共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 81 毫秒
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Adam M. Taylor Barbara L. Gartner Jeffrey J. Morrell K. Tsunoda 《Journal of Wood Science》2006,52(2):147-153
The effect of selective removal of extractives on termite or decay resistance was assessed with matched samples of Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don and Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D.Don) Spach heartwood. Samples were extracted using a variety of solvents and then exposed to the subterranean termite
Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki in a no-choice feeding test or to the brown-rot fungus Postia placenta (Fr.) M. Larsen & Lombard in a soil bottle test. At the same time, the effect of naturally occurring variations in heartwood
extractives on termite or decay resistance was evaluated by testing samples from the inner and outer heartwood of five trees
of each species against C. formosanus and P. placenta and analyzing matched wood samples for their extractive content. The results suggest that the methanol-soluble extractives
in T. plicata and C. nootkatensis play an important role in heartwood resistance to attack by C. formosanus and P. placenta. Total methanol-soluble extractive content of the heartwood was positively correlated with both termite and decay resistance;
however, there was much unexplained variation and levels of individual extractive components were only weakly correlated with
one another. Further studies are under way to develop a better understanding of the relationships between individual extractive
levels and performance. 相似文献
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Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook. f. ex K. Shum. is an important timber-tree species in the Peruvian Amazon Basin. Markets currently prefer
wood with a uniform, light yellow color, but these preferences may change in the future. As farmers and industry commonly
use wood from young trees, it is important to investigate genetic and environmental variation in juvenile-wood properties
to assess whether tree improvement programs could make adjustments to changing preferences. A provenance/progeny test was
established to evaluate genetic variation in growth and wood properties of young trees, the strength of their genetic control
as well as their interrelationships both at the genetic and the phenotypic level in different planting zones. This paper presents
analyses of variation in wood color at 39 months, and their correlations with tree growth and wood basic density. CIELab means
for lightness ranging from black to white (L), green to red hues (a*) and blue to yellow hues (b*) were 67.63, 5.34 and 22.12,
respectively; means for chroma (C) and hue angle (h)* were 22.76 and 76.43, respectively (C and h* were estimated from a*
and b*). Significant variation due to provenances and especially due to families within provenances was found in some wood
color characteristics, and some color characteristics also differed significantly among planting zones. Genetic correlations
indicate that, in general, selection of faster growing trees and/or trees with denser wood would have little effect on wood
color and its uniformity. In general, wood color had relatively low heritability (h
i
2): among all trees, h
i
2 = 0.31 for L; and variance due to families was not significant for a* and b*. Genetic control of color was highest in the
planting zone where trees grew most rapidly: h
i
2 = 0.48 and 0.52 for a* and b*, respectively; but variance due to families was not significant for L. Results suggest that
selection based on wood color would be more effective in zones with more fertile soils and higher rainfall.
相似文献
5.
