣慧，常晓明，鲁向平，李平（陕西省黄土高原治理研究所，陕西米脂７１８１００）陕西省政府已把仁用杏的推广栽培确定为陕北贫困山区脱贫致富措施之一。我所近几年对一些杏树优良品种进行了引种栽培试验，现将坡地栽培技术、整地...     

黄松、班克松引种试验研究

从美国引进黄松、班克松种子，以油松为对照，分别进行多点育苗，并营造就对比验林。5年来对其生物生态学特性进行了详细的观测和对比分析。试验结果初步表明：黄松和班克松在我省陇南等地区适应性强、生长稳定。5年生黄松平均树高0．24m，平均地径为0．65cm；班克构平均高为0．42m，平均地径为0．71cm。班克松5年生当年高生长年平均为10．51cm，油松只有7．58cm，地径生长也与油松接近。     

不同美国黄松成熟胚对组织培养的反应

以美国黄松成熟胚为外植体在GD 6—BA0．5mg／L培养基进行离体培养诱导不定芽,附加20g／kg蔗糖、0．6g／kg琼脂,pH为5．8,研究不同成熟胚对组织培养的反应。试验结果表明,不同成熟胚的生理状态对组织培养具有重要的影响。     

Changes in whole-tree water relations during ontogeny of Pinus flexilis and Pinus ponderosa in a high-elevation meadow

We measured sap flux in Pinus ponderosa Laws. and Pinus flexilis James trees in a high-elevation meadow in northern Arizona that has been invaded by conifers over the last 150 years. Sap flux and environmental data were collected from July 1 to September 1, 2000, and used to estimate leaf specific transpiration rate (El), canopy conductance (Gc) and whole-plant hydraulic conductance (Kh). Leaf area to sapwood area ratio (LA/SA) increased with increasing tree size in P. flexilis, but decreased with increasing tree size in P. ponderosa. Both Gc and Kh decreased with increasing tree size in P. flexilis, and showed no clear trends with tree size in P. ponderosa. For both species, Gc was lower in the summer dry season than in the summer rainy season, but El did not change between wet and dry summer seasons. Midday water potential (Psi(mid)) did not change across seasons for either species, whereas predawn water potential (Psi(pre)) tracked variation in soil water content across seasons. Pinus flexilis showed greater stomatal response to vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and maintained higher Psi(mid) than P. ponderosa. Both species showed greater sensitivity to VPD at high photosynthetically active radiation (PAR; > 2500 micromol m-2 s-1) than at low PAR (< 2500 micromol m-2 s-1). We conclude that the direction of change in Gc and Kh with increasing tree size differed between co-occurring Pinus species, and was influenced by changes in LA/SA. Whole-tree water use and El were similar between wet and dry summer seasons, possibly because of tight stomatal control over water loss.     

Family differences in height growth and photosynthetic traits in three conifers

We investigated variation in height growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf stable carbon isotope ratio among wind-pollinated progenies of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) and western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don) from a small group of contiguous stands on the Priest River Experimental Forest in northern Idaho. Photosynthetic variables differed between height classes in the pines, but not in Douglas-fir. Among species and families, tall families of ponderosa pine regained photosynthetic capacity earliest in the spring and maintained it latest in the growing season. Tall families of western white pine had higher instantaneous water-use efficiencies and lower photosynthetic rates than short families on warm days in August.     

Regulation of ponderosa pine foliar physiology and insect resistance mechanisms by basal area treatments

We compared foliar physiology and several measures of tree resistance to insect attack among ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.) trees growing in thinned stands. Measurements were made in a second-growth ponderosa pine forest in northern Arizona where the basal area treatments (6.9, 18.4, 27.6, 78.2 m(2) ha(-1)) have been experimentally maintained by frequent thinnings for 32 years before our measurements began in 1994. Most of the physiological characteristics measured were affected by the basal area treatments. As stand basal area increased from 6.9 to 78.2 m(2) ha(-1), predawn water potential, midday water potential, net photosynthetic rate, resin production, phloem thickness, and foliar toughness decreased. Foliar nitrogen concentration was greatest in trees in the intermediate basal area treatments. Our results show that the physiological condition of second-growth ponderosa pine can be manipulated by silvicultural control of stand basal area, and support the hypothesis that high stand basal area increases tree stress and decreases tree resistance to insect attack.     

