不同经营措施对毛竹林土壤有机碳的影响

【目的】毛竹在森林应对气候变化中发挥重要的作用,研究竹林不同经营措施的影响,进而了解植被生物量碳库及影响土壤碳库的状况。【方法】利用两因素随机区组设计,排除地形因子等影响,选取施肥和采伐留养方式2个因素,研究不同经营措施对毛竹林各土层2010—2013年土壤有机碳含量和贮量变化影响。【结果】1)不同经营措施0~10 cm层土壤有机碳含量变化最大,介于-0.52%(±0.62%)~0.75%±(0.44%)之间,其中A2B3(中等施肥弱度采伐)与A1B1(大量施肥强度采伐)土壤有机碳含量变化量差异极显著(P<0.01);2)中等施肥0~50 cm土壤有机碳贮量增量分别是大量施肥和不施肥的3.61倍和5.05倍,大量施肥和中等施肥0~10 cm层土壤有机碳贮量变化差异显著(P<0.05);3)弱度采伐0~50 cm土壤有机碳贮量增量分别是强度采伐和中度采伐的5.51倍和1.63倍,强度采伐和弱度采伐0~10 cm层土壤有机碳贮量变化差异显著(P<0.05);4)不同经营措施0~50 cm土壤有机碳贮量变化介于-15.56(±10.21)~53.15(±37.81)t C·hm-2之间,其中A2B3(中等施肥弱度采伐)与A1B1(大量施肥强度采伐)土壤有机碳贮量变化差异极显著(P<0.01);5)结合效应图得出结论,A2B3(中等施肥弱度采伐)的经营方案对0~50 cm土壤有机碳含量和贮量的积累效果最佳,而A1B1(大量施肥强度采伐)的经营方案最不利于0~50 cm土壤有机碳含量和贮量的积累。【结论】大量施肥强度采伐方式虽然可以保证竹材的大量输出,却会破坏原有的竹林生态结构,同时对土壤碳含量和贮量的影响尤为不利,从毛竹林生态系统碳汇积累角度考虑,并不是最可取的竹林经营方式。同时经营过程中,不同经营措施不仅会对土壤碳库产生影响,更会显著改变植被碳库状况,并伴随着碳排放和碳泄漏问题,这都将成为我们今后研究经营对竹林生态系统碳综合影响的各个因素和环节。     

豫南35年生马尾松林生态系统碳库特征及其分配

对豫南35年生马尾松林生态系统的生物量、碳贮量及其空间分布特征进行研究。采用分层切割法和相对生长方程计算乔木层生物量和林下植被生物量,C、N元素分析仪测定碳含量。研究结果表明:35年生马尾松林生态系统的总生物量平均为228.6 t.hm-2,其中乔木层生物量占88.9%,灌木层占7.7%,草本层占0.1%,凋落物层占2.7%;马尾松林生态系统总碳库为218.11 t.hm-2,其中植被总碳贮量为127.69 t.hm-2,土壤有机碳库为90.42 t.hm-2;乔木层碳库(115.52 t.hm-2)占生态系统碳库的52.96%,灌木层占3.80%,草本层占0.28%,现存凋落物层占1.50%,矿质土壤层碳库占生态系统碳库的41.46%。     

不同林地土壤微生物生物量垂直分布及相关性分析

对福建三明格氏栲自然保护区内的格氏栲天然林和格氏栲人工林、杉木人工林的土壤微生物生物量C、N及诸因素的垂直变化进行了研究.结果表明:3种森林土壤微生物生物量C、N均随土层深度的增加明显下降,其中不同林地0~10 cm土层土壤微生物生物量的差异最大,格氏栲天然林和格氏栲人工林、杉木人工林的土壤微生物生物量C分别为1.502±0.16、1.035±0.103、0.82±0.076 g/kg,生物量N为别为0.27±0.031、0.172±0.018、0.147±0.016 g/kg;该层格氏栲天然林微生物生物量C分别是格氏栲人工林、杉木人工林的1.46和1.83倍,生物量N分别是格氏栲人工林、杉木人工林的1.57和1.84倍.相关分析表明:微生物生物量与土壤pH和土壤密度呈负相关,而与全N、全P、水解N和速效P含量呈正相关;与土壤有机C、轻组有机C、颗粒有机C含量及细根生物量之间呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)的相关性,与土壤可溶性有机C含量的相关性未达显著水平(P>0.05).     

