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1.
This study aims at developing a satellite-based methodology for the implementation of two Ministerial Conference on the Protection
of Forests in Europe indicators for the European Alpine Bio-geographic region, and their changes over time: (1) area of forest
cover and (2) forest spatial pattern. The northern Carpathians were selected as a study area due to the documented recent
increase of forest cover. Changes of forest cover were quantified using Landsat images for the years 1987 and 2000. Single-date
forest–non-forest maps were derived by image segmentation and supervised classification, including the use of ancillary data
(CORINE Land Cover and a digital elevation model). These maps were an input for the post-classification change detection.
The forest spatial pattern maps with four classes (core, patch, edge and perforated forest) were derived with morphological
image processing. A simple method to mask uncertainty areas on forest maps and related products was also developed. The accuracy
of the resulting forest–non-forest map was assessed with orthophotos and amounts to 93.9%. Uncertainty areas, for which change
assessment was judged more difficult and less reliable, were not considered for assessing forest cover change. The annual
forest cover change rate of 0.38% was found over the 1987–2000 period. For the 13-year time period, we found a decrease of
core forest and an increase of patch and perforated forest. We conclude that the proposed methodology allows to quantify changes
of forest cover and forest spatial pattern at ∼1 ha minimum mapping unit.
相似文献
C. Estreguil |
2.
W. Keith Moser Earl C. Leatherberry Mark H. Hansen Brett J. Butler 《Agroforestry Systems》2009,75(1):49-60
This paper reports the results of a study that explores the relationship between farm woodland owners’ stated intentions for
owning woodland, and the structure and composition of these woodlands in the states of Illinois, Indiana and Iowa in the upper
Midwest of the United States. Data from two sample-based inventories conducted by the USDA Forest Service, Forest Inventory
and Analysis (FIA) program were combined for this analysis—the FIA forest resources inventory and the National Woodland Owner
Survey (NWOS). We looked for relationships between product value and investment in woodlands, as reflected in volumes and
tree quality. We also examined whether measures of diversity reflected specific management focus. Our results partially supported
our hypotheses. Woodland-focused ownership reasons were found to have larger volumes and individual tree sizes. We found that
a passive woodland ownership reason—that woods were “part of the farm”—generally had lower volumes per hectare. Although we
were not able to differentiate between different forest product classes and measures of volume, we did find that those landowners
who harvested veneer had more volume than those who harvested for firewood. Woodland owners who salvage-harvested their woodlands—a
harvesting reason that is more reactive than proactive—exhibited lower volumes per hectare than those who harvested for more
proactive, product-focused reasons. Biodiversity was also found to be related to the ownership focus and harvest intent. Generally,
there was lower diversity in overstory species when the woodland was viewed merely as “part of the farm,” when the product
harvested was fence posts and when timber was harvested for salvage or land clearing. The small sample size limits our analysis,
but we can conclude that focusing the woodland owners on management of their woodlands—regardless of what the specific management
goals might be—should increase productivity and biodiversity of those woodlands.
相似文献
W. Keith MoserEmail: |
3.
To obtain empirical data on future market potential, a consumer survey about supply, demand and consumption of non-wood forest
products and services (NWFP&S) was conducted in six cities in different cantons of Switzerland. A total of 897 persons–about
150 per city–were interviewed through arbitrary selection in which women and youths were overrepresented in comparision to
the Swiss population. A high consumer acceptance of forest products and particularly forest services among the Swiss urban
population was observed. Preferences in purchasing honey, berries, mushrooms and roots among other NWFP were reported. The
quality of the products and their environmental friendliness ranked highest in the attitudes of potential consumers who prefer
to buy NWFP at market stands, in retail traders’ shops and in drugstores. The most popular forest activities among the respondents
are recreation and various kinds of sports activities followed by the gathering of NWFP. As far as the consumers’ wishes and
aspirations are concerned, sports, camping and adventure rank high apart from the desire to acquire environmental knowledge
about the forest flora and fauna. NWFP&S are highly estimated in Switzerland and have a considerable market potential and,
if well marketed, could add substantially to the income of forest enterprises.
相似文献
Klaus SeelandEmail: |
4.