Isabel Miranda Jorge Gominho Clara Araújo Helena Pereira 《European Journal of Forest Research》2014,133(1):81-87
Thirty families of Eucalyptus globulus L., established in a first-generation open-pollinated progeny test, were evaluated for the production of heartwood. Five trees of each family were harvested at 9 years of age, total tree height was measured and a cross-sectional disc was removed at 25 % stem height to estimate the amount of heartwood. The heartwood proportion of the stemwood cross-sectional area averaged 41 % with significant between-family variation (P = 0.016) ranging from 27 to 53 %. There were also important within-family differences with coefficients of variation of the mean between 4 and 48 %. Moderate heritability values were obtained for heartwood diameter and proportion (h 2 = 0.31 and 0.23, respectively) but low estimates were found for sapwood width (h 2 = 0.17). Strong positive genetic and phenotypic correlations of heartwood diameter were found with stem DBH and with heartwood proportion. Both correlation estimates indicated that larger trees tended to have more heartwood. The results indicate that there is an opportunity to reduce heartwood content in E. globulus through selection and breeding. 相似文献
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Yuliati Indrayani Tsuyoshi Yoshimura Yoshiyuki Yanase Yuji Imamura 《Journal of Wood Science》2007,53(3):239-248
Five Japanese timbers, four timbers from the USA, and one Malaysian timber were evaluated for their resistance to the invasive
dry-wood termite Incisitermes minor (Hagen) using laboratory choice and no-choice feeding tests with holed specimens. The highest survival rates of I. minor in both the heartwood and sapwood no-choice feeding tests were more than 70% after 3 months. When offered sapwood and heartwood
choice feeding tests and the combined choice feeding tests, the highest survival rates of I. minor were more than 75% after 3 months. With regards to the percentage of wood mass losses in the no-choice and choice feeding
tests, karamatsu (Larix leptolepsis), buna (Fagus crenata), and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were classified as “resistant” species among the ten sapwood specimens. In the heartwood no-choice and choice feeding tests,
the resistant species were buna, karamatsu, Douglas fir, sugi (Cryptomeria japonica), akamatsu (Pinus densiflora), and western red cedar (Thuja plicata). The ranking of the resistance of the ten commercial timbers against I. minor was buna > karamatsu > sugi > western red cedar > Douglas fir > rubber > western hemlock > hinoki > spruce. 相似文献
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Junji Matsumura Yoko Yamasaki Kazuyuki Oda Yoshitake Fujisawa 《Journal of Wood Science》2005,51(4):328-333
Nine trees of Cryptomeria japonica from six elite tree clones with a broad range of heartwood colors were selected. The profiles of pit aspiration percentage (ASP) of earlywood and latewood from pith to bark for green and air-dry conditions were determined to study the relationship between heartwood color and pit aspiration. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) observations showed that the ASP of earlywood was low in sapwood and high in heartwood in the green condition. Pit aspiration increased in intermediate wood when compared with sapwood. On the other hand, latewood pits did not aspirate during heartwood formation. Comparing the air-dry condition with the green condition, sapwood pits aspirated during drying in both earlywood and latewood; however, there was no significant difference in pit aspiration of heartwood. There was no significant difference between samples with red and black heartwoods for ASP. The difference in ASP between individual trees was larger than that by heartwood color. The general advantage of CLSM over light microscopy is that serial optical sections along the Z axis can be obtained for any moisture condition, without the need for thin sectioning or embedding. 相似文献
8.
Yoshio Kijidani Yoshimitsu Fujii Keita Kimura Yoshitake Fujisawa Yuichiro Hiraoka Ryushi Kitahara 《Journal of Wood Science》2012,58(3):195-202
It was previously believed in Japan that the wood qualities of hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) were superior to sugi (Cryptomeria japonica). However, few studies of wood properties such as MFA (microfibril angle of S2 layer in secondary wall of tracheid) have been completed for hinoki. Some reports have found that hinoki plus tree families have similar mechanical properties to sugi. Here we report the characteristics of MFA and density of hinoki half-sib families in a progeny test stand. There were significant differences in MFA and density between families. The wood properties of two families, Nakatsu 3 and Kanzaki 5, are stable in radial pattern and suitable for structural use. Early selection of hinoki families by MFA and density may be difficult. Effects of MFA and density on E d (dynamic modulus of elasticity) of logs differed between families. The effects of growth rate on MFA and density differed between families and also between juvenile and mature wood. The faster growth rate in Nakatsu 3 appeared to improve wood properties and increase E d of logs, although in many other families, faster growth rate had negative effects on desirable wood properties for structural use. 相似文献
9.