不同土地利用方式对土壤有机碳库及其稳定性的影响

土地利用变化对土壤有机碳循环具有重要的影响。本研究通过野外调查和室内培养法,分别选取了3种不同土地利用方式的表层和深层土壤为研究对象。结果表明:土地利用变化显著降低了土壤有机碳的含量,表层0~10cm土壤有机碳分别降低了22.2%和32.2%;次生林表层土壤有机碳矿化量分别是杉木人工林和果园的2.0倍和1.8倍;而深层土壤分别是杉木人工林和果园的1.7倍和1.4倍;次生林转变为人工林后,土壤有机碳稳定性显著降低,且对深层土壤有机碳稳定性影响高于表层土壤。因此,今后森林经营过程中应减少人为活动的影响,避免加剧土壤有机碳的损失和稳定性的降低。     

望天树天然林土壤微生物生物量碳氮垂直分布及相关性分析

选取广西田阳县望天树Parashorea chinensis 天然林、油茶Camellia oleifera 人工林及桉树Eucalyptus robusta 人工林为研究对象,通过氯仿熏蒸浸提法对微生物生物量C、N 以及诸因素的垂直变化进行了研究。研究结果表明：3 种林分土壤微生物生物量C、N 均随着土层深度显著下降(P<0.05),其中不同林地0~10 cm 土壤微生物生物量C 差异最大,20~40 cm 土壤微生物生物量N 差异最大;0~10 cm 望天树天然林微生物生物量C 分别比油茶人工林、桉树人工林高1.41 倍、1.63 倍,20~40 cm 微生物生物量N分别比油茶人工林、桉树人工林高1.54 倍、2.87 倍。相关性分析表明,3 种林分微生物生物量C、N 均与土壤全氮、速效钾呈极显著(P<0.01) 的正相关。综上所述,目前,望天树天然林各土层土壤微生物生物量C、N 均保持在良好水平,土壤深度、土壤养分、林分组成等能对土壤微生物生物量碳氮产生显著影响。     

若尔盖高寒嵩草草甸湿地不同水分条件下土壤有机碳的垂直分布

研究若尔盖高寒嵩草草甸湿地常年积水、季节性积水(每年6-10月积水)和无积水3种水分条件下土壤有机碳的分布特征.结果表明:若尔盖高寒嵩草草甸湿地土壤有机碳含量极高,表土层(0 ～ 10 cm)最高可达73.2 g·kg-1,是中国森林、农田和草原生态系统土壤有机碳含量的6 ～10倍,且土壤有机碳的垂直分布深达400cm,远远超过中国森林、农田和草原生态系统;在浅土层(0～50 cm)和深土层(200～400 cm),不同水分条件下的高寒嵩草草甸湿地土壤有机碳含量差异显著(P＜0.05),在0 ～ 50 cm浅土层表现为常年积水区＞季节性积水区＞无积水区,在200 ～ 400 cm深土层表现为无积水区＞季节性积水区＞常年积水区,而在50 ～ 200 cm中间土层,不同水分条件下高寒嵩草草甸湿地土壤有机碳含量无显著差异(P＞0.05);在0 ～ 400 cm土层,不同水分条件下的高寒嵩草草甸湿地土壤C/N值多小于15,这有利于高寒湿地土壤碳的积累;若尔盖嵩草草甸湿地的有机碳储量极高,常年积水区、季节性积水区和无积水区在0 ～ 400 cm土层的有机碳储量分别为64.87,71.21和76.45 kt· km-2,是中国森林、农田和草原生态系统的20 ～ 40倍;约60％的土壤有机碳储量分布在l m以下土层;整个若尔盖高原地区的高寒嵩草草甸土壤总有机碳储量约为0.245 Pg.     

