日本赤松毛虫质型多角体病毒Dendrolimus Spectabilis CPV对马尾松毛虫的生物测定

应用日本赤松毛虫质型多角体病毒(以下简称JDS-CPV)对马尾松毛虫第一代3龄和5龄幼虫进行了生物测定。结果表明,JDS-CPV对3龄和5龄幼虫的LC_(50)分别为1.6×10~5CPB/ml和3.3×10~5CPB/ml。其回归直线方程分别为Y=2.44+0.49x和Y=1.83+0.57x。对一代3龄虫的LD_(50)为2.1×10~3CPB/ml,回归直线方程为Y=1.72+0.98x。以1×10~8CPB/ml浓度为例的LT_(50),3龄虫为8.5天,5龄虫为13天。证实JDS-CPV对我国马尾松毛虫有较好的毒力。     

赤松毛虫质型多角体病毒的引进和利用研究

从日本引进赤松毛虫CPV对我国松毛虫属(Dendrolimus)的七种松毛虫以及棉龄虫有较高的致死效果。根据 RNA 电泳图谱的研究,赤松毛虫 CPV 与在中国松毛虫属上的各复制株是不同的。目前,我国已发现有三种 RNA 类型,日本赤松毛虫CPV 属第一型。JADP-CPV、JYDPW-CPV、CYDPW-CPV 等属于第二型,CGDP-CPV 离心所得的上带多角体属于第三型。类型Ⅱ、Ⅲ属首次报道。和其他CPV一样,JDS-CPV 只侵染中肠上皮细胞。对第一代3龄和5龄虫的 LC_(50) 分别为1.6×10~5CPB/ml 和3.3×10~5CPB/ml,对同代3龄虫的 LD_(60)为2.1×10~3CPB/虫。JDS-CPV 不仅对幼虫防效好,而且也影响幼虫取食、体重以及下代幼虫存活率。此病毒与BT混用可以减少针叶被害72—80％。在油乳剂中于4℃下保存197天,在水悬液中保存 5年,对此病毒活性无明显影响。以林间松毛虫作宿主可进行大量增殖。一头6—7龄幼虫平均可产多角体2亿个。     

杨尺蠖核多角体病毒的研究——Ⅲ.病毒的增殖及活性测定

为了生产病毒制剂提供大量病原物,本文就影响AciNPV增殖的因素及林间复制技术进行了研究。采用浸叶法接毒感染2—4龄初期幼虫,以便寻找适宜的接毒浓度、虫龄与温度范围。试验证明,接毒的适宜虫龄以4龄初期为最好;接毒浓度以1.1×10~6-1.1×10~7PIB/ml之间为宜,平均幼虫多角体产量为2.42—2.64×10~9PIB/头;增殖的适宜温度在22—27℃之间,温度过高对病毒的增殖不利,为在35℃下增殖则受到抑制。在林间复制时,其喷洒剂量以2.5×10~(10)PIB/亩宜,虫龄以2—3龄占85％左右为好;3—4龄幼虫占85％时,应加大用量1倍。     

松阿扁叶蜂发生规律及防治技术研究

在研究松阿扁叶蜂的发生危害、生活史、主要习性及发生规律的基础上，从7种不同药剂中筛选出了5种防治该虫的有效药剂和最佳使用浓度：用8％绿色威雷300倍液防治出蛰成虫，防效达93．58％；用40％氧化乐果乳油、25％灭幼脲Ⅲ号胶悬剂1500倍液防治3龄前幼虫，防效分别达91．35％和95．34％；利用2．5％敌杀死乳油4000倍液防治3龄后大幼虫，防效为96．62％；在郁闭度0．7以上的林分，用22．5kg／hm^2林丹烟剂防治树上幼虫，防效达97．96％。     

