水分胁迫对新红星苹果幼树光合作用的影响

水分胁迫对新红星苹果幼树光合作用影响的研究表明:水分胁迫条件下,新红星苹果幼树净光合速率随叶片水势的降低存在阈值现象,叶片净光合速率下降的临界水势为-2.03MPa.对新红星苹果幼树灌溉的临界土壤含水量轻壤土为9.78％;暗呼吸及光呼吸速率与叶水势降低的关系,呈现先升高而后下降的曲线类型;严重的水分胁迫可以引起叶绿素含量下降。     

土壤水分状况对核桃生长和发育的影响

以1年生西洛3号核桃品种的实生苗和18年生高接大树为材料,进行盆栽和野外定量控水试验.结果表明:1)随土壤含水量增加,叶片的气孔开度、栅栏组织/叶肉组织比值、叶片厚度、主脉厚度增大,下表皮气孔密度、表皮细胞密度减小.2)核桃生长的关键需水时期是4、5、6月份.随着生长进程的推移,树体的需水程度逐渐降低,抗旱性能不断增强.3)核桃叶水势的日进程是8:00-14:00逐渐升高,到14:00达到最大; 此后,14:00-18:00又逐渐下降.季节性变化特点是从5月份开始就逐渐下降,而且为不可逆的变化.4)在核桃生长期内,叶绿素含量随生长进程的更替而逐渐增加,尤以4月份增幅最大.在同一时期内,叶绿素含量随土壤含水量增大而增加,最大增量为0.05 mg·dm-2.5)水分调控对增加核桃幼树树干基径、树高生长量,成年树春梢与秋梢生长量和果实质量,提高核桃单株产量,降低核桃落果率均有明显的作用.随土壤含水量增加,树干基径、树高生长量均增加.春梢基径和春梢长度均随土壤含水量增大而增大.6)在黄土高原干旱地区,4月1日-6月20日保持130～160 g·kg-1的土壤含水量即可满足核桃叶片解剖结构正常发育和树体正常生长的需要;6月20日-10月31日少灌水或不灌水,有利于核桃春梢生长和促进营养生长向生殖生长转化,实现早实、丰产和优质.     

山楂叶螨对不同寄主植物的选择性与挥发性物质的关系

山楂叶螨(Tetranychusviennenis)是仁果类和核果类果树的主要害螨之一。该螨在我国分布广泛,其寄主主要有:苹果(Maluspumila)、梨(Pyrusbretschneideri)、桃(Amygdaluspersica)、杏(Armeniacavulgaris)、山楂(Crataeguspinnatifida)、海棠(Malusspectabilis)、樱桃(Cerasuspseu     

4种饲料型灌木树种沙地造林试验及叶水势的测定

在科尔沁沙地用紫穗槐(Amorpha fruticosa L.)、胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor Turcz.)、小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphyllaLam.)、灌木状经营的桃叶卫矛(Euonymus bungeanus Maxim.)4种常见饲料灌木开展造林试验,并对各树种的叶水势进行了测定。结果表明,桃叶卫矛的造林成活率最高,最低的是小叶锦鸡儿,桃叶卫矛和小叶锦鸡儿越冬表现较好,但胡枝子和紫穗槐存在较严重的回枝现象;桃叶卫矛的适口性最好;4种树种在各生长季水势变化规律不同,胡枝子的水势在整个生长季节变化比较平稳。     

40%比本胜乳油防治杏象甲田间药效试验

杏象甲(Rhynchites heros roelofs)又名桃象甲、杏象虫、杏虎等,主要危害杏、桃,也危害李、樱桃等果树.该虫以成虫取食芽、嫩枝、花和幼果,成虫产卵于幼果内,并咬伤果柄,幼虫在果内蛀食,致使被害幼果提前脱落,严重年份减产50%以上,甚至绝收,经济损失严重.     