生草对桃园土壤有机碳及微生物多样性的影响

为探讨生草栽培对桃园土壤有机碳及微生物功能多样性的影响,在浙江省嘉兴市水蜜桃园设置栽培黑麦草、白三叶、紫花苜蓿及清耕试验。结果表明,与清耕相比,种植黑麦草、白三叶、紫花苜蓿后土壤有机碳含量分别提高21.1%、31.6%、25.0%(P<0.05),增加的部分以羰基碳为主;园地土壤微生物量碳、水溶性有机碳含量提高53.7%~130.4%、59.27%~80.3%(P<0.05);3种生草的土壤微生物活性(SMA)显著高于清耕,微生物Shannon指数(H)和均匀度指数(E)也表现为白三叶和紫花苜蓿处理显著高于清耕。综上,生草栽培可增加桃园土壤有机碳含量,提升土壤微生物功能多样性,其中以栽植白三叶效果为佳。     

山西省森林植被的碳贮量研究

以山西省2005年的森林资源清查数据为基础,采用生物量换算因子法,建立了不同林分优势树种生物量与蓄积量之间的回归方程,并对山西省森林的碳贮量进行了推算。结果表明：山西省森林的总碳贮量为4684．56×10^4C,平均碳密度为21．99tC／hm^2;其中针叶林碳贮量为1689．69×10^4tC,阔叶林碳贮量为2994．87×10^4tC,分别占全省森林总碳贮量的36．07％和63．93％。阔叶林为山西省森林碳贮量的主要贡献者。     

台湾桤木林草复合模式土壤微生物量碳季节动态

在四川省丹棱县退耕还林地,设置台湾桤木+多花黑麦草(AL)与台湾桤木+扁穗牛鞭草(AH)2种林草模式,以台湾桤木自然模式(AN)为对照,研究土壤有机碳含量以及土壤微生物量碳含量的季节变化.结果表明:随土层深度增加,2种林草模式与对照土壤有机碳含量和土壤微生物量碳含量均呈现下降趋势,在下降幅度上均表现为台湾桤木+扁穗牛鞭草模式较缓慢,对照模式下降最快;3种模式不同土层土壤有机碳含量从春季到冬季随季节变化均呈现“升-降-升”的变化趋势,夏季含量最高,秋季最低,但这种变化趋势在台湾桤木+扁穗牛鞭草模式下0～10和10～20 cm土层表现得并不明显;而3种模式各土层土壤微生物量碳含量则表现出与土壤有机碳季节动态相反的变化趋势,即“降-升-降”的变化趋势,夏季最低,秋季最高;2种林草模式与对照的土壤有机碳含量和土壤微生物量碳含量差异均达到极显著水平(P＜0.01),其大小顺序均表现为台湾桤木+扁穗牛鞭草模式＞台湾桤木+多花黑麦草模式＞对照模式;台湾桤木+扁穗牛鞭草、台湾桤木+多花黑麦草模式下土壤有机碳含量分别是对照模式的1.24 ～ 1.55和1.16～ 1.30倍,土壤微生物量碳含量分别是对照模式的1.50 ～2.95和1.23 ～1.80倍.     

不同地理种源马尾松造林试验

马尾松不同种源、不同密度、不同整地规格造林试验表明,马尾松不同种源生长差异显著,容县松、上思松、尤溪松三者之间幼林生长表现最好的是容县松,其次是上思松,造林3年后容县松树高、胸径分别达到3．07m、3．51cm,比尤溪松树高、胸径生长分别增加了15．0％、25．8％,单株总生物量、地上部生物量、地下部生物量分别增加了32．5％、31．1％、40．4％;造林2年的宁明松和尤溪松相比,宁明松生长明显优于尤溪松,树高生长增加了16．4％,胸径生长增加了10．1％,单株总生物量、地上部生物量、地下部生物量分别增加了43．4％、40．2％、60．7％;马尾松虽然耐瘠薄,但立地条件的好坏对林分生长影响比较明显,高标准、高质量的马尾松林分需要立地条件的保证;造林密度和整地规格对马尾松幼林生长无显著影响,考虑到生产实际,马尾松造林株行距可采用2．0m×2．0m,马尾松容器苗造林整地规格可以适当降低,穴的规格可以采用25cn×20cn×20cn中穴造林或15cn×15cn×10cm的小穴造林。     