This analysis suggests important considerations for assessing social impacts of large-scale pulpwood production in Indonesia,
emphasizing the extremely limited conditions under which pulp plantations may complement, rather than threaten, livelihoods
of existing communities in their vicinity. Pulpwood plantations are expanding rapidly in Indonesia to feed major new pulp
mills. Though officially developed on “unproductive forest lands”, pulpwood monocultures are commonly established at the expense
of natural forests and indigenous agroforestry systems in Sumatra and Kalimantan. Based on a South Sumatra case study, this
article analyzes how pulpwood plantations may be combined with more traditional land uses to improve livelihoods for local
populations, considering the potential for “complementary” labor opportunities. This analysis is built on two assumptions:
(1) village smallholder activities represent a first choice for village-based workers and smallholders, with relatively high
financial returns per hectare; and (2) seasonal variations in labor requirements for village-based livelihoods open opportunities
for complementary labor and land uses such as industrial plantations. Applying our model to a Sumatra case study highlights
an upper limit to “complementary labor” for industrial timber plantation land use at a ratio of 5:1 (no more than 5 ha of
pulpwood to each 1 ha remaining in intensified local agriculture and agroforestry). Other conditions required to minimize
risks for local livelihoods include: flexible timing of company operations; priority to local employment; cautious determination
of plantation sites; more transparent government licensing of plantation concessions and pulp mills recognizing local and
customary land and resource rights.
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Judith MayerEmail: |
5.
Long range (or strategic) planning is an important tool for forest management to deal with the complex and unpredictable future.
However, it is the ability to make meaningful predictions about the rapidly changing future that is questioned. What appears
to be particularly neglected is the question of the length of time horizons and the limits (if any) to these horizons, despite
being considered one of the most critical factors in strategic planning. As the future creation of values lies within individual
responsibility, this research empirically explored the limits (if any) of individual foresters’ time horizons. To draw comparisons
between countries with different traditions in forest management planning, data were collected through telephone surveys of
forest managers in the state/national forest services of the Netherlands and Germany. In order to minimize other cultural
differences, the research in Germany concentrated on the federal state of Nordrhein-Westfalen, which has considerable similarities
with the Netherlands, e.g. in topography, forest types and forest functions. The results show that, in practice, 15 years
appears to be the most distant horizon that foresters can identify with. This is in sharp contrast to the time horizons spanning
decades and even generations that are always said to exist in forestry. The “doctrine of the long run”—the faith in the capacity
of foresters to overcome the barriers of the uncertain future and look ahead and plan for long-range goals—which in many countries
still underlies traditional forest management, can therefore be rejected.
相似文献
Heiner SchanzEmail: |
6.
The paper presents a typology of small-scale forest owners in Baden-Württemberg based on multiple criteria and derived using
multivariate cluster analysis of long-term accountancy network data. Four distinct types of landholders are identified based
on a combination of structural, financial and biophysical data. These groups fit well with the present knowledge on small-scale
forest owners in Baden-Württemberg. In addition, the members of each group display clear differences in attitudes towards
forestry, giving further support for the validity of the grouping. A comparison is made of this typology and typologies derived
using the single criteria of forestry region, forest size class, cutting volume, proportion of coniferous trees, forest income
and main source of income. This comparison demonstrates the advantages of using cluster analysis to identify types of small-scale
forest owners in south-west Germany. No matter whether structural, natural or financial data are assessed, the multiple criteria
typology produced by cluster analysis provides the highest percentage of statistically significant distinctions between the
medians of the groups identified. A typology based on the single criterion of ‘regions’ provides the second best fit and has
the advantage of being simple to develop. A more detailed comparison between these two typologies, whereby the differences
between groups were analysed based on the links between individual groups in respect to individual variables, also indicated
that the multiple criteria typology was superior.
相似文献
Andy SelterEmail: |
7.
The Khasia ethnic community of Bangladesh has been a population of forest villagers in the north-eastern hill forests of Bangladesh
since the early 1950s, practicing a betel leaf-based agroforestry system on land granted by the Forest Department. Taking
a sample forest village of the Sylhet forest division as a case study, this article examines the sustainability attributes
of betel leaf production in the agroforestry system. The presence of several positive attributes of sustainability including
the composition of agroforestry, disease control, soil fertility management, profitability, socio-cultural acceptability and
institutional support indicate that betel leaf production within the agroforestry system is stable under the prevailing traditional
management system. Income from the sale of betel leaf is the principal livelihood means and villager’s reciprocal contributions
help to conserve forest resources. However, problems with land ownership and regular agreement renewal need to be resolved
for the sake of their livelihoods and forest conservation.