枣尺蠖核多角体病毒活性及林间防治试验

本文报道了枣尺蠖（ Ｃｈｉｈｕｏ ｚａｏ Ｙａｎｇ） 核多角体病毒（ＣｚＮＰＶ） 活性的生物测定结果及在山西太谷枣树林间防治枣尺蠖的试验效果。以不同浓度该病毒悬液浸渍鲜枣树叶，饲喂感染３ 龄初枣尺蠖幼虫，病毒浓度对数值与死亡机率的回归直线方程为＾ｙ ＝ ０ ．２３１ ＋ ０ ．８５９ ｘ ；ＬＣ５０ 及９５ ％ 的置信限分别为３－６５ ×１０５ 及４－０４ ×１０４ ～３－１３ ×１０６ＰＩＢｓ／ｍ Ｌ。以２－５ ×１０５ 、１－２５ ×１０６ 、２－５ ×１０６ 、１－２５ ×１０７ 和２－５ ×１０７ＰＩＢｓ／ｍ Ｌ５ 种浓度病毒感染３ 龄初幼虫，其ＬＴ５０ 值分别为１０－０１ 、９－５７、９－０８ 、７－９４ 和７－４９ ｄ 。同一浓度病毒（２－５ ×１０６ ＰＩＢｓ／ｍＬ） 对不同虫龄感染力不同。幼虫死亡率随虫龄增大而降低，从２ 龄的９６－７ ％ 降低到４ 龄的３０－０ ％ ；ＬＴ５０ 值随着虫龄增大而增大，从２ 龄的５－９７ ｄ 增加到４ 龄的１２－５７ ｄ 。在山西太谷枣林枣尺蠖幼虫２ 龄、３ 龄占８５ ％ 时喷洒浓度为２－５ ×１０７ＰＩＢｓ／ ｍＬ 的病毒悬液，虫口减退率高，成本较低，可在生产上推广应用     

噻虫胺·高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂防治落叶松毛虫高龄幼虫的试验效果

落叶松毛虫(Dendrolimus superans)在春季大发生时多为3~6龄,可造成严重危害。通过使用噻虫胺·高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂对春季高龄幼虫进行防治试验,结果表明:使用该药剂稀释1000倍液防治3~6龄幼虫见效快、效果好;虫口密度不高时可采用1800倍液喷雾施药;防治3龄以下幼虫,可稀释2500倍液喷雾防治。     

美国白蛾NPV大面积应用试验

1983年至1985年连续三年利用美国白蛾核型多角体病毒进行了2311公顷的大面积试验,防治效果平均为91.9％。防治第一代美国白蛾使用头年第二代美国白蛾发生期生产的感病致死虫尸,其制剂浓度为2—3×10~7PIB/ml;防治第二代美国白蛾使用当年第一代生产的感病致死虫尸,其制剂浓度为1.5-2.0×10~7PIB/ml,防治效果均在90％以上;如使用粗提纯液防治,其制剂浓度为1.3×10~7PIB/ml,防治效果在95％以上。防治龄期为2—3龄。用感病致死虫尸稀释液防治美国白蛾其死亡高峰为13一15天,死亡结束时间为18—19天。     

陕南松阿扁叶蜂发生规律及防治技术

在研究松阿扁叶蜂在丹凤的发生危害、生物学特性及发生规律的基础上,从不同防治方法、不同药剂中筛选出了该虫几种防治方法和防治有效药剂,采用树盘垦复,防效达85%;用40%氧化乐果乳油机动喷烟防治3龄前幼虫,防效达95%;用40%氧化乐果乳油1 000~1500倍液、2.5%敌杀死乳油2 000~3000倍液喷雾防治1~3龄幼虫防效均达93%;在郁闭度0.7以上的林分,用18 kg/hm2敌马烟剂、林丹烟剂防治1~3龄幼虫,防效达90%。     

马尾松毛虫抗性测定中虫龄的选择

用杀灭菊酯对各龄马尾松毛虫(Dendrolimus punctalus Walker) 幼虫进行毒力测定,采用机率值分析法分析,结果表明3、4龄幼虫的耐药力较低,分别为1.1587×10~(-2)μg/头和3.0005×10~(-2)μg/头。考虑到3龄前幼虫死亡率较高,应选择4龄幼虫用于马尾松毛虫抗性测定。     

苦参碱防治美国白蛾试验

用贝尔-206直升机和车载式喷雾机分别对一代美国白蛾1~3龄幼虫和4~5龄幼虫喷施1%的苦参碱500倍、1000倍、1500倍、2000倍液。试验表明对1~3龄美国白蛾喷施1%的苦参碱1000~1500倍液防治死亡率均达到95%以上,4~5龄美国白蛾喷施1%的苦参碱500倍液防治效果可以达到85%以上,用1000~1500倍1%苦参碱液防治4~5龄美国白蛾防治效果低于80%。用1%苦参碱防治美国白蛾,防治效果随虫龄和药液稀释倍数的增大而降低。     