Variation of wood color parameters of Tectona grandis and its relationship with physical environmental factors 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
? Context
Teak??s wood color is considered an important attribute in the marketing phase and it has been influenced by environmental setting, stand conditions and management, plant genetic source, and age. However, there is a lack of understanding about how the environmental factors might affect the teak??s wood color planted in short-rotation forest plantations.? Aims
The aim of this study is to understand the relationship, gathered from generated information, between edaphic and climatic variables and their effects in the wood color variation of Tectona grandis from trees in forest plantations.? Methods
Twenty-two plots were grouped in five cluster sites that shared similar climatic and soil conditions. Data about soil??s physical?Cchemical properties and climatic variables were collected and analyzed. Representative trees were harvested next to each plot in order to obtain a wood sample per tree at a diameter breast height. Wood color was measured using standardized CIELab??s chromaticity system.? Results
After comparing the wood change color index (?E*) in the five studied clusters, it was found that heartwood produced from drier and fertile sites had more yellowish-brown color. The heartwood b* color index resulted with significant correlations (R?>?0.5, P?<?0.05) among nine climatic and eight edaphic variables.? Conclusion
It was concluded that climatic variables should be considered as the first-order causal variables to explain wood color variation. Hence, darker b* wood color was associated with dry climates; also, with deeper and fertile sites. 相似文献10.
Yannick Curnel Dominique Jacques Notburga Gierlinger Luc E. Pâques 《Annals of Forest Science》2008,65(8):810-810
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Rie Suzuki Yasuyuki Matsushita Takanori Imai Mariko Sakurai José Manoel Henriques de Jesus Salete Kiyoka Ozaki Zenesio Finger Kazuhiko Fukushima 《Journal of Wood Science》2008,54(2):174-178
The heartwood and sapwood characteristics of 11 Amazonian trees were investigated. Whereas 7 of the specimens had densities greater than 0.7 g/cm3, the heartwood density of ipê amarelo (Tabebuia serratifolia), maçaranduba (Manilkara huberi), cumaru-ferro (Dipteryx odorata), and guarita (Astronium lecointei) exceeded 1.0 g/cm3. Jatobá contained small amounts of Klason lignin and α-cellulose, and large amounts of holocellulose and alkali extract, suggesting that it has a high polysaccharide content that can be dissolved in an alkaline medium. The difference in the syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratios of the samples before and after alkali extraction suggests that alkali extracts contain syringyl-type polyphenols. In all of the samples, the heart-wood methanol extracts were larger in volume than the sapwood methanol extracts, and the sapwood alkali extracts were larger in volume than the heartwood alkali extracts. The antioxidant activities of the methanol and alkali extracts were assayed by measuring the levels of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and super oxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, respectively. The heart-wood methanol extract of jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril) exhibited the highest level of activity (EC50 = 44 mg/l), which exceeded that of α-tocopherol (EC50 = 48 mg/l), and the heartwood alkali extracts of jatobá and ipê amarelo had high SOD-like activity comparable with red wine. 相似文献
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A study of material thinned from a 9-year-old Eucalyptus dunnii progeny trial revealed that E. dunnii has light yellowish wood that is relatively uniform in color, and varies little within and between trees. The variation in
color between half-sib families is small, but is statistically significant (P = 0.008). Most of the color variation relates to the yellowness (CIE b*) of the wood, which in heartwood is moderately heritable (h = 0.6). The color of the endgrain, especially its lightness (CIE L*) and whiteness index (E313), is correlated with basic density, hardness, and rates of shrinkage. The CIE rectangular opponent
scale (L*, a*, b*) appeared to be the most informative about wood color and properties, and no additional information was gleaned from an
analysis of full spectral data in the range 400–700 nm. 相似文献
13.