相似文献
Tapan Kumar NathEmail: |
8.
After reunification in 1990, Germany’s forest cluster developed anew and employment in the wood-based industries differentiated
very quickly. With more than 900,000 employees, it is now considered one of the most important industrial sectors in the country.
This paper analysed general trends in the development of employment of wood-based industries in the German forest cluster
between 1999 and 2006. Shift-share analysis was considered to be the most appropriate way to determine regional differences
in the subsection DD/20 ‘Manufacture of wood and wood products’ of the code “Classification of Economic Activities in the
European Community, Revision 1.1” (NACE): the sawmill industry, the wood-based panel industry, the wood construction industry,
the wood-based packaging industry, and the miscellaneous wood products industry. This method decomposed the change of employment
into three different components that are due to that change: national trends, (industrial) sectoral trends, and regional conditions.
Employment in the selected wood-based industries showed a significantly larger decrease than overall trends in both the producing
industries and the whole economy of Germany: a continual loss of employees could be observed over the time period, affecting
almost all of the selected wood-based industries. However, federal states in western and eastern Germany experienced divergent
trends between 1999 and 2006, as different absolute and relative regional share components indicated in the shift-share analysis.
This method allows of identifying regional disparities and characterising regions with positive (mainly eastern federal states)
and negative (mainly western federal states) rates of employment growth. The research suggests that positive employment trends
in eastern Germany’s wood-based industries can mainly be attributed to regional factors such as comparatively higher subsidies
for new investments, lower labour costs, lower land values or infrastructural peculiarities.
相似文献
Dajana KleinEmail: |
9.
Irina Kouplevatskaya-Buttoud 《Small-Scale Forestry》2009,8(2):231-247
Changes in small-scale forest governance as a reaction to global changes are viewed from the system dynamics perspective,
focused on two levels of dynamic systems: the policy system with sets of interactions at the national level and the management
system at the local level. These interactions are considered through permanent adaptation and re-shaping of stakeholders’
networks and positions provoking further changes in the systems. Empirical evidence has been obtained from two case studies
related to small-scale rural forestry in distinct contexts—France (the Territorial Forestry Charters) and Kyrgyzstan (collaborative
forest management and leasing of forest plots)—and viewed through a theoretical framework of social-political systems dynamics.
The changes caused by the systems’ capacity for adaptability and resilience are expressed through a double spiral of decision-making,
characterising the interactions between national policies and local management practices. The analysis leads to a conclusion
that changes are basically determined by the formal and informal stakeholders’ strategies developed in a specific context
and their mutual adaptation aimed at system resilience.
相似文献
Irina Kouplevatskaya-ButtoudEmail: |
10.
Ewald Rametsteiner 《Small-Scale Forestry》2009,8(2):143-158
In recent decades the concept of ‘governance’ as interdependent coordination of actors as well as the normative concept of
‘good governance’ have increasingly influenced international forest policy, to varying degrees. Using the three dimensions
of multi-actor, multi-sector and multi-level governance to analyse key aspects of governance in the follow-up of global policy
after the UNCED conference in 1992, this paper shows that ‘multi-actor governance’ has received considerable attention in
international forest policy, mainly through promoting national forest programs. Global forest policy initiatives were less
able to develop concepts to address and improve ‘multi-sector governance’ and ‘multi-level governance’, although these two
dimensions of governance are particularly relevant for local levels. A number of major international forest policy initiatives,
both public and private, have also focused on improving various dimensions of ‘good governance’. A review of the degree to
which these international governmental initiatives have been transposed and applied at the local or regional level reveals
a major gap between concepts and forest policy initiatives developed and promoted at international and national levels and
their application at the regional and local levels. This calls for better concepts addressing in particular the ‘multi-level’
dimension of governance in order to improve connectivity between these levels. A range of governance change approaches can
be applied, including adjusting modes of interaction, instruments and institutions.