Simulated biomass and soil carbon of loblolly pine and cottonwood plantations across a thermal gradient in southeastern United States

Changes in biomass and soil carbon with nitrogen fertilization were simulated for a 25-year loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantation and for three consecutive 7-year short-rotation cottonwood (Populus deltoides) stands. Simulations were conducted for 17 locations in the southeastern United States with mean annual temperatures ranging from 13.1 to 19.4 °C. The LINKAGES stand growth model, modified to include the “RothC” soil C and soil N model, simulated tree growth and soil C status. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased cumulative cottonwood aboveground biomass in the three rotations from a site average of 106 to 272 Mg/ha in 21 years. The equivalent site averages for loblolly pine showed a significant increase from 176 and 184 Mg/ha in 25 years with fertilization. Location results, compared on the annual sum of daily mean air temperatures above 5.5 °C (growing-degree-days), showed contrasts. Loblolly pine biomass increased whereas cottonwood decreased with increasing growing-degree-days, particularly in cottonwood stands receiving N fertilization. The increment of biomass due to N addition per unit of control biomass (relative response) declined in both plantations with increase in growing-degree-days. Average soil C in loblolly pine stands increased from 24.3 to 40.4 Mg/ha in 25 years and in cottonwood soil C decreased from 14.7 to 13.7 Mg/ha after three 7-year rotations. Soil C did not decrease with increasing growing-degree-days in either plantation type suggesting that global warming may not initially affect soil C. Nitrogen fertilizer increased soil C slightly in cottonwood plantations and had no significant effect on the soil C of loblolly stands.     

柳杉人工林皆伐后初期土壤有机碳和微生物量碳动态

本文研究了华西雨屏区柳杉人工林皆伐后1年内土壤有机碳和微生物量碳动态。结果表明:柳杉人工林皆伐林地土壤平均有机碳含量比对照(未皆伐林地)减小2.01 gC.kg-1,但差异不显著,而土壤平均有机碳储量及微生物量碳分别比对照减少20.97 tC.hm-2、6.68 mg.kg-1(P0.05);皆伐林地土壤有机碳含量及微生物量碳均随季节的变化而逐渐降低,但有机碳储量随季节的变化无明显减少趋势;皆伐林地土壤四季的有机碳含量、碳储量和微生物量碳差异不显著。皆伐对柳杉人工林土壤有机碳储量的影响主要表现在0~20 cm土层(P0.05);皆伐林地和对照在0~40 cm土层的微生物量碳和有机碳含量都表现出显著相关性(P0.05),但对照的相关性高于皆伐林地。总之,柳杉人工林转变为采伐迹地后,其初期土壤有机碳储量和微生物量碳都明显减少。     

Does tree species composition control soil organic carbon pools in Mediterranean mountain forests?

We compared soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and stability under two widely distributed tree species in the Mediterranean region: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.) at their ecotone. We hypothesised that soils under Scots pine store more SOC and that tree species composition controls the amount and biochemical composition of organic matter inputs, but does not influence physico-chemical stabilization of SOC. At three locations in Central Spain, we assessed SOC stocks in the forest floor and down to 50 cm in the mineral in pure and mixed stands of Pyrenean oak and Scots pine, as well as litterfall inputs over approximately 3 years at two sites. The relative SOC stability in the topsoil (0-10 cm) was determined through size-fractionation (53 μm) into mineral-associated and particulate organic matter and through KMnO₄-reactive C and soil C:N ratio.Scots pine soils stored 95-140 Mg ha⁻¹ of C (forest floor plus 50 cm mineral soil), roughly the double than Pyrenean oak soils (40-80 Mg ha⁻¹ of C), with stocks closely correlated to litterfall rates. Differences were most pronounced in the forest floor and uppermost 10 cm of the mineral soil, but remained evident in the deeper layers. Biochemical indicators of soil organic matter suggested that biochemical recalcitrance of soil organic matter was higher under pine than under oak, contributing as well to a greater SOC storage under pine. Differences in SOC stocks between tree species were mainly due to the particulate organic matter (not associated to mineral particles). Forest conversion from Pyrenean oak to Scots pine may contribute to enhance soil C sequestration, but only in form of mineral-unprotected soil organic matter.     

