秦岭细粘束孢产漆酶的培养条件

漆酶(Laccase,EC1.10.3.2)属于蓝色氧化酶家族的一种多酚氧化酶,是重要的木质纤维(lingocellulose)降解酶之一(Bertrand et al.,2002)。漆酶能催化降解多种芳香族化合物特别是酚类物质(Solomon et al.,1996)。由于漆酶具有430～790mV氧化还原电位(Shleev et al.,2003),能够将分子氧直接还原为水,在没有H2O2和其他次级代谢产物存在下,只要存在溶解氧,就可直接氧化底物(韩     

4种含笑叶片提取物对大豆油的抗过氧化活性

木兰科(Magnoliaceae)的含笑属(Michelia)树种是一类芳香植物,具有巨大的应用潜力.近年来,对含笑叶片成分及其活性的研究取得了重要进展(明军等, 2004).在其提取物的抗氧化活性研究方面,国内外都有大量报道(Deepa et al., 2006;Singh et al., 2006;Kosar et al., 2003;Bartolome et al., 2004).Puertas等(2005)从2种木兰科植物中提取出抗氧化物质,测定其有很强的抗氧化活性.     

缙云山常绿阔叶林木本植物种子大小变异及成因探讨

在植物的性状中,种子大小处于中心地位(张世挺等,2003),种子大小对物种生物学和生态学特征产生一系列影响(Thompson et al.,1998;Moles et al.,2003;Howe et al.,2001;Xiao et al.,2004;Pearson et al.,2003;Tungate et al.,2002;Christie et al.,2003;Rodríguez-Gironés et al.,2003;Tumbull et al.,1999;Tsuyoshiet al.,2001).种间种子大小变异被认为是种子大小变异的中心问题(Haig,1989;Silvertown,1989),因此,从植物区系组成的角度比较种间的种子大小是种子生态学研究中的一个重要内容(Fenner,2001),它对深入认识一个地区植被的物种多样性维持机制,保护和合理利用乡土植物资源都有重要意义.     

2种盐生植物根系的适盐特性

植物在吸收水分和营养物质的过程中,根系起关键性作用(Satomura et al.,2006),同时根系在土壤中的分布格局反映出植物的生态适应对策(Hartlea et al.,2006),这种对策在逆境中表现为增加其生存的机会(冯锋等,2000).盐生植物作为一类具有特殊适应能力的植物,生长于盐渍化土地上,这种适应对策可能表现在种子萌发(高瑞如等,2007;Song et al.,2006;Qu et al.,2008)、幼苗生长(李圆圆等,2003;韩张雄等,2008)、形态结构(陆静梅等,1998;赵可夫,2002)、生理(孙黎等,2006;贾娜尔·阿汗等,2007)及分子调控(Yin et al.,2002)等方面.     

杨树农田防护林带单木枝面积的变化

枝面积指数同叶面积指数一样,是重要的林分结构特征,但叶面积指数更受重视,而枝面积指数常被忽略(Weiskittel et al.,2006).枝面积对总呼吸、光能辐射及降雨截留等多种生理生态过程具有重要意义(Bosc et al.,2003;Keim,2004);枝面积及其垂直分布对森林生物多样性具有重要意义( Ingram et al.,1993).由于受重视程度不够,目前对枝面积 研究仅限于较少的几个树种(Baldwin et al.,1997;Bosc et al.,2003;Halldin,1985;Ingram et al.,1993;Jennings et al.,1990;Keim,2004;Weiskittel et al.,2006),且研究的深度和广度比较有限.林带的结构影响着防护林的防护效能,而枝面积是重要的林分结构特征,因此,研究农田防护林带的枝面积及其分布对研究林带的防护效能具有重要意义.     

土霉素对豫杂一号泡桐丛枝病幼苗形态和DNA甲基化水平的影响

植原体是一类寄生于植物细胞内至目前仍不能进行离体培养的微生物,它可导致世界范围内1000余种植物发生病害(Agrios,1997).Doi等(1967)首先发现植原体后,科技工作者发现利用四环素类抗生素可在一定程度减轻其给农业、林业等行业造成的经济损失(任国兰等,1987;许晓风,1989;张锐等,1993;李加友,1997;Ishiie et al.,1967;Wongkaew et al.,2004),但不能从根本上防止病害发生.     

甲基磺酸甲酯处理的豫杂一号泡桐丛枝病幼苗的生长及SSR分析

DNA甲基化在基因表达、细胞分化以及系统发育中起着重要的调节作用(陆光远等,2005;Meyer et al.,1994;Ulian et al.,1996;Rossi et al.,1997).在植物生长发育过程中,DNA甲基化水平过高或过低,都会导致植物形态发生异常.DNA甲基化水平降低的拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)出现了植株矮化、腋芽丛生和叶片变小等异常形态(Finnegan et al.,2000a;2000b).     

