半干旱沙地机械化造林试验研究及其前景

１９９２年以来在科尔沁沙地开展的杨树深栽机械化造林试验表明,钻孔深栽植干造林和深松插干造林是一项效率高、成本低,成活率高的造林技术,是一项值得推广,尤其是在半干旱地区推广的技术。杨树植干深栽和深松插干造林在科尔沁沙地需要使用专用设备才能完成,深栽造林钻孔机和深松式插干造林植树机是用于深栽造林的理想和有效设备。使用这两种设备在半干旱沙地和流动沙丘的试验表明,机械化深栽造林技术在治理荒漠化方面有广阔的     

深松插干植树机牵引阻力的试验研究

深松插干造林在我国是一种较新的深栽造林作业方式，用于这种造林作业的植树机所能划开的松土沟深度是影响造林成活率的关键。在半干旱的科尔沁沙地腹部，对这种植树机的松土深度与牵引阻力的关系进行了实地测试。取得的数据表明，植树机的牵引阻力随松土深度增大而增大，所做的曲线为一近似直线。进而得出在科尔沁沙地的土壤条件下，使用国产的东方红履带式拖拉机作为植树机的牵引动力，其最大深松作业深度不大于80cm。     

沙地节水造林新技术-超深栽造林技术

为了提高沙地造林成活率和保存率,该文提出了一种节水造林新技术-沙地林木超深栽造林技术。该技术通过采用林木深根苗(垂直根系长度超过60cm的苗木)或长茎苗(具有较长主茎的苗木),造林时直接将其根系栽植到保有较多水分的下层土壤,使苗木根系能直接吸收到土壤中的水分,不仅能够大大提高造林成活率,且苗木生长亦优于常规技术造林苗木。该文对该技术所采用苗木的快速培育、超深栽造林以及栽后管护等方面进行详细阐述,以期推进林木超深栽造林技术在干旱半干旱沙地造林中的推广应用。     

科尔沁沙地杨树钻孔造林技术的研究

杨树钻孔深栽造林试验,在干旱的年份,造林成活率达90%以上,在钻孔深达1.3m时,胸径和生长速度比传统造林方式提高8%和3.6%。深栽的杨树插干下切口直接吸收地下水分,秋季造的杨树,随第2年土壤温度的逐渐升高,地下端吸收了足够的水分并形成了许多幼根,先生根后放叶,为幼苗的成活和生长提供了有利的条件,因此,在干旱的科尔沁沙地,钻孔深栽技术比传统造林技术显示出更大的优越性。     

新型深栽钻孔机造林技术及效果分析

采用"新型深栽钻孔机"造林不受地形限制,并且适应在高低起伏的沙丘(地)上作业。与传统造林相比不仅解决了起伏沙地造林难的问题,而且增加了造林深度、提高了造林速度、降低了造林成本。同时,也提高了干旱条件下的造林成活率及生长量。     

ZK-2型植树钻孔机的研究

在林业深栽插干造林作业中,植树钻孔机械是其中的关键核心设备。本文对以12～18kW小四轮拖拉机为配套动力的新式“ZK-2型植树钻孔机”的设计原理及试验结果进行了详细说明。     

科尔沁沙地盐碱地造林技术研究

通过多年对科尔沁沙地西部盐碱地提高造林成活率技术措施的研究，结果表明：采用开沟造林技术是适合当地特点的成功造林措施：造林成活率达到85％以上，林木生长量比一般整地造林方式高一倍。在地下水位浅、土壤盐渍化程度严重的地区，采用筑台地造林，其成活率可高达90％，造林5年后即可郁闭成林，林木生长量为一般造林地的2倍：采用上述2种整地造林技术，可有效改善土壤中养分和水分状况，同时土壤含盐量和pH值均明显下降，在沙地盐渍化轻度地区可采用穿透碱隔深穴造林措施。     

吉林省西部沙地杨树钻孔造林系列试验初报

本文对杨树不同品系和同一品系不同苗龄、同一苗龄而不同栽植深度、不同栽植季节及在不同立地条件的造林试验进行了系统地分析，初步找出了影响杨树钻孔造林成活率的几个主要因素，为沙地杨树钻孔造林选择适宜的品系、苗龄、栽植深度及栽植季节，提供了理论依据。     

榆林沙地针叶树造林技术浅析

通过对沙地针叶树造林技术的系统研究，提出了干旱沙地营造针叶林的综合配套技术：因地选树、壮苗保湿、根系处理、合理稀植、适当深栽、覆盖保摘等；合理的造林密度为3m×3m或3m×4m；造林季节以雨季或冬季为宜。初步解决了沙地以樟子松为主的针叶树造林技术问题。     

吉林省西部沙丘区樟子松造林技术

吉林省西部属于温带干旱、半干旱地区沙质草原地带，是内蒙古东部和东北平原科尔沁沙地的一部分。其主要造林树种除品种杨外，目前可用于大面积造林的针叶树种为樟子松（ＰｉｎｕｇｓｙｌｖｅｓｔｖｉｓｖａｒＭｏｎｇｏｌｉｃａ，Ｌｉｔｖ）。该树种适应性强，适合在贫瘠...     