文章通过单项选择法和双向选择法对14种速生桉人工林心材的抗家白蚁(Coptotermes formosanus)蛀蚀性进行室内测试,比较各种桉树心材被白蚁蛀蚀程度及质量损失率,以评价各种桉树木材对家白蚁的抗蚁蛀性能.单项选择测试结果表明,不同桉树心材抵抗家白蚁的蛀蚀能力有很大差异,20 a生韦塔桉(Eucalyptus wetarensis)和14 a生细叶桉(E.tereticornis)心材对家白蚁的天然抗蛀性最强,平均质量损失率均小于10%,属于轻微蛀蚀等级;50 a生窿缘桉(E.exserta)和40 a生柠檬桉(E.citriodora)次之,平均质量损失率在10%~20%,属于轻度至中度蚁蛀等级;8 a生巨桉(E.grandis)的抗蚁蛀性能最差,平均质量损失率大于50%,属于严重蛀蚀等级;其余8种桉树心材包括蓝桉(E.globulus)、 赤桉(E.camaldulensis)、 粗皮桉(E.pellita)、 托里桉(E.torelliana)、 刚果12号桉(E.ABL12)、 尾叶桉(E.urophylla)、 尾巨桉(E.urophylla×E.grandis)和尾细桉(E.urophylla×E.tereticornis),年龄为6~28 a,平均质量损失率为30%~40%,属于中度至严重蛀蚀等级.双向选择测试结果表明,家白蚁对不同桉树心材有取食偏爱性,14种桉树心材被家白蚁取食喜好优先排序为:巨桉→托里桉→尾细桉→蓝桉→刚果桉12号→粗皮桉→尾叶桉→尾巨桉→柠檬桉(28 a生)→柠檬桉(40 a生)→赤桉→窿缘桉→细叶桉→韦塔按. 相似文献
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13种杨树木材物理力学性质的研究 总被引:14,自引:3,他引:14
采集1-69杨等10种黑杨的9年生试材,易县毛白杨等3种白杨的13年生试材,测试木材物理力学性能,分析心边材,不同树高位置,株间的变化规律,比较品种间木材性质的差异,试验结果表明,13种杨树全树木材心材率在14.6-34.1%,之间,生材含水率在86.2-148.5%之间,由生材干燥至含水率为12%所产生的干缩率在8.66%-11.96%这间,气干密度属低类或很低类,强度属弱类,硬度属软类或甚软类,冲击韧性中等;黑杨心材颜色深,心边材性质差异大,白杨心材颜色淡,心边材性质差异小,品种间木材物理力学性质差异较大,按其主要特点可将13个品种的木材分为4类。 相似文献
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The variation in extractives content in sapwood and heartwood was investigated among 12 trees in each of four commercial plantations of Eucalyptus globulus in central Portugal. The study was carried out at the 15% height level and extractions used successively dichloromethane, ethanol and water. At all sites, heartwood had significantly more extractives than sapwood, on average 3.8 and 2.4%, respectively. Most extractives consisted of ethanol soluble material (on average 52% of total extractives). Among the sites, there was a statistically significant difference in the content of extractives but the most important source of variation was the within-tree variation between sapwood and heartwood. Differences in the content of extractives were also observed among trees. A strong relation between extractives content and heartwood proportion was found. The potential loss of pulp yield and problems associated with accumulation of extractives are directly related to the heartwood proportion in the eucalypt stems. Forest management should take into account heartwood development and selection for minimising heartwood extractives. 相似文献
17.
The incidence and severity of resinous stem canker disease were investigated in hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) and sawara (C. pisifera) at a progeny test located in Yamatsuri Town, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. Symptoms of the disease were observed in 307 trees
out of 933 investigated trees (32.9%). The damage was more severe on lower slopes than on upper slopes, indicating that micro-environmental
factors are causally associated with the occurrence of the disease. The severity of the disease varied both among nine open-pollinated
progenies derived from hinoki plus-tree clones and among 13 progenies derived from pollination between hinoki plus-tree clones
and the mixed-pollen of hinoki plus-tree clones. The severity of the disease also varied with height above the ground. This
tendency was most obvious where the disease was most severe. An estimation of the narrow sense heritability,h
2, of 0.214, was obtained from analysis of the 13 progenies derived from pollination with mixed-pollen. The heritability derived
from material that had not been subjected to selection against the disease, indicated that breeding to enhance resistance
would be possible to control the disease. The interaction between environments and progenies in relation to severity of the
disease is also discussed.