分月扇舟蛾颗粒体病毒生物测定

从黑龙江省双城林场采集健康的分月扇舟蛾2龄幼虫,将室内保存一年的分月扇舟蛾虫尸研碎,分离提纯得到纯净的颗粒体病毒。将病毒悬液稀释为1..58×103PIB·mL-1,1.58×104PIB·mL-1,1.58×105PIB·mL-1,1.58×106PIB·mL-1,1.58×107PIB·mL-1,1.58×108PIB·mL-1,1.58×109PIB·mL-17种浓度,采集新鲜的杨树叶分别浸入上述不同浓度的悬液,对采集的健康幼虫进行接毒。9天实验结果表明,浓度为1..58×103PIB·mL-1时校正死亡率最小(7.32%),浓度是1.58×109PIB·mL-1时校正死亡率最大(97.36%),浓度对数和死亡几率值的回归直线方程为y=1.946 0.558x,LC50为2.97×105PIB·mL-1。1.58×105PIB·mL-1,1.58×106PIB·mL-1,1.58×107PIB·mL-1,1.58×108PIB·mL-1,1.58×109PIB·mL-1w所对应的半致死时间(LT50)分别为8.55d,6.89d,5.9d,4.65d,4.08d。随着浓度的增大,LT50逐渐缩短,说明该病毒的毒力较强,作为杀虫剂具有很好的应用潜力。     

Pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thaumetopoea pityocampa</Emphasis> (Schiff.) (Lepidoptera: Thaumatopoeidae) larvae in laboratory conditions

Pathogenicity of 13 strains of entomopathogenic fungi belonging to genera Paecilomyces, Tolypocladium, Beauveria, Metarhizium, and Lecanicillium (=Verticillium) was evaluated on fourth instar larvae of Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Schiff.) (Lep.: Thaumatopoeidae). Larvae were treated individually by dipping into conidial suspension with the concentration of 1.0 × 10⁵ conidia ml⁻¹. All the tested isolates resulted in various levels of mortality (16–100%), and eleven of them were able to grow and sporulate on dead larvae. Mortality caused by three isolates of P. fumosoroseus, one isolate of Beauveria bassiana and one isolate of Metarhizium anisopliae were significantly higher than that of the other treatments. Three isolates of P. fumosoroseus, one isolate of P. farinosus, and one isolate of M. anisopliae showed mycelial growth and sporulation on significantly more cadavers compared to other treatments. Dose–mortality test was conducted with P. fumosoroseus (isolate no: 2679), which appeared to be the most promising isolate among the tested fungi, by spraying five concentrations of its conidia (1.0 × 10⁶, 1.5 × 10⁶, 7.5 × 10⁶, 1.0 × 10⁷ and 1.5 × 10⁷ conidia ml⁻¹). The estimation of the LC₅₀ (95% confidence limits) was 3.4 × 10⁶ (9.3 × 10⁵ − 6.9 × 10⁶) conidia ml⁻¹. This study showed that P. fumosoroseus (isolate no: 2679) could be a good candidate as a microbial control agent against T. pityocampa in forest environment.     

杨尺蠖核多角体病毒的研究——Ⅳ.病毒多角体的回收试验

本文就杨尺蠖核多角体病毒的几种回收方法进行了比较。回收试验表明,以丙酮—乳糖(7.4—8.4％)共沉法回收 AciNPV 的多角体(PIB)是可行的。制备物的最终含量为 4.96×10~(10)PIB/g,回收率平均达 80.5％。生物活性测定证明,回收的新鲜制备物,对3龄初幼虫的致病力是很好的。其 LC_(50) 及其95％的置信限分别为2.84×10~3PIB/ml和 1.70×10~3—4.96×10~3PIB/ml。 使用该程序,可省去昂贵的离心设备,在实验室一般设备的情况下,一次上样1500—3000 g病死虫,仅需 3小时即可获得最终产品。配制的病毒制剂,可用于防治杨尺蠖 30—65ha。大批量生产证明,该流程操作简便,省工省时,一次上样量较大,完全可以替代离心法,回收的成本也很便宜。     

Insecticidal efficacy of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Isaria farinosa</Emphasis> in different life stages of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pissodes punctatus</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The insecticidal activity of an entomopathogenic fungus, Isaria farinosa on pine bark-weevil (Pissodes punctatus) at different life stages underwent laboratory testing. Larvae, pupae and adults of Pissodes punctatus were exposed to a range of concentrations of fungal conidia in suspension for 5 s; mean mortality and LC₅₀ values were calculated. The results showed I. farinosa can effectively infect larvae, pupae and adult pine bark-weevils, and the highest mean mortalities at each life stage can exceed 88%. The mean mortalities increased with higher concentrations of I. farinosa. Larvae were most susceptible with LC₅₀ 1.2 × 10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹ (15 days), pupae (30 days) exhibited the second largest effects, and adults (15 days) with LC₅₀ 1.72 × 10⁶ and 1.99 × 10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹, respectively, at end of the experiments. This suggests that I. farinosa could be a potential bio-control agent against the pine bark-weevil.     

