聚乳酸纤维沙障对植被生长的影响——以巴音温都尔沙漠封禁保护区为例

巴音温都尔沙漠的治理关乎整个河套平原的生态安全,然而,由于降水少,植被盖度低,导致其治理难度大。聚乳酸纤维沙障具有便于移动、使用寿命长、可生物降解无污染的特点,具有较好的发展前景。本研究将聚乳酸纤维沙障应用于巴音温都尔沙漠封禁保护区,并对其影响下植被的盖度、生物量及土壤的水分含量等指标进行为期4 a的监测。结果表明:(1)自沙障布设的第2 a起,沙障内的植被盖度和土壤含水量显著提高(P<0.05);(2)沙障内的植被地上生物量自沙障布设的第2 a起便开始显著增加,而地下生物量自沙障布设的第4 a起才显著增加(P<0.05)。总体来看,聚乳酸纤维沙障可通过提高土壤含水量来促进植被生长,可作为生物固沙难以实施区域的固沙措施,但其效果还有待更长期的研究。     

不同基质对浙江红山茶扦插繁殖的影响

扦插繁殖是保持园林植物优良性状的重要繁殖方法之一,为研究浙江红山茶在黄山地区高效扦插繁殖的基质,采用随机区组设计的方法,选用黄心土、河沙、蛭石与珍珠岩混合物等为三种不同扦插基质,研究不同基质对浙江红山茶扦插成活率、生根性状和生物量组成的影响。结果表明：不同基质对扦插成活率有一定影响,但差异不显著,对根条数、根长及根重也有影响,以蛭石混合基质上根条数最多,而河沙上根的平均长度最大,黄心土上根重最大,因而不同基质对生根的影响各有不同,从生物量分配来看,以黄心土上的根茎比最大,综合来看,在黄山地区黄心土是较为合适的扦插基质。     

模型形式和地域对落叶松地上生物量预测的影响

针对树高测定困难且不准确的问题,以东北地区的落叶松实测生物量大样本数据为基础,分别建立一元模型和二元模型,以大样本的树高、胸径实测数据为预测变量,研究模型形式和样本抽取范围对落叶松地上生物量预测的影响。结果表明:一元模型在建模样本抽取的范围内,省级尺度和区域尺度的预测值都和二元模型没有显著差异,而在非建模区域,省级尺度和区域尺度均存在显著差异,且所有径阶一元模型的预测值都大于二元模型。在全部的区域,小径阶树木一元模型的预测值均大于二元模型,在建立模型时应引起重视。     

不同土壤条件对槐树生长和生物量的影响

对4种不同土壤(水稻土、棕色石灰土、沙土、旱地土)中槐树幼苗的生长、生物量分配进行比较研究。结果表明:在槐树的生长量和生物量方面,棕色石灰土、水稻土与旱地土、沙土间均有显著差异,其大小顺序是:株高为棕色石灰土水稻土旱地土沙土;地径为水稻土棕色石灰土旱地土沙土;生物量为棕色石灰土水稻土旱地土沙土。表明棕色石灰土和水稻土比较适合槐树生长。     

种子处理方式对欧洲垂枝桦发芽率及苗木生长的影响

以引进的俄罗斯欧洲垂枝桦种子为材料,研究了冷藏、沙藏和雪藏3种种子处理对欧洲垂枝桦场圃发芽率及苗木生长的影响。结果表明:不同种子处理的场圃发芽率、苗高、地径、地上生物量、地下生物量和全株生物量存在显著差异,种子雪藏处理的场圃发芽率、苗高、地径、地上生物量、地下生物量和全株生物量等指标均优于其他处理,其场圃发芽率、生长量和生物量最高。     