3种豆科树种结瘤苗木对干旱胁迫的光合响应研究

试验从银荆树、刺槐、银合欢和山毛豆根部分离的4种根瘤菌分别接种到木豆、银合欢、滇合欢的1年生幼苗上,采用PEG(聚乙二醇6000)配置成水势分别为-3 bar、-9 bar、-15 bar的水溶液对木豆苗木进行干旱胁迫,银合欢、滇合欢在-3 bar条件下进行干旱胁迫,约14 h后测定苗木的光合特性。结果表明,苗木结瘤可提高净光合速率,延长高光效时间,不同菌株和不同树种对干旱胁迫下的净光合速率影响显著。接种银合欢根瘤菌的木豆和滇合欢苗木,接种银荆树根瘤菌的银合欢苗木,都有着较高的净光合速率,而接种山毛豆菌株的苗木净光合速率较低。在不同干旱胁迫下,木豆结瘤苗木的净光合速率表现为-9 bar>-3 bar>-15 bar;结瘤苗木在相同-3 bar干旱胁迫下,银合欢、木豆、滇合欢的净光合速率日均值依次递减。但各处理14∶00时的水分利用效率与净光合速率和14∶00时的气孔导度表现相反,主要由于栽培基质为贫瘠的河沙,在干旱胁迫下,气孔导度大,光合及蒸发量也大。     

不同固定程度沙地油蒿叶水势的日动态及其环境影响因子的研究

用WP4露点水势仪观测不同固定程度沙地上油蒿叶水势日动态,同时分析各环境因子与油蒿叶水势的关系。结果表明,3种样地油蒿的叶水势均在5砄00最高,之后随着太阳辐射强度的增强,叶水势逐渐降低,直到中午13砄00左右达到最低值,此后随着太阳高度角的降低,叶水势又逐渐开始升高;相关性分析表明,油蒿叶水势变化主要受大气温度和光合有效辐射强度的影响,大气相对湿度及土壤水分对油蒿叶水势的影响并不显著;中午13砄00以前3种沙地油蒿叶水势的基本情况是流动沙地＞半固定沙地＞固定沙地,而15砄00～17砄00这段时间3种沙地油蒿叶水势与中午相反,这主要是由不同固定程度沙地上油蒿植株的年龄差异及浅层土壤水分自身的差异导致的。在大气温度和光合有效辐射强度较高的情况下,流动沙地上油蒿植株吸收水分的能力最强,而固定沙地上油蒿植株的吸水能力最弱,加之固定沙地自身匮乏的土壤水分条件,必将导致固定沙地上油蒿群落的衰退。     

几种紫胶虫优良寄主树的自然分布概况及耐旱性与水分生理

从六种紫胶虫优良寄主树钝叶黄檀、思茅黄檀、瓦氏葛藤、大叶千斤拔、山合欢、聚果榕的自然分布与生态特性看出，它们均为耐旱性较强的树种。进一步测定其蒸腾强度、水势、水分饱和亏等水分生理指标发现，蒸腾强度与水势受气温、空气相对湿度、光照和风速等综合气候因素的影响。蒸腾强度随气温、光照强度、风速的增大而增高，随相对湿度的增大而降低；水势的变化则正好相反。蒸腾强度增大，水势下降，被动吸水能力随之增强，抗旱能力增强。植物体内的临界饱和亏越大，需水程度就越小，抗干旱能力越强。测定结果反映出，六种紫胶虫优良寄主树种的抗旱性由强到弱依次为：山合欢，钝叶黄檀，瓦氏葛滕，思茅黄檀，大叶千斤拔，聚果榕。     

桃缩叶病的症状特点与防治

桃缩叶病是春季常见的1种病害，该病主要危害碧桃、樱桃、杏、李等。     

干旱胁迫对杨树气体交换与荧光参数的影响

以白杨派和黑杨派杨树的盆栽苗为试材,分析了不同干旱胁迫程度对5个杨树的气体交换参数与荧光参数(Fv/Fm、Fmv/Fms)的影响,并对不同树种的耐旱性进行了综合评价。结果表明:①5种杨树净光合速率与蒸腾速率均随苗木叶水势的下降而呈明显下降趋势;在水分胁迫初期,欧洲黑杨和银白杨的净光合速率呈现明显的上升趋势。②在中度干旱胁迫前,5个供试杨树的水分利用效率大部分随叶水势的下降有增大现象。③不同树种的Fv/Fm随叶水势降低总体上呈逐渐下降趋势。④与Fv/Fm相比,Fmv/Fms能更直接地反映光合机构的实际光能捕获能力。⑤当苗木叶水势为-1.5 MPa时,5个树种耐旱性的综合评价结果为:转Bt基因欧洲黑杨>欧洲黑杨>银白杨>银灰杨为欧洲山杨,综合指数评价结果与采用单一指标中的水分利用效率完全一致,与净光合速率相近;水分利用效率证明是一种较为可靠的树种耐旱性评价指标。     

Photosynthesis and water relations of the floodplain tree, boxelder (Acer negundo L.)

