苹果改良纺锤形树形整形修剪技术研究

对当年定植的苹果幼树刻芽定干，提高了整形带内的萌芽率和发枝率，以刻3芽和刻4芽效果最好。作小主枝缓放处理的1a生枝在基部刻枝条的侧芽、背下芽，在刻芽数占总芽数的1／5、1／3、2／3等3个处理中，随刻芽数增加萌芽率提高，以刻2／3芽的处理萌芽率最高，达91.1%；作小主枝的1m以下的1a生枝极重短截，可极明显地促发壮枝，年生长量可达145.7cm;小主枝基产重环剥可控制旺梢生长,利于花芽分化,提高成花率;对基部小主枝的侧生分枝拉枝、刻芽，可提高萌芽率和中、短枝比例。采用改良纺锤形整形的乔砧矮化密植2001苹果，栽后第2年见花，第3年就有一定产量，第4年进入初结果期，单株产量可达32.8kg。     

南水北调中线工程:水源地和输水区生态安全体系构建--兼论其景观生态学意义

分析了目前河南的经济社会及生态现状与保障水生态的安全所面临的双重矛盾,以河南的气候、树种的区系特征和物种的多样性为基础,从森林生态学和景观生态学的角度较为系统的、宏观的研究南水北调的中线工程源头区和干渠沿线的生态建设和保护,设计了中线工程(河南段)黄河以南干渠两侧以防护和景观为主的4种树种配置模式,黄河以北3种模式,并对其合理配置进行了研究,试图构建具有中原地域特色和深厚文化底韵的森林生态安全体系。     

森林火灾中烟气流动与传热特性研究

考虑山坡的斜度、风速、烟气的流动方向与水平面夹角变化等因素 ,计算了烟气所能蔓延到的区域。同时 ,计算了烟气羽流各截面的质量流量和热流密度。此外 ,还计算了林木表面与烟气换热的热流密度和总换热量。在此基础上分析了山坡斜度和风速对烟气运动的影响 ,从而对林火的蔓延发展进行分析和预测。     

Possible functions of the microtrichia on the cuticle of Ulomoides dermestoides(Chevrolat)(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Ulomoides dermestoides(Chevrolat)(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) is one of the most notorious pests in northeastern China. We examined microtrichia on the thorax, elytra and abdomen of U. dermestoides using scanning electron microscopy and recorded their conformations(size, shape and insertion method) and distributions(length, width and location). Possible functions of the microtrichia were(1) stridulation: microtrichia on the inner surface of the elytra interacted with microtrichia on the dorsoventral axis of the thorax or on the costal vein of the hind wing;(2) to increase friction: at the major surface on the middle of the abdominal tergum, hind-wings, inner surface of the medial edge of the elytra and the posterior end of the elytra;(3) protection: the microtrichia covering the posterior face of the abdomen conserved water in the body and protected the body from damage; and(4) sensing organ: the special shape of the microtrichia on the nervation near the vannal fold of the hind wing, the anteriometapleuron on the metathorax, and the posterior field of the abdomen could perceive the environment. In conclusion, the size and shape of the microtrichia are tightly related to their functions, which may have evolved with the beetles' lifestyle.     

Measurement of the shearing properties of wood by in-plane shear test using a thin specimen

In this research, in-plane shear tests were conducted for obtaining the shearing properties of wood. Thin strips of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla Sarg.) were used for the specimens. Two circular holes were cut along the axial centerline of the wider surface (longitudinal-tangential plane), and then two slots were cut from the holes asymmetrically to each other by varying the inclined angle of the slot with respect to the axial centerline. Shear stress was induced in the area between the holes, which is called the shear zone, by applying a tension load along the long axis of the specimen; the shear modulus, shear strength, and principal strain angle were measured from the shear stress/shear strain relation obtained. Independently of the in-plane shear tests, Iosipescu shear tests were conducted, and the validity of the in-plane shear tests was examined by comparing the test results with those obtained by the Iosipescu shear tests. In addition to the tests, stress distribution in the in-plane shear test was calculated by the finite element method, and the results were compared with those obtained by the actual in-plane shear tests. The following three results were obtained. First, the shear moduli obtained by the in-plane shear tests were close enough to those obtained by the Iosipescu shear tests throughout the range of inclined angle examined here. Additionally, the calculated result of the finite element method also verified the validity of the in-plane shear test for measuring the shear modulus. Thus, the in-plane shear test method examined was effective for measuring the shear modulus. Second, a failure was initiated at the hole edge because of the stress concentration, which was also confirmed by the finite element calculation, and it immediately propagated along the grain in the early stage of the test. Thus, it was difficult to obtain the proportional limit stress and realistic shear strength by the in-plane shear test because of the catastrophic failure in the early stage of the test. Third, since it is desirable that the stress field in the shear zone is close to the pure shear stress condition, we recommend that the slot runs outward from the hole when conducting the in-plane shear test in spite of the independence of the shear strength on the inclined angle.     