樟子松“六位一体”造林技术

本文对试验示范区自然地理条件和气候土壤状况进行分析研究,探索出了＂六位一体＂人工固沙植被快速恢复技术,即搭设障蔽、挖坑换土、壮苗深栽、浇水覆膜、套笼三防、生物除虫。通过实践证明此种技术可在＂三北＂工程、天保工程和退耕还林工程的实施中大面积推广应用,并且这一技术在同类地区防沙治沙工作中,具有很好的推广应用前景。     

Mortality of planted <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus thunbergii</Emphasis> Parlat. saplings subject to coldness during winter and soil types in region of seasonal soil frost

To assess and improve methods for the development of coastal forests in Hokkaido, northern Japan, this study examined the factors affecting mortality of planted Pinus thunbergii Parlat. saplings in a region with seasonal soil frost. The needles of pine saplings at the study site turn red in late spring, suggesting xylem embolism, which can lead to death. Sapling mortality was strongly correlated with the degree of cold just after planting and with the occurrence of repeated severe winters. Volcanic ash soil had been supplied to improve the soil nutrients, and the volcanic ash soil always thawed later than the original coastal sand. Saplings in volcanic ash were significantly more damaged than those in original coastal sand. This suggests that hydraulic stress caused by cuticular transpiration under frozen soil conditions during spring may also accelerate damage due to embolisms. Hence, volcanic ash soil should not be applied to soils in regions with seasonal soil frost. A covering of woodchips can help prevent frost from reaching greater soil depths, and, indeed, fewer saplings at the study site died in areas with such coverage. Planting location can also affect pine sapling mortality. For example, shading caused by wood fencing may affect the soil freezing profile during winter; therefore, planting close to a fence should also be avoided in regions with seasonal soil frost. These findings should be used to improve the development of forests in regions with seasonal soil frost.     

深栽造林钻孔机钻头结构的有限元分析及优化

钻头是深栽造林钻孔机最重要的工作部件,强度和变形是钻头设计过程中必须考虑的问题。利用SolidWorks Simulation插件对深栽造林钻孔机钻头进行了有限元分析,并在此基础上对钻头结构进行了优化,使钻头厚度减小了2mm、质量减轻了2．1kg,达到了结构优化的目的。     

轻度盐碱地杨树造林技术的研究

通过在通榆盐碱地区杨树 5种整地方式造林对比及杨树钻孔造林试验表明 :在轻度盐碱地上杨树造林成活率低 ,生长缓慢 ,主要原因是由于土壤含盐量高 ,pH值大 (pH >8) ,且土质粘重 ,透水透气性差 ,限制了根系对水分、养分的吸收。用机械深翻、深松 ,筑高台对土壤的理化性质影响不大 ,通过雨水淋溶对降低土壤含盐量效果不明显 ,试验结果显示 :轻度盐碱地造林应以传统造林为主     

挖坑机刀片切削模型的建立及其MATLAB分析

挖坑机在我国植树造林、保护生态环境中具有重要的地位。本文对挖坑机的重要工作零件—刀片建立了其纯切削模型,并运用MATLAB分析了刀片的结构几何参数对切削力的影响关系。     

半干旱地区植苗造林深浅度对造林成活率影响的分析

植苗造林栽植的深浅度是直接影响造林成活率的一个重要因素 ,往往被忽视 ,甚至被误认为这是造林技术中的一项微不足道的小节 ,其实 ,通过实践证明 ,正是这“微不足道”的技术小节 ,确是植苗造林保成活最关键的一环 ,特别是在辽西半干旱地区遇到持续长期无雨干旱气候 ,植苗造林采取适度深栽的造林技术 ,对提高苗木抗旱性能和保证造林成活率 ,促进林木生长发育都是一项极为重要的技术措施     

Effect of site preparation techniques on Prosopis juliflora in an alkali soil

Effects of three methods of site preparation, i.e. trench (30 cm deep and 30 cm wide dug across the plots), pit (30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm) and augerhole (15cm diameter and 90 cm deep) on raising Prosopis juliflora plantations on a highly alkali soil (pH₂ 10.3) were studied in a field experiment at Gudha Experimental Farm of the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal. A uniform dose of gypsum of 3 kg per plant was mixed with the excavated soil before trenches/pits/augerholes were refilled and Prosopis planted. The study indicated that mean plant height and girth growth, recorded at 2 year intervals from planting up to 8 years, were greatest with the augerhole method. Similarly, the air dried shoot and root biomass accumulated by Prosopis in 6 years was maximum in augerhole planting. In trench and pit planting, most of the roots were confined to surface layers (0–60 cm), whereas in augerhole the roots were able to pierce the hard CaCO₃ layer (caliche bed) and were nearly 2.5 m deep 2 years after planting. Differential site preparation techniques showed little effect on N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and Na concentrations in plant parts (leaf, branch and stem) of Prosopis both at 2 and 6 years after planting. Total removal of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S through Prosopis parts at 2 and 6 years after planting was maximum in auger planting and minimum in trench planting. The augerhole was also superior to other techniques in pod production, litter yield and nutrient additions to the site. However, litter quality remained unaffected owing to planting techniques. In general, there was marked decrease in pH and electrical conductivity and appreciable improvement in organic carbon and available N status of the experimental soil owing to Prosopis growth, but effect of different site preparation methods was not significant. This study showed that site preparation for planting Prosopis in high pH soils in the vertically downward direction is more important than reclamation of surface soil in the horizontal direction.     

植树挖坑机钻头主轴扭转振动数学建模与求解

介绍国内外机械化植树造林机械发展状况,指出国内植树用挖坑机研究重点,利用空间运动学和机械振动理论以及弹性动力学原理着重分析建立钻头主轴扭转振动模型并用数值方法进行求解,同时系统地分析钻头主轴下端部件与土壤的相互作用力、钻头主轴重力及惯性力等因素的影响,给出动态的准随机边界条件和初始条件.为下一步的钻头动力学特性仿真及整机动态特性研究,合理预测和控制钻头的运动规律,改善钻头的动力学特性,提高钻头工作效率及改进设计方法提供新的理论依据.