三峡库区移土培肥工程研究

对4种代表性"移土培肥"所及的土地利用方式进行研究,结果表明:工程实施对耕地有着显著的影响,坡耕地全N增加191.7%,土壤有机质增加106.2%,全K增加104.7%,园地、梯地脐橙和坡地脐橙平均增产率为11.73%、15.77%和15.37%,坡耕地增产率高达27.90%;在产值方面,梯地脐橙增加6771元/hm2,其次是坡地脐橙5211元/hm2,再次是园地3935元/hm2,最低的是坡耕地,仅为1305元/hm2;水土保持技术对实施移土培肥工程的成败起着非常关键的作用。     

马尾松酸枣人工混交林生产力和林木生长规律的研究

分析比较了２５年生马尾松与酸枣人工混交林以及马尾松纯林、酸枣纯林生产力和林木生长规律。结果表明：马尾松与酸枣人工混交林乔木层生物量为２０３．３４ｔ／ｈｍ￣２＞马尾松纯林乔木层生物量１７８．５６ｔ／ｈｍ￣２＞酸枣纯林乔木层生物量１０７．０１ｔ／ｈｍ￣２；马尾松与酸枣人工混交林林分蓄积量为３２７．３６ｍ￣３／ｈｍ￣２＞马尾松纯林蓄积量２６１．８２ｍ￣３／ｈｍ￣２＞酸枣纯林蓄积量２１４．７２ｍ￣３／ｈｍ￣２；马尾松与酸枣混交可改变树种单调状况，防止地力下降，提高林地生产力。     

Microbial and Plant Community Structure Across a Primary Succession Gradient

The formation of the organic layer within Scandinavian forest soil started about 10000 yr ago, following the retreat of the continental ice sheet. Since then the land has been slowly rising in northern Europe and uplift still occurs on the coast of the Bothnian Bay at a rate of about 0.6-0.9 m per 100 yr. Four, 300 m long, successional gradients were studied from the shoreline to a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stand with a fully developed humus layer of a few centimetres' thickness. The plantless shoreline was followed by small foredunes and dunes, characterized by Agrostis stolonifera and Leymus arenarius, respectively, and the deflation basin characterized by lichens and sparse Festuca ovina and Deschampsia flexuosa. The study sites situated in Scots pine stands of about 25 and 40 yr age were characterized by sparse dwarf shrubs, lichens and bryophytes. The amount of organic matter in soil increased along the gradient. When the microbial biomass, estimated as indicative phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), was calculated on the organic matter basis, the total microbial biomass as well the amount of bacterial PLFAs decreased from the earlier stages of succession towards the pine forest. The ratio of fungal to bacterial PLFAs increased along the succession. The bacterial community structure in the shore soil was different to that in the dune soil or in forested zones. On the plantless shore the microbial community was almost completely described by PLFAs indicative of Gram-negative bacteria. In addition to these bacterial PLFAs, dunes were characterized by PLFAs indicative of actinomycetes. Thus, the fungal part of the microbial community seemed to respond most to the accumulation of organic matter and increasing C/N ratio, while the bacterial biomass and bacterial community structure seemed also to reflect the composition of the vegetation and the varying quality of the organic matter.     

天然次生阔叶林转变为杉木人工林对土壤微生物量的影响

在我国南方,天然次生阔叶林转变为杉木人工林是一种常见的管理措施。为研究森林利用方式转变对土壤微生物量的影响,我们在中国科学院会同森林生态实验站比较了天然次生阔叶林、第一代和第二代杉木人工林土壤理化性质和微生物量。杉木人工林土壤有机碳、全氮、铵态氮和微生物量碳氮含量明显低于天然次生阔叶林。第一代、二代杉木人工林土壤微生物量碳仅为天然次生阔叶林的53%和46%,微生物氮为97%和79%。杉木人工林土壤微生物量碳占有机碳的比例也低于天然次生阔叶林土壤,但微生物量氮则相反,为杉木人工林高于天然次生阔叶林。因此可以得出,天然次生阔叶林转变为杉木人工林以及杉木林连栽引起了土壤生物学特性和土壤质量降低。图2表3参36。     