不同营林措施对日本落叶松生物量的影响

通过测量集约经营和一般经营的日本落叶松标准木的地上和地下部分的生物量,并据此分析测量两种不同经营措施的全体生物量,显示出集约经营和一般经营的日本落叶松造林差异很大,集约经营的措施可以促进日本落叶松各个器官迅速生长,单株及全林产量大幅度提高,是提高林木生产率的有效途径。     

Influence of loading point on the static bending test of wood

We conducted three-point bending tests by changing the condition at the loading point and then examined the influence of the loading point on the test data. Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipfera L.) was used for the tests. First, using loading noses with various radii, static bending tests were conducted by varying the depth/span ratios. Deflections were measured from the displacement of the cross head and at the point against the loading nose: Young's and shear moduli were obtained from the modified Timoshenko's bending equation proposed in a previous paper. Then a similar testing procedure was undertaken by inserting cushion sheets of Teflon between the specimen and the nose. After the measuring these moduli, bending strengths were measured using the loading noses and cushion sheets. The following results were obtained: (1) When the deflection was measured from the displacement of the cross head, the radius of the loading nose had an influence on the additional deflection when the depth/span ratio was high, causing the dependence of the shear modulus on the radius. In contrast, the radius had little influence on the measurement of Young's modulus. By placing cushion sheets between the nose and the specimen, the effect of the radius was moderated. When the deflection was measured at the point against the loading nose, the radius of the nose had little influence on the additional deflection; hence the loading nose had little influence when obtaining Young's and shear moduli. This tendency was commonly observed regardless of whether the cushion sheets were in place. (2) When the specimen had a high depth/span ratio, the bending strength increased with the increase in the radius of the loading nose. However, the influence of the radius was small when the specimen had a low depth/span ratio. There was no significant effect of the cushion sheets used here on the measurement of bending strength.Part of this paper was presented at the 48th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Shizuoka, April 1998     

浅谈建筑消防设施存在的问题及解决方法

随着城市的发展,建筑无论从高度到密度、空间上都在大幅度的增加;而且建筑的内部面积和使用功能也纷繁复杂,这使建筑物本身的火灾危险性随之加大。为了保障建筑的安全,建筑消防是不可忽视的重要部分。因此,在设计和施工过程中,相关工作人员要考虑各方面的问题,把建筑消防中存在的问题逐一列举出来,并进行分析解决,将消防工作做到最好,使建筑的安全性得到应有的保障。     

混凝土道路施工裂缝的起因及防治

随着社会经济的迅速发展，交通事业发展速度也不断提高，现阶段大部分公路功能已不能满足日益增长的交通需要，在混凝土施工中通常有施工裂缝的弊病。为了延长道路的使用寿命，减少经济损失，本文对施工裂缝产生的根本原因进行分析，制订了一系列的防范措施。     

广西龙桥林区不同植被类型水文效益的研究

1985～1987年,在广西龙桥林区,对杉木、马尾松人工纯林和柠檬桉与马尾松人工混交林,以及天然灌木草本群落4种不同植被类型对降水的截留、地表径流及调蓄功能等水文效益进行测定,结果表明,对降水的截留效果以马尾松林为最好,混交林次之,杉木林较差,在同一植被类型的不同层次,以乔木层的截留量占绝对优势;对减少地表径流和延缓洪峰的效果,以层次结构较为复杂的混交林最佳。在同一植被类型内部结构特征的诸因子中,活地被物层的总盖度和草本层的生物量,是影响地表径流的主导因子:植被土壤对降水的调蓄功能,以混交林为最好。其他3种植被类型差异不大。说明在山地防护林建设中,营造针阔叶混交林,使其形成复层林,并保护好灌木草本层和死地被物层,对增强森林的调蓄能力具有重要的意义。