欧李叶表皮形态气孔指标与叶果矿质元素含量变化的关系

欧李(Cerasus humilis)是我国特有的一种野生果树资源,其果实中钙、铁等元素尤为丰富(曹琴等,1999),同时具有抗旱、耐寒、耐贫瘠、耐盐碱等特性,是生态建设和防风固沙的良好树种(姜英淑等,2009;李学强等,2009).研究表明:叶片是植物进化过程中对环境变化敏感且可塑性较大的器官,叶表皮形态结构随着环境的变化而形成自身相对稳定的遗传特征,叶片的气孔、表皮毛、角质层等结构与植物的抗逆性密切相关(李芳兰等,2005;李正理,1981;Bosabalidis et al.,2002;Sam et al.,2000;Mendes et al.,2001),而叶片气孔形态指标大小变化影响着植物的蒸腾、光合、呼吸等作用(潘瑞炽,2008).     

干旱胁迫下毛竹根尖Ca2+分布及外源Ca2+作用机制

Ca2+是植物细胞中重要的信号物质,参与许多逆境下生理信号的转导.植物干旱胁迫下产生的Ca2+信号,可通过与钙调蛋白等钙受体结合,放大信号并进行震荡传递,以此调节气孔关闭及活性氧的产生(Knight et al.,1997;Shinozaki,1997;宗会等,2001),作出抵御逆境的有利反应.外源Ca2+能通过钙受体-三磷酸肌醇途径与植物体内钙信号产生偶联,从而发挥其生理调节作用(Han et al.,2003;Tang et al.,2007).毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)是我国南方重要经济树种,但生长进程中特别是秋季笋芽分化期经常会遭遇季节性干旱,致使毛竹的生长和竹笋的产量受到较大影响.     

辽东山区次生林3种大小林窗夏季近地面气温及土壤温度比较

20世纪70年代以来,林窗已成为森林小尺度干扰研究的热点(Whitmore,1989;王进欣等,2002).林窗是森林中具有特殊性质的微结构(Clinton et al.,1993;Gray et al.,1997;梁晓东等,2001;Gagnona et al.,2004),它影响着森林群落的发展方向、物种组成以及种群动态(Spies et al.,1990;安树青等,1997;Zhu et al.,2006),如有些物种只能通过林窗才能进行更新(谢宗强,1999;贺金生等,1999).     

Physiological defence reactions of young beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) to attack by Phyllaphis fagi

The physiological reaction to attack by the lachnid Phyllaphis fagi compared with non-infested control plants was examined in whole leaves and leaf phloem of beech (Fagus sylvatica) saplings as well as in beach seedlings cultivated in different nutrient substrates. The colonisation density of the lachnids on beech seedlings increased with improved nutrient supply. However, growth was not depressed to a comparable extent. Defence reactions were found at three hierarchic levels. Infested plants exhibited a strongly decreased amino acid/monosaccharide ratio in the entire leaf and leaf phloem. In addition, secondary plant defence substances were detected in beech saplings and lamma shoot leaves of beech seedlings. A systematic reaction, dependent on the infestation density of the lachnid was observed in the leaf phloem of the beech saplings.     

Canopy dynamics and the morphological development of Abies balsamea: effects of foliage age on specific leaf area and secondary vascular development

Data were collected from two branches from each whorl of nine open-grown Abies balsamea (L.) Miller trees to test the hypothesis that specific leaf area (SLA, m(2) projected fresh leaf area kg(-1) oven-dry foliage) is constant among five foliage age classes (current-year, 1-year-old, 2-year-old, 3-year-old and 4-year-old-plus). Between-tree variation in SLA was greater than within-tree variation. Differences in SLA among the foliage age classes were small, but statistically significant, showing a trend of decreasing SLA with increasing foliage age. Using data from two previous biomass studies, we found that three different methods of calculating SLA of individual trees produced the same projected leaf area estimates. To test the hypothesis that foliage mass increases with foliage age as a result of secondary xylem or phloem development, we examined the secondary vascular development of foliage collected from five age classes and three crown sections in an open-grown A. balsamea. The number of rows of xylem cells was not constant among foliage age classes, but the differences were small and showed no consistent pattern of change with foliage age. Total number of rows of phloem cells increased, number of living rows of phloem cells decreased, and the number of rows of nonliving crushed phloem cells increased with foliage age.     