Susceptibility of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa (Dougl. ex Laws.), to mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins,attack in uneven-aged stands in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming USA

Mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins can cause extensive tree mortality in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws., forests in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming. Most studies that have examined stand susceptibility to mountain pine beetle have been conducted in even-aged stands. Land managers increasingly practice uneven-aged management. We established 84 clusters of four plots, one where bark beetle-caused mortality was present and three uninfested plots. For all plot trees we recorded species, tree diameter, and crown position and for ponderosa pine whether they were killed or infested by mountain pine beetle. Elevation, slope, and aspect were also recorded. We used classification trees to model the likelihood of bark beetle attack based on plot and site variables. The probability of individual tree attack within the infested plots was estimated using logistic regression. Basal area of ponderosa pine in trees ≥25.4 cm in diameter at breast height (dbh) and ponderosa pine stand density index were correlated with mountain pine beetle attack. Regression trees and linear regression indicated that the amount of observed tree mortality was associated with initial ponderosa pine basal area and ponderosa pine stand density index. Infested stands had higher total and ponderosa pine basal area, total and ponderosa pine stand density index, and ponderosa pine basal area in trees ≥25.4 cm dbh. The probability of individual tree attack within infested plots was positively correlated with tree diameter with ponderosa pine stand density index modifying the relationship. A tree of a given size was more likely to be attacked in a denser stand. We conclude that stands with higher ponderosa pine basal area in trees >25.4 cm and ponderosa pine stand density index are correlated with an increased likelihood of mountain pine beetle bark beetle attack. Information form this study will help forest managers in the identification of uneven-aged stands with a higher likelihood of bark beetle attack and expected levels of tree mortality.     

Survival and growth of five species of Pinus seedlings after different approaches to competition control: “bridging” studies between Oregon and Mexico

Two species of pine native to Oregon and three native to Mexico were reciprocally planted in southwest Oregon and northeastern Mexico. The Oregon study site has very dry, hot summers; the Mexican site has hot, dry springs, but has rainy summers. Total rainfall and native genera are similar on both sites. Site-preparation trials were carried out on north and south slopes at both locations. For all species on both sites, survival on south slopes was satisfactory only with site-preparation treatments that gave near-complete vegetation control. Overall survival was best on north slopes in Mexico, and herb control was not required. Woody cover decreased survival and growth at all locations and aspect combinations. Chemical control improved survival, but the standing dead shade did reduce growth slightly as compared to growth on the totally cleared sites. Clearing without chemical control gave poor results in Oregon, but permitted good seedling survival and growth at the location in northeastern Mexico. Overall, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) was the least sensitive species to environmental stress, and Hartweg pine (Pinus hartwegii Engelm.), the most sensitive. Mexican pines appeared to require more protection from water stress than did ponderosa pine.     

秋季施肥调控苗木质量研究评述

苗木顶芽形成后,生物量仍继续增大,苗木体内养分浓度因而下降。秋季施肥因能有效缓解因生物量增大而伴随的稀释效应,在国外被广泛运用于欧洲云杉、黑云杉、火炬松、湿地松、脂松、北美黄松、花旗松、蓝桉等常绿树种苗木的培育,在我国仅在侧柏、三倍体毛白杨等苗木上有所研究。本文从秋季施肥调控苗木形态指标与生理指标的机制、秋季施肥苗木对造林效果的影响、秋季施肥制度等方面进行综述,重点分析养分内转移在秋季施肥调控苗木质量的作用,探讨常绿、落叶树种苗木秋季施肥的可能差异,并结合当今研究热点,对该领域研究前景进行展望。     

不同造林措施对岩质海岸防护林造林成活率及其生长的影响

以 1年生南酸枣和湿地松为试验材料 ,于沿海岩质典型岸段分别就种植穴大小和磷肥蘸根、ABT生根粉沾根、选用容器苗、覆草、集团造林等共 12个技术组合进行了选择试验。结果表明 ,有利于提高湿地松造林成活率和促进幼树树高、胸径生长的技术措施分别是集团造林、选用容器苗及磷肥蘸根 ;而有利于提高南酸枣造林成活率和促进其幼树树高、胸径生长的技术措施为截干和ABT生根粉沾根处理。试验结果同时表明 ,种植穴大小对南酸枣和湿地松的成活率及其 3年生幼树生长影响不显著。