相似文献
Ewald RametsteinerEmail: |
11.
Carbon inventory methods and carbon mitigation potentials of forests in Europe: a short review of recent progress 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The role of European forests and forest management in the carbon balance has received much attention in research recently.
This was particularly motivated by the recognition of forest management as one possible measure countries may adopt in the
framework of the Kyoto Protocol to reduce the concentration of greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere. The main method
to assess carbon budget in forests is based on traditional forest inventories. This method requires the conversion of measured
stem volume to carbon pools. This conversion has been identified as a large source of uncertainty in past assessments. Over
the last 5 years, intensive research efforts have resulted in significant advances in the reliability of forest inventory
based carbon budgets. In parallel, the impact of forest management on the carbon balance of forest ecosystems has been investigated
and the carbon mitigation potential of these activities has been analysed. This paper reviews the progress that was made in
these two fields of research with a particular focus on European forests.
相似文献
Marcus LindnerEmail: |
12.
This research utilises a contingent behaviour valuation technique to value a number of improvements to recreational facilities
in small-scale forests in Ireland. Willingness-to-pay estimates have previously been made for Coillte (Ireland’s state-owned
forestry company) trails and forests. The total non-market value of Irish forests has also been examined. This paper adds
to the literature by being the first to estimate the consumer surplus associated with recreational enhancements to Irish small-scale
forest resources. The results presented indicate that community owned small-scale forestry can contribute enormously to the
wellbeing of nearby urban residents, through the provision of outdoor recreational services.
相似文献
Stephen HynesEmail: |
13.
J. Gordon ArbuckleJr. Corinne Valdivia Andrew Raedeke John Green J. Sanford Rikoon 《Agroforestry Systems》2009,75(1):73-82
Land tenure has long been considered a critical factor in determining the adoption and long-term maintenance of agroforestry
practices. Empirical evidence from non-US settings has consistently shown that secure land tenure is positively associated
with agroforestry adoption. In the US, over 40% of private agricultural land is farmed by someone other than the owner. Given
the importance of land tenure in agroforestry decisions in other countries and the magnitude of non-operator landownership
in the US, there has been surprisingly little focus on land tenure in the temperate agroforestry literature. Using data from
a 1999 survey in Missouri, this study explores factors associated with non-operator landowner interest in agroforestry. Results
suggest that differences in farming orientation are linked to interest in agroforestry. Closer ties to farming, stronger financial
motivations for landownership, and higher proportion of land planted to row crops were negatively related to interest in agroforestry
among non-operator landowners. Environmental or recreational motivations for landownership and contacts with natural resource
professionals were positively associated with interest in agroforestry. These results, consistent with earlier qualitative
research suggesting that farm operators who have a strong “conventional farming identity” were less interested in agroforestry,
point to a divide between landowners for whom environmental and recreational values play an important role in ownership motivation
and those for whom financial considerations take precedence. The findings imply that agroforestry development programs in
the US should take non-operator landowners and their farming and ownership orientations into account when designing research
and outreach efforts.
相似文献
J. Gordon Arbuckle Jr.Email: |
14.
Forests in north-eastern New South Wales have often been the focus of controversy. The tension between production and preservation
continues and hampers current negotiations for a code of practice for private native forestry. The structure of many private
forests reflects past mismanagement, and silvicultural intervention would benefit both conservation and production objectives,
but such intervention is rarely financially viable. This paper sets out the economic and ecological basis for private native
forestry. Both the timber industry and nature-based tourism are major contributors to the local economy, and both rely in
part on private native forests. Draft regulations currently under negotiation do not offer incentives for improved private
forest management.
相似文献
V. Alex JayEmail: |
15.
Development of wood procurement in Northwest Russia: round wood balance and unreported flows 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This paper analyses industrial round wood flows into, within, and out of Northwest regions of Russia. We examine sawlogs, pulpwood, and fuelwood used for industrial purposes obtained from logging, and chips obtained from the wood-processing industry. We attempt to clarify different recent trends in wood harvesting, industrial round wood export, and forest industries development that have an influence on unreported wood in Russia. Our method, which uses wood balance diagrams, provides an interpretation of data from different Russian sources in order to offer better transparency regarding wood flows from forests to mills. It also helps to explain the apparent imbalance between round wood supply and demand and it helps one to assess the possible share of unreported industrial round wood production in Northwest Russia. Based on annual forest-related statistical data available from the Ministry of Natural Resources, the State Committee of Statistics, and the Russian Federation’s Customs Department, unreported round wood flows can be estimated to be 23% of the total industrial round wood production, or approximately 9 million m3 u.b. per year. Unreported round wood flows are more common in export oriented regions that have poorly developed forest industries.