Effects of IBA on the rooting of branch cuttings of Chinese jujube (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Zizyphus jujuba</Emphasis> Mill.) and changes to nutrients and endogenous hormones

‘Zhongqiusucui’ jujube secondary shoots were treated with 3-indolebutyric acid (IBA) at three concentrations, 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/L. Results show that IBA could significantly enhance rooting and root characteristics of cuttings and were best with IBA at 1500 mg/L. In the rooting process, the formation of adventitious roots was related to the consumption and accumulation of nutrients (soluble sugars and proteins) and the changes in endogenous hormones in phloem, leaf tips and leaf bases. The rooting of cuttings had a positive correlation with the consumption of soluble sugars during the period of callus formation and with the accumulation of soluble sugars during adventitious root formation and growth. Rooting was positively related to the breakdown of soluble proteins in the phloem when the callus formed, and had a positive correlation with its accumulation during adventitious root formation and growth. Leaf tips and leaf bases showed a reverse trend in changes of soluble protein. However, together with the phloem, leaf tips and leaf bases regulated and controlled the formation and development of adventitious roots. The main activities of soluble proteins exist in the leaf tips as this was the main source of soluble proteins. The relation between rooting and IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) content in phloem was positive and thus a high concentration of IAA could benefit the induction and formation of adventitious roots. However, rooting was negatively related with ABA (abscisic acid) and GA (gibberellic acid) and a high concentration of both could inhibit the induction and formation of adventitious roots. Rooting had a positive correlation with phloem IAA/ABA ratios, and higher ratios could improve rooting. Low concentrations of ZR (zeatin riboside) triggered the induction of adventitious roots, while higher concentrations promoted root growth. Endogenous hormones in leaf tips and bases had an impact on rooting. The activities of endogenous hormones mainly existed in leaf tips because they play a major role in the production and consumption of IAA and its ABA content increased during rooting. The ZR in leaf tips influenced the rooting of cuttings, especially in the callus formation and rooting stage. Leaf tips were the main source of GA.     

Localized stem chilling alters carbon processes in the adjacent stem and in source leaves

Transport phloem is no longer associated with impermeable pipes, but is instead considered as a leaky system in which loss and retrieval mechanisms occur. Local stem chilling is often used to study these phenomena. In this study, 5-cm- lengths of stems of 3-year-old oak trees (Quercus robur L.) were locally chilled for 1 week to investigate whether observations at stem and leaf level can be explained by the leakage-retrieval mechanism. The chilling experiment was repeated three times across the growing season. Measurements were made of leaf photosynthesis, carbohydrate concentrations in leaves and bark, stem growth and maximum daily stem shrinkage. Across the growing season, a feedback inhibition in leaf photosynthesis was observed, causing increased dark respiration and starch concentration. This inhibition was attributed to the total phloem resistance which locally increased due to the cold temperatures. It is hypothesized that this higher phloem resistance increased the phloem pressure above the cold block up to the source leaves, inducing feedback inhibition. In addition, an increase in radial stem growth and carbohydrate concentration was observed above the cold block, while the opposite occurred below the block. These observations indicate that net lateral leakage of carbohydrates from the phloem was enhanced above the cold block and that translocation towards regions below the block decreased. This behaviour is probably also attributable to the higher phloem resistance. The chilling effects on radial stem growth and carbohydrate concentration were significant in the middle of the growing season, while they were not at the beginning and near the end of the growing season. Furthermore, maximum daily shrinkages were larger above the cold block during all chilling experiments, indicating an increased resistance in the xylem vessels, also generated by low temperatures. In conclusion, localized stem chilling altered multiple carbon processes in the source leaves and the main stem by changing hydraulic resistances.     

Effect of sweetpotato whitefly, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bemisia tabaci</Emphasis> (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) infestation on eggplant (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum melongena</Emphasis> L.) leaf

The nature of damage of sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) B biotype was investigated at the vegetative stage on eggplant (Solanum melongena L., family Solanasae, variety Baiyu) under laboratory conditions (temperature 25 ± 1°C, RH 70 ± 10% and photoperiod 12 h L:12 h D). The investigations were carried out after completing one generation of whitefly on the basis of morphology, physiology and anatomy of eggplant leaf. Significant differences were observed on three morphological parameters—leaf area, leaf fresh weight, and leaf dry weight. The reduction percentages of these three parameters were 26.6, 21.8 and 19.27%, respectively. Significant differences were also observed on two physiological parameters—chlorophyll content and rate of photosynthesis. The reduction percentages of these two parameters were 9.7 and 65.9%, respectively. There were no damaged tissue observed in the epidermis and mesophyll, but there were some damage tissue observed in the vascular bundle of infested leaf. There were no damaged vascular bundles observed in the control leaves. The non-damaged vascular bundles contained both xylem and phloem; while some damaged vascular bundles contained either xylem or phloem. Associated with the non-damaged vascular bundles on whitefly infested leaves were two settled whitefly nymphs apparently deriving nutrition from phloem sap. After one generation of whitefly infestation, the number of damaged and non-damaged vascular bundles of eggplant leaf was significantly different.     