Ms. Setsuko Chiba and Mr. Mamoru Ueta gave us vigorous supports, and Mr. Haruki Orita, Dr. Tomiyasu Miyaura, and Dr. Shinichiro
Ito gave us many helpful comments. We deeply appreciated their cooperation. The study was supported by a grant from the Ministry
of Agriculture, Forestry. and Fisheries of Japan. 相似文献
18.
We studied heartwood and sapwood variation in western redcedar (Thuja plicata) at three sites, including a 95-year-old naturally regenerated, unmanaged stand, a 35-year-old planted spacing trial, and a 30-year-old naturally regenerated stand to which thinning and fertilization treatments had been applied. In the 95-year-old stand, we studied within-tree variation in heartwood and sapwood. In the thinning/fertilization trial and the planted spacing trial, we studied effects of cultural practices and growth rate on heartwood and sapwood. In the trees that we studied, sapwood width was generally fairly narrow, rarely exceeding 3.5 cm. Heartwood formation in western redcedar appeared to begin at a relatively small stem diameter (7 cm) and at a young age, probably 10–15 years. The amount and proportion of heartwood increased with distance downward from the top of the tree, with the implication that older trees will contain a greater proportion of heartwood than younger trees. For any given age, it appears that cultural treatments that favor rapid growth will result in stems with greater amounts of both sapwood and heartwood, and a greater proportion of heartwood. 相似文献
19.
Chuanshuang Hu Guifen Jiang Min Xiao Jianhui Zhou Zhao Yi 《Journal of Wood Science》2012,58(5):465-469
Merbau is widely used for indoor finishing, outdoor constructions, and furniture. However, it has a disadvantage in some applications in that part of its extractives is water-soluble and can be readily leached out to stain adjacent materials. This study examined whether heat treatment could overcome the above-mentioned problem. Effects of the treatment temperature and time on water-soluble extractives and color changes of merbau heartwood were studied. CIELAB ΔL *, Δa *,Δb *, and ΔE * parameters and absorbance spectra were used to evaluate color change and water-soluble extractive solutions, respectively. The results show that heat treatment is an efficient technique to overcome the problem caused by water-soluble extractives of merbau heartwood. Surface color of the treated samples tends to become darker and color of the extractive solution becomes fading to transparent when the treatment temperature and time increased. The absorbance of UV light decreases in intensity and the dominant absorption peak appears around 350 nm when the treatment temperature and time increase. The optimized parameters of treatment temperature and time are 170 °C and 4 h. Modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity of the heat treated samples under the optimized parameters decrease by 29.6 and 12.9 %, respectively, compared with those of the untreated samples. 相似文献
20.
Takuya Morikawa Tatsuya Ashitani Nobuhiro Sekine Norihisa Kusumoto Koetsu Takahashi 《Journal of Wood Science》2012,58(6):544-549
In order to find new utilization method of woody wastes, we examined the bioactivities of extracts from branch heartwood of Chamaecyparis obtusa (hinoki) and compared to extracts from trunk heartwood. The bioactivities examined were antifungal activities against four fungi (Trametes versicolor, Fomitopsis palustris, Trichoderma virens, Rhizopus oryzae), and bioassay with brine shrimp (Artemia salina) which shows any allelopathic activities not measurable with fungi. Antifungal activities were observed in the hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of branch and trunk heartwood. The hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of branch and hexane extract of trunk showed strong lethality against brine shrimp. The yields of the active extracts of branch were much more than that of trunk. The identified compounds in the active extracts of branch were germacra-1-(10),5-dien-4??-ol, t-cadinol, t-muurolol, hinokiresinol, and hinokinin. Hinokiresinol and t-muurolol showed strong antifungal activities. Hinokiresinol showed bioactivities against T. virens, R. oryzae and brine shrimp. Germacra-1-(10),5-dien-4??-ol was lethal to brine shrimp. Germacra-1-(10),5-dien-4??-ol and hinokiresinol were minor components in trunk heartwood, but major components in branch. These qualitative and quantitative results suggest that the branch heartwood could be a valuable chemical resource because it contains large amounts of antifungal and allelopathic compounds. 相似文献