相似文献
Yuri GerasimovEmail: Phone: +358-102-113253Fax: +358-102-113251 |
16.
In light of the increasing realisation of the importance of all forest resources, the dichotomisation of forest resources
into timber and non-timber is proving to be overly simplistic. Furthermore, at present there is no satisfactory operational
definition for non-wood forest products and considering the tremendous variety of forest products it may be doubted that such
a definition is possible. This paper examines this inadequacy and its consequences for a productive, holistic approach to
the analysis of forest resources and their management. In an attempt to address these problems, a system for dealing with
forest resources in a more meaningful, holistic manner is proposed. A clear distinction is made between systems of terms for
classification, and terms used for comparison, of forest products. Classifying terms distinguish between classes or groups
of objects with similar characteristics while comparative terms serve to highlight differences. Definitions are best served
by classifying terms and this paper proposes both logical targets for definitions of forest products and a pragmatic typology
for such products.
相似文献
Udo MantauEmail: |
17.
Parag Dubey 《Small-Scale Forestry》2008,7(2):117-138
Small and medium enterprises are a key driver of current double-digit industrial growth of India; however, the shrinking domestic
log supply has created a unique market opportunity for global forest-based industries. This paper examines the major obstacles
to investment in forests at the national and individual firm level and also the policy steps needed to overcome these obstacles.
Forest-based small-scale enterprises cite finance as their principal constraint in maintaining their competitive position
and developing their activities, with shortages of raw material often taking second place. India has extensive tracts of land
suitable and available for forestry; afforestation, although economically viable, requires massive initial investment by both
the government and private sectors. India is promoting public–private partnerships in order to increase forest cover to ensure
entitlement for the investor over forest produce, along with necessary safeguards for protection of and compensation for the
rights of village dwellers and communities, besides providing them additional benefits and livelihood. Governments need to
tackle corruption and other forms of rent-seeking, in order to build credibility with firms, foster public trust and legitimacy
and ensure their policy interventions are crafted to fit local conditions. Competition requires the Indian forest products
industry to accomplish a strong improvement in its economic and technological capabilities. The challenge for forest policy-makers
in India is to find the right mix of policies and incentives to attract private investment.
相似文献
Parag DubeyEmail: |
18.
The assessment of a forest resource in national inventories provides a firm basis for the calculation of biomass and carbon
(C) stocks of forests. Biomass expansion factors (BEFs) and conversion factors provide a robust and simple method of converting
from forest tree stem volume to total forest biomass. These factors should be constructed on the basis of nationally specific
data in order to take account of regional differences in growth rates, management practices, etc. The objective of this study is to improve the accuracy of biomass estimation by calculating a range of age-dependant BEFs
from representative data that more accurately describe the allometry of present forests. The results from this study show
that the allocation of biomass to compartments in forest stands and throughout a rotation varies considerably, and that the
use of BEFs for the calculation of C stocks in forests of sub-timber dimensions is highly impractical.
相似文献
Brian TobinEmail: |
19.
A study was conducted in Kullu district in the province of Himachal Pradesh in Indian Western Himalaya, to investigate the
perceptions of Indian foresters about aspects of forest management relevant for effective Joint Forest Management (JFM). A
lack of uniform understanding was found amongst forestry staff about almost all the studied issues pertaining to JFM. A need
is identified to emphasise social aspects in the training of the foresters (including in-service training), along with the
existing silvi-technical aspects. For JFM success, measures need to be devised to reduce the political interference in JFM,
reduce hierarchical rigidity, and increase interaction between field staff and the administrative hierarchy. Strategies should
be devised to make JFM participants as well as forestry staff equally responsible to honour their commitments with respect
to JFM.
相似文献
Kamal Kishor SoodEmail: |