Control of Lymantria dispar L. by biological agents

The experiment on control ofLymantria dispar L by using different kinds of biological measures, including nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) ofLymantria dispar L., BtMP-342, sex-attractant as well as botanical insecticide, was carried out in the forest regions of Inner Mongolia in 2003. Two concentrations (2.632×10⁶ PIB·ml⁻¹ and 2.632×10⁷ PIB·ml⁻¹) ofLymantria dispar L. NPV were sprayed on the 2rd-instar-larvae ofL. dispar and 70% and 77.8% control effect were obtained respectively. BtMP0-342 was applied to the 3rd- and 4th-instar larvae and the control effect was around 80%. The sex-attractant provided by Canada Pacific Forestry Research Center also showed a good result in trappingL. dispar adults. The self-produced botanical insecticide, which was extracted from a kind of poisonous plant distributed in Daxing'an Mountains, China, exhibited a good control result in controlling the larvae ofL. dispar, and 82% mortality was observed when spraying primary liquid of the botanical insecticide on the 3rd–5th-instar-larvae in lab. Foundation item: This paper was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (C0235) and Youth Foundation of Harbin City (0061218024). Biography: ZHANG Guo-cai (1964), male, Ph. Doctor Candidate, associate professor in School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Effect of Lecanicillium muscarium on Eretmocerus sp. nr. furuhashii (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a parasitoid of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Pathogenicity of Lecanicillium muscarium, against Eretmocerus sp. nr. furuhashii (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), was investigated under laboratory conditions to determine if the fungal infection of the whitefly host can effect the survival, longevity and fecundity of female parasitoid. The results indicated that the number of parasitized larvae surviving a L. muscarium treatment after 6 days of oviposition decreased with increasing concentrations of L. muscarium and in later stages of development (12 days post oviposition) were not affected by fungal application. There were no significant differences on adult parasitoid survivorship after 7 days among all treatments. Maximum survivorship (73.33%) was observed for control and it was minimum (60%) at 1 × 10⁸ conidia/ml. L. muscarium showed a non significant effect on longevity and next offsprings of female parasitoids. The percentage emergence of parasitoids from the whitefly nymphs produced by the females emerged from treated pupae was almost similar. Maximum emergence (69.77%) was observed at 1 × 10⁶ conidia/ml and it was lowest (61.02%) at conidial concentration of 1 × 10⁸ conidia/ml. Maximum longevity of adult Eretmocerus sp. emerging from whitefly nymphs when treated after 12 days of postoviposition was observed for 1 × 10⁵ conidia/ml having a mean value of 5 days whereas the lowest longevity was 4.9 days observed at 1 × 10⁸ conidia/ml. The results mentioned above indicate that the interaction among biocontrol agents is positive to a greater extent with minimum risk hazards.     

Growth characteristics of multipurpose tree species, crop productivity and soil properties in agroforestry systems under subtropical humid climate in India