During summer, gas exchange and water relations were measured in mature boxelder (Acer negundo L.) trees growing on a floodplain in central Indiana, USA. A shallow (< 1.25-m deep) water table and repeated flooding kept the soil water potential above -0.5 MPa at all times. Net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were influenced primarily by light and, to a lesser extent, by leaf temperature, but showed no relationships with leaf-to-air water vapor gradient or leaf water potential. Throughout the summer, there was no midday stomatal closure on any measurement day, and leaf water potential at dawn and minimum daily leaf water potential remained above -0.4 and -1.4 MPa, respectively. Nevertheless, there was a seasonal decline in leaf osmotic potentials at saturation and turgor-loss point. Seasonal changes in maximum daily net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, minimum daily leaf water potential and soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance were not related to seasonal changes in soil water potential, air or soil temperature, or water table depth. Seasonal responses of net photosynthesis to intercellular CO(2) indicated that net photosynthesis was controlled primarily by nonstomatal factors. High soil water and a shallow water table may have kept soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance large (5-9 mmol m(-1) s(-1) MPa(-1)) throughout the summer, permitting the trees to keep their stomata open, yet maintain leaf turgor and high net photosynthesis during the hot, low-humidity afternoons. This could also account for the dominance of nonstomatal influences on net photosynthesis.     

Regulation of transpirational water loss in Quercus suber trees in a Mediterranean-type ecosystem

Sap flux density in branches, leaf transpiration, stomatal conductance and leaf water potentials were measured in 16-year-old Quercus suber L. trees growing in a plantation in southern Portugal to understand how evergreen Mediterranean trees regulate water loss during summer drought. Leaf specific hydraulic conductance and leaf gas exchange were monitored during the progressive summer drought to establish how changes along the hydraulic pathway influence shoot responses. As soil water became limiting, leaf water potential, stomatal conductance and leaf transpiration declined significantly. Predawn leaf water potential reflected soil water potential measured at 1-m depth in the rhizospheres of most trees. The lowest predawn leaf water potential recorded during this period was -1.8 MPa. Mean maximum stomatal conductance declined from 300 to 50 mmol m(-2) s(-1), reducing transpiration from 6 to 2 mmol m(-2) s(-1). Changes in leaf gas exchange were attributed to reduced soil water availability, increased resistances along the hydraulic pathway and, hence, reduced leaf water supply. There was a strong coupling between changes in soil water content and stomatal conductance as well as between stomatal conductance and leaf specific hydraulic conductance. Despite significant seasonal differences among trees in predawn leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration and leaf specific hydraulic conductance, there were no differences in midday leaf water potentials. The strong regulation of changes in leaf water potential in Q. suber both diurnally and seasonally is achieved through stomatal closure, which is sensitive to changes in both liquid and vapor phase conductance. This sensitivity allows for optimization of carbon and water resource use without compromising the root-shoot hydraulic link.     

Diurnal patterns of leaf photosynthesis, conductance and water potential at the top of a lowland rain forest canopy in Cameroon: measurements from the Radeau des Cimes

Diurnal patterns of leaf conductance, net photosynthesis and water potential of five tree species were measured at the top of the canopy in a tropical lowland rain forest in southwestern Cameroon. Access to the 40 m canopy was by a large canopy-supported raft, the Radeau des Cimes. The measurements were made under ambient conditions, but the raft altered the local energy balance at times, resulting in elevated leaf temperatures. Leaf water potential was equal to or greater than the gravitational potential at 40 m in the early morning, falling to values as low as -3.0 MPa near midday. Net photosynthesis and conductance were typically highest during midmorning, with values of about 10-12 micro mol CO(2) m(-2) s(-1) and 0.2-0.3 mol H(2)O m(-2) s(-1), respectively. Leaf conductance and net photosynthesis commonly declined through midday with occasional recovery late in the day. Photosynthesis was negatively related to leaf temperature above midday air temperature maxima. These patterns were similar to those observed in other seasonally droughted evergreen communities, such as Mediterranean-climate shrubs, and indicate that environmental factors may cause stomatal closure and limit photosynthesis in tropical rain forests during the midday period.     