三种槭树叶的组织结构与抗虫性的关系

为了研究槭树叶的组织结构与抗虫性的关系,采用石蜡切片的方法,对复叶槭、五角枫和挪威槭3种槭树叶的组织结构进行了比较研究。数据分析结果表明:3种槭树科植物的叶片总厚度、叶片表皮气孔密度和栅栏组织密度的大小排列顺序均为:复叶槭<五角枫<挪威槭,方差分析结果表明这3项指标均差异显著,且大小排列顺序与植物的抗虫性顺序是一致的。而叶柄木质部与韧皮部厚度比值大小排列顺序为:挪威槭<五角枫<复叶槭,方差分析结果表明此指标差异极显著,且大小排列顺序与植物的抗虫性顺序是相反的。此外,3种槭树科植物叶片表皮及主脉韧皮部中的内含物与植物的抗虫性也可能存在某种联系。     

红花檵木品种分类系统

在建立红花     

Environmental and physiological controls over oxygen and carbon isotope composition of Tasmanian blue gum, Eucalyptus globulus

We measured oxygen isotope ratios (delta18O) of xylem sap, phloem sap, leaves, wood and bark of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. growing in southwestern Australia. Carbon isotope ratios (delta13C) were measured in the dry matter of phloem sap, leaves and wood. Results were used to test several aspects of a mechanistic model of 18O enrichment and provided insights into post-photosynthetic variations in dry matter delta13C. Xylem water delta18O varied little within the tree crown, whereas variation at the landscape-level was more pronounced, with plantations near the coast being enriched by up to 3 per thousand compared with plantations less than 100 km inland. Phloem water was significantly enriched in 18O compared with xylem water in two of three sampling campaigns; mean enrichments were 0.5 and 0.8 per thousand. Phloem sap sugars exported from E. globulus leaves closely reflected observed leaf water enrichment when diurnal variation in photosynthesis was taken into account. Photosynthetic rates were higher in the morning than in the afternoon, whereas leaf water 18O enrichment increased to maximum values in the afternoon. A non-steady-state model of leaf water 18O enrichment accurately predicted observed values through a full diel cycle. Mean estimates of the proportion of organic oxygen effectively exchanging with xylem water during cellulose synthesis were close to 0.40 for both leaves and wood. Carbon isotope ratios of nascent xylem tissues did not differ from those of phloem sap sugars collected concurrently, whereas nascent leaf tissues were depleted in 13C by 2 per thousand compared with phloem sap sugars, suggesting that, in E. globulus, 13C enrichment of sink tissues compared with source leaves does not result from an enriching process within the sink tissue.     

Growth and the composition and transport of carbohydrate in compatible and incompatible peach/plum grafts

The growth of scions and rootstocks of compatible (Prunus persica L. Batsch cv. Springtime/Prunus cerasifera L. Ehrh. cv. myrobolan P2032) and incompatible (Prunus persica L. Batsch cv. Springtime/Prunus cerasifera L. Ehrh. cv. myrobolan P18) peach/plum grafts were compared. The composition of soluble carbohydrates in phloem and cortical tissues of both peach/plum grafts and ungrafted plums and the translocation of these compounds across the union of grafted plants were examined. Sorbitol and sucrose were the dominant sugars in the phloem and cortical tissues of plum. A cyanogenic glycoside, prunasin, was present in peach tissues in amounts equivalent to those of sorbitol or sucrose, whereas only small amounts of prunasin were detected in plum tissues. The concentration of prunasin was significantly higher in the phloem of the P18 rootstock of the incompatible graft. Sorbitol was the only sugar significantly depleted in rootstock tissues of the incompatible graft when the first foliar symptoms of graft incompatibility became evident. Translocation studies with 1-(14)C-deoxyglucose showed that the relative distribution of radioactivity across the graft union was similar in both compatible and incompatible grafts. However, the total amount of radioactivity translocated across the incompatible graft was less than one-third of that translocated across the compatible graft. The results are consistent with the hypothesis of a progressive poisoning of the root system in the incompatible graft by a compound synthesized in peach foliage. The role of prunasin as a possible candidate is discussed.     

淮北相山8个树种叶片的生态解剖特征

对淮北相山杂灌丛和混交林中8个树种叶片的生态解剖特征进行研究.结果表明,优势种叶片解剖可塑性显著大于亚优势种.叶片厚度、维管束厚度、海绵组织厚度、气孔密度、木质部韧皮部厚度比、栅栏组织厚度和栅栏组织海绵组织厚度比(S/P)等性状,在物种或生境之间的变异较大,称为关键解剖性状.与杂灌丛群落的阳生叶相比,混交林叶片表现出阴生特点:表皮及角质层薄,叶片较薄,栅栏组织不发达,S/P较大,输导组织相对不发达.8个树种叶片对其生境表现出多样化的适应方式,大致可分为3类:阳性旱生植物、耐荫性中生植物和阳性中生植物.演替早期植被中优势种多为阳性植物.