Multipurpose tree species （MPTs） were studied in an agroforestry arboretum under subtropical humid climate in Northeast India. Out of 12 MPTs planted under agroforestry systems, Acacia auriculiformis in spacing of 2 m × 2 m （2500 stems·hm^-2） could have the potentiality to meet the timber/fuelwood requirement due to its high wood production of 635 m^3·hm^-2 with mean annual increment （MAI） of 2.54×10^-2 m^3.treel.a^-1 in a short rotation period of 10 years. Thus, A. auriculiformis is a short rotation forest tree species suitable to grow in subtropical humid climate. On the other hand, at 16 years of age, Eucalyptus hybrid and Michelia champaca in spacing of 3 m × 3 m （1111 stems.hm^2） produced appreciably high timber volume of 315 m^3.hm^-2 and 165 m^3.hm^-2 with MAI of 1.77×10^-2 m^3.tree^-1·a^-1 and 0.92×10.2 m^3.tree^-1.a^-1, respectively. At 16 years of age, Gmelina arborea produced a timber volume of 147 m^3.hm^-2 with MAI of 1.47×10^-2 m^3.tree^-1.a^-1 followed by Samania saman （140 m^3.hm^-2）, Albizziaprocera （113 m^3·hm^-2） and Tectona grandis （79 m3.hm^-2） with MAI of 1.40, 1.13 and 0.78 × 10^-2 m^3 .tree^-1a^-1, respectively in 4 m × 4 m spacing （625 stems.hm^-2）. Gliricidia maculata and Leucaena leucocephala could be used as live fences around the farm boundary to supply their N-rich leaves for mulch as well as manure to crops. In agroforestry arboretum, direct seeded upland rice （Oryza sativa - variety, AR-11）, groundnut （Arachis hypogaea - variety, JL-24） and sesamum （Sesamum indicum - variety, B-67） were grown during the initial period upto 8 years of tree establishment. Under other MPTs, there was a reduction in crop productivity as compared to open space. After 8 years of tree establishment, horti-silvi and silvi-pastoral systems were developed and pineapple （Ananas comosus - variety Queen）, turmeric （Curcuma longa -variety RCT -1） and cowpea （Vigna sinensis - variety Pusa Barsati） as forage crop were raised. The productivity of p     

Raman spectroscopic study on the behavior of boric acid in wood

 Raman spectra of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) treated by vacuum impregnation with aqueous boric acid solutions (8.1 × 10⁻² to 7.29 × 10⁻¹ mol dm⁻³) were recorded using a near-infrared laser as an excitation source. Raman spectroscopic measurements were carried out on treated wood blocks of two sizes: 20(T) × 20(R) × 5(L) mm (A-type) and 15(T) × 15(R) × 50(L) mm (B-type). Our attention was focused on a prominent band (ν ₁) assigned to a symmetrical stretching vibration of the BO₃ group because no Raman band due to boron species was observed except bands of B(OH)₃. We observed a change in ν ₁ band intensity with increasing boric acid concentration in the aqueous solution used to treat the A-type wood blocks and investigated the correlation between the intensity and the peak-top wavenumber. Raman line maps in the longitudinal direction of the treated B-type wood blocks revealed that B(OH)₃ is concentrated near the cut ends. These results suggested that two groups of B(OH)₃ exist in wood in terms of the chemical species in the nearest neighbor sphere. Received: March 11, 2002 / Accepted: June 26, 2002     

Variations of root hydraulic conductance of Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings in different concentrations of NH4NO3 solution

Absorbing water from soil by roots in vascular plants is an important physiological function and plays an essential role on their water balance. The root hydraulic conductance (L _P) determined by radical water transport inside the root is a major influence on the shoot water status, plant growth, and development. However, a few studies have focused on the effect of different substances on L _P of roots, and the role of radical water transport was poorly understood. Based on the pressure-flux approach, this study used the roots of Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings with different treatments, i.e., distilled water, NH₄NO₃ solution, and HgCl₂ to determine the effect of various substances on L _P of roots. The objectives are: 1) to evaluate the difference in L _P occurred between distilled water and NH₄NO₃ solution with various concentrations; and 2) to examine the changes of L _P under distilled water and NH₄NO₃ solution with various concentrations after HgCl₂ treatment. The results showed that L _P of roots were 18.85×10⁻⁸ m/(s·MPa) in distilled water, 31.25–34.15×10⁻⁸ m/(s·MPa) in four NH₄NO₃ solutions (2, 4, 8 and 16 mmol/L), 14.69×10⁻⁸ m/(s·MPa) in distilled water after HgCl₂-treated, and 9.63–13.57×10⁻⁸ m/(s·MPa) in four NH₄NO₃ solutions after HgCl₂-treated, respectively. Aquaporins play an important role in regulating water uptake and transport in roots. NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ⁻ could stimulate activity of aquaporins, and L _P of roots in NH₄NO₃ solution was distinctly 77% higher than in distilled water. Nevertheless, Hg²⁺ can inhibit activity of aquaporins, and and L _P of roots decreased 22% in distilled water and 68% in NH₄NO₃ solution after treatment by HgCl₂ respectively. These evidences suggested that both Hg²⁺-sensitive aquaporins and ion channels existing in the protoplasm and vacuole membranes could regulate root water uptake, transport, and integral plant water balance. __________ Translated from Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2005, 29(5): 706–712 [译自: 植物生态学报, 2005, 29(5): 706–712]