兴安落叶松苗木失水规律和苗木活力的测定

以兴安落叶松S1-1苗木为材料，研究苗木失水规律。苗木活力与其体内的水分状况密切相关，苗木裸根后迅速蒸腾失水，开始失水较快，以后逐渐减慢，温度越高，相对湿度越低，风速越大，苗木蒸腾失水速度越快；苗木失水首先使根系的水势下降，最终导致造林成活率和生长量的降低。兴安落叶松对其苗木水分要求较敏感，其健康苗木水势为-5bar，造林成活水势为-15bar。     

Diurnal variation in extension growth of leaves of Salix viminalis

Diurnal variation in leaf extension and biophysical parameters of leaf growth were measured in young leaves from a stand of Salix viminalis L. in southern Sweden over a two-day period of clear skies during late July. Leaf growth rate (irreversible extension) was greatest during the late afternoon and early evening, falling to negligible values during the night and early morning.Leaf water potential and leaf osmotic potential showed declining values in the morning with subsequent recovery in the late afternoon. Diurnal variation in osmotic potential (-1.3 to -1.7 MPa) was small compared with that of leaf water potential (-0.1 to -1.2 MPa). Calculated values of leaf turgor pressure during the night (1.2 MPa) were double the midday values. Growth rate correlated poorly with turgor, which (except on one occasion) was always above a calculated value of yield turgor at 0.53 MPa.Diurnal variation in extension growth rate was large compared with that in plastic extensibility of leaf tissue as measured by an Instron technique. Values of extensibility were low and showed little diurnal variation, which is consistent with a proposed negative feedback of expansive growth rate on extensibility. Extension growth rate correlated well with air temperature, suggesting that the rate of leaf expansion may have been limited by a temperature-dependent rate of cell wall loosening.     

Temperature, light and leaf hydraulic conductance of little-leaf linden (Tilia cordata) in a mixed forest canopy

Response of whole-leaf hydraulic conductance (G(L)) in little-leaf linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) to temperature and photosynthetic photon flux (Q(P)) was estimated by the evaporative flux method under natural conditions in a mixed forest canopy. Mean midday G(L) in the lower- and upper-crown foliage was 1.14 and 3.06 mmol m(-2) s(-1) MPa(-1), respectively. Over the study period, leaf temperature (T(L)) explained about 67% of the variation in G(L), and Q(P) explained about 10%. Leaf water potential and crown position also affected G(L) significantly. About a third of the temperature effect was attributable to changes in the viscosity of water, and two thirds to changes in protoplast permeability (i.e., symplastic conductance). Leaf hydraulic conductance was highly sensitive to changes in Q(P) when Q(P) was less than 200 micromol m(-2) s(-1), and G(L) sensitivity decreased with increasing irradiance. Sensitivity of G(L) to variation in T(L) increased consistently with increasing temperature in the range of 16 to 29 degrees C. There were positive interactions between temperature and light in their effects on G(L): the light response was more pronounced at higher leaf temperatures. Because of frequent rains during the study period, the trees experienced no soil water deficit, and, within the range experienced, soil water potential had no effect on G(L). Leaf hydraulic conductance exhibited a seasonal pattern that could be explained primarily by temporal variability in mean air temperature and irradiance, in addition to which an age-related trend (P<0.001) of increasing G(L) from the end of June to the beginning of August was observed.     