Carbon and nitrogen cycling immediately following bark beetle outbreaks in southwestern ponderosa pine forests

Bark beetle infestation is a well-known cause of historical low-level disturbance in southwestern ponderosa pine forests, but recent fire exclusion and increased tree densities have enabled large-scale bark beetle outbreaks with unknown consequences for ecosystem function. Uninfested and beetle-infested plots (n = 10 pairs of plots on two aspects) of ponderosa pine were compared over one growing season in the Sierra Ancha Experimental Forest, AZ to determine whether infestation was correlated with differences in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools and fluxes in aboveground biomass and soils. Infested plots had at least 80% of the overstory ponderosa pine trees attacked by bark beetles within 2 years of our measurements. Both uninfested and infested plots stored ∼9 kg C m⁻² in aboveground tree biomass, but infested plots held 60% of this aboveground tree biomass in dead trees, compared to 5% in uninfested plots. We hypothesized that decreased belowground C allocation following beetle-induced tree mortality would alter soil respiration rates, but this hypothesis was not supported; throughout the growing season, soil respiration in infested plots was similar to uninfested plots. In contrast, several results supported the hypothesis that premature needlefall from infested trees provided a pulse of low C:N needlefall that altered soil N cycling. The C:N mass ratio of pine needlefall in infested plots (∼45) was lower than uninfested plots (∼95) throughout the growing season. Mineral soils from infested plots had greater laboratory net nitrification rates and field resin bag ammonium accumulation than uninfested plots. As bark beetle outbreaks become increasingly prevalent in western landscapes, longer-term biogeochemical studies on interactions with other disturbances (e.g. fire, harvesting, etc.) will be required to predict changes in ecosystem structure and function.     

潮棕壤不同利用方式土壤氮的垂直变化及氮储量

对中国科学院沈阳生态实验站潮棕壤在水稻田、玉米地、撂荒地和林地等经过14年不同利用方式后0-150cm各土层(2003年11月取样)N的剖面分布及N储量进行研究的结果表明不同利用方式下土壤全N、碱解N、NH4+-N和NO3--N含量发生明显的剖面差异;土壤N储量为林地>玉米地>撂荒地>水稻田,NO3--N含量为玉米地>水稻田>林地>撂荒地,说明不同利用方式下生物量差异及N的生物循环对N行为的影响。100cm深度林地土壤平均N储量为11.41t穐m-2,分别是水稻田和玉米地土壤的1.65和1.25倍,而玉米地和撂荒地的土壤N储量无显著差异。玉米地和水稻田相对较高的NO3--N含量可能由于过量施用N肥和人为干扰所致。土壤碱解N与全N含量呈线性正相关关系(R20.929,p<0.001),而自然生态系统(林地和撂荒地)中的相关性略高于农田生态系统(水稻田和玉米地)。过量施用N肥还导致耕地土壤中比撂荒地和林地积累更多的NO3--N。研究结果表明,农林复合系统对于作物生产和环境保护具有重要的潜在贡献。图2表5参23。     

The effect of thinning on microbial biomass C, N and basal respiration in black pine forest soils in Mudurnu, Turkey

Reducing the canopy cover (e.g., forest thinning) is one of the most commonly employed forest silvicultural treatments. Trees are partially removed from a forest in order to manage tree competition, thus favoring the remaining and often the most valuable trees. The properties of the soil are affected by forest thinning as a result of changes in key microclimatic conditions, microbial communities and biomass, root density, nutrient budgets and organic matter turnover. The aim of this study was to determine the soil microbial biomass C, N and respiration (basal respiration) in a black pine (Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana) forest in the Mudurnu district of Bolu Province (Western Black Sea Region, Turkey). Whereas forest thinning was found to cause increases in the soil temperature, microbial biomass C and N and organic C, it was found to decrease the soil moisture, basal respiration and metabolic quotient (qCO₂). As expected, soil organic C exhibited a strong impact on soil microbial biomass C, N and basal respiration. It was concluded that the influence of forest thinning on the microbial biomass and soil respiration was the combined result of changing microclimatic conditions and soil properties, such as forest litter, soil temperature, soil moisture, soil pH and soil organic matter.