Seasonal changes in photosynthesis of trees in the flooded forest of the Mapire River

We studied the flood tolerance of five tree species growing in the flooded forest adjacent to the Mapire river, in SW Venezuela. Mean photosynthetic rate and leaf conductance were 11 &mgr;mol m(-2) s(-1) and 700 mmol m(-2) s(-1), respectively. Xylem water potential ranged from -0.08 to -1.15 MPa. Based on leaf gas exchange as a criterion of tolerance to flooding, two response patterns were identified: (1) decreasing photosynthetic rate with increasing flooding and leaf conductance (Psidium ovatifolium Berg. ex Desc., Campsiandra laurifolia Benth., Symmeria paniculata Benth. and Acosmium nitens (Vog.) Benth); and (2) independence of photosynthesis and leaf conductance from flooding (Eschweilera tenuifolia (Berg.) Miers.). In the first response pattern, declining photosynthetic rate with flooding may be interpreted as a sign of reduced flood tolerance, whereas the second response pattern may indicate increased flood tolerance. An increase in xylem water potential with depth of water column was found for all species (with the possible exception of P. ovatifolium), indicating that flooding does not cause water stress in these trees. Submerged leaves that had been under water for between four days and four months generally had photosynthetic rates and leaf conductances similar to those of aerial leaves, indicating maintenance of photosynthetic capacity under water. Daily positive oscillations in glucan content in submerged leaves of P. ovatifolium and C. laurifolia suggest that submerged leaves do not represent a sink for photosynthates produced by aerial leaves.     

Effects of regulated deficit irrigation during the pre-harvest period on gas exchange, leaf development and crop yield of mature almond trees

We investigated the effects of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) during the pre-harvest period (kernel-filling stage) on water relations, leaf development and crop yield in mature almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb cv. Cartagenera) trees during a 2-year field experiment. Trees were either irrigated at full-crop evapotranspiration (ETc=100%) (well-irrigated control treatment) or subjected to an RDI treatment that consisted of full irrigation for the full season, except from early June to early August (kernel-filling stage), when 20% ETc was applied. The severity of water stress was characterized by measurements of soil water content, predawn leaf water potential (Psipd) and relative water content (RWC). Stomatal conductance (gs), net CO2 assimilation rate (A), transpiration rate (E), leaf abscission, leaf expansion rate and crop yield were also measured. In both years, Psipd and RWC of well-irrigated trees were maintained above -1.0 MPa and 92%, respectively, whereas the corresponding values for trees in the RDI treatment were -2.37 MPa and 82%. Long-term water stress led to a progressive decline in gs, A and E, with significant reductions after 21 days in the RDI treatment. At the time of maximum stress (48 days after commencement of RDI), A, gs and E were 64, 67 and 56% lower than control values, respectively. High correlations between A, E and gs were observed. Plant water status recovered within 15 days after the resumption of irrigation and was associated with recovery of soil water content. A relatively rapid and complete recovery of A and gs was also observed, although the recovery was slower than for Psipd and RWC. Severe water stress during the kernel-filling stage resulted in premature defoliation (caused by increased leaf abscission) and a reduction in leaf growth rate, which decreased tree leaf area. Although kernel yield was correlated with leaf water potential, RDI caused a nonsignificant 7% reduction in kernel yield and had no effect on kernel size. The RDI treatment also improved water-use efficiency because about 30% less irrigation water was applied in the RDI treatment than in the control treatment. We conclude that high-cropping almonds can be successfully grown in semiarid regions in an RDI regime provided that Psipd is maintained above a threshold value of -2 MPa.     

Variations in transpiration rate and leaf cell turgor maintenance in saplings of deciduous broad-leaved tree species common in cool temperate forests in Japan

To clarify mechanisms underlying variation in transpiration rate among deciduous broad-leaved tree species, we measured diurnal changes in stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf water potential, and calculated the maximum transpiration rate (Emax), leaf-specific hydraulic conductance (K(s-l)) and difference between the soil water potential and the daily minimum leaf water potential (Psis - Psi(l,min)). Pressure-volume (P-V) measurements were made on leaves. Saplings of eight broad-leaved tree species that are common in Japanese cool temperate forests were studied. Maximum transpiration rate varied significantly among species. There was a statistically significant difference in Psis - Psi(l,min), but not in K(s-l). Species with large Emax also had large Psis - Psi(l,min) and gs. The results of the P-V analyses showed that species with a large Psis - Psi(l,min) maintained turgor even at low leaf water potentials. The similar daily minimum leaf pressure potentials (Psip) across all eight species indicate that Psip values below this minimum are critical. Based on these results, we suggest that the leaf cell capacity for turgor maintenance strongly affects Psis - Psi(l,min) and consequently Emax via stomatal regulation.