不同配置模式沙柳林内沙柳生物量模型的研究

文章以内蒙古东胜区泊江海镇覆沙地3种配置模式沙柳林为研究对象,在典型样地内采取样株法,采用SPSS、EXCEL等统计软件对数据进行回归分析,建立沙柳灌丛生物量与各测树因子的回归模型得出:沙柳冠幅直径、灌丛高度的组合和萌条数与生物量的相关性较高。低密度、中密度沙柳纯林和柠条沙柳混交林内沙柳灌丛地上生物量最优模型依次为:w=13.612-4.778(D2H)+0.748(D2H)2、w=1.408×e(0.027N)和w=-0.468+0.236N-0.001N2。用复相关系数、样本均方、均方比对模型进行评价、优化和适合性检验,拟合效果均较好。     

基于异速生长和理论生长方程的广东省木荷生物量动态预测

【目的】将异速生长方程与理论生长方程相结合,预测广东省木荷生物量动态,为广东省木荷林碳汇计量提供模型和方法,为其他树种碳汇计量提供可借鉴的方法学支持。【方法】基于实测样木生物量调查数据,包括40株树干解析资料,构建由胸径和年龄的理论生长方程以及地上生物量和胸径的异速生长方程组成的模型系,利用非线性度量误差联立方程组,在胸径生长速度分级情况下拟合模型参数;基于3期森林资源连续清查固定样地样木数据,对广东省木荷生物量动态进行预测。采用决定系数( R 2)和均方根误差(RMSE)评价模型拟合效果,通过生物量存量估计误差和增量估计误差判断模型预测效果。【结果】在胸径生长速度分级情况下,理论生长方程中年龄对胸径的解释率达0.95以上,比不分级提高0.166 3,均方根误差下降到1.97 cm,降低2.16 cm以上,预测胸径对地上生物量的解释率提高到近0.82;接近独立异速生物量模型中实测胸径对地上生物量的解释率达0.88以上,比不分级提高近0.30,均方根误差下降到51 kg左右,下降30 kg以上。在胸径生长速度不分级情况下,各期生物量存量估计误差变动幅度在-46.31%~77.45%之间,而分级情况下下降到-16.13%~7.06%;在尺度上,分级与不分级均呈相同规律,即单木误差小于林分误差、林分误差小于区域误差。不分级时,单木水平和区域尺度间的误差不大于10%,而分级时小于8%。不同间隔期生物量增量估计误差,不分级时估计值普遍偏大,在32.57%~115.45%之间,而分级时下降到-6.57%~15.77%之间,在单木尺度上不超过±10%;随着尺度增大,增量估计误差不断增加,不分级时单木水平和区域尺度间的误差介于10%~15%之间,分级时稳定在8%左右。【结论】对于理论生长方程和异速生长方程组成的模型系,分级可极大提高模型精度,减小预测估计误差;生长速度不分级时,仅利用胸径或年龄数据,分级时,则可利用2期胸径数据或1期胸径和年龄数据,就可预测未来生物量动态,简单方便,在森林资源连续清查和碳汇造林的碳汇量计量中具有极大应用价值,区域尺度上的估计误差也可基本满足精度要求。     

Applicability of semi-destructive method to derive allometric model for estimating aboveground biomass and carbon stock in the Hill zone of Bangladesh

Biomass estimation using allometric models is a nondestructive and popular method.Selection of an allometric model can influence the accuracy of biomass estimation.Bangladesh Forest Department initiated a nationwide forest inventory to assess biomass and carbon stocks in trees and forests.The relationship between carbon storage and sequestration in a forest has implications for climate change mitigation in terms of the carbon sink in Bangladesh.As part of the national forest inventory,we aimed to derive multi-species biomass models for the hill zone of Bangladesh and to determine the carbon concentration in tree components(leaves,branches,bark and stem).In total,175 trees of 14 species were sampled and a semi-destructive method was used to develop a biomass model,which included development of smaller branch(base dia 7 cm) biomass allometry and volume estimation of bigger branches and stems.The best model of leaf,branches,and bark showed lower values for adjusted R2(0.3152-0.8043) and model efficiency(0.436-0.643),hence these models were not recommended to estimate biomass.The best fit model of stem and total aboveground biomass(TAGB) showed higher model efficiency 0.948 and 0.837,respectively,and this model was recommended for estimation of tree biomass for the hill zone of Bangladesh.The best fit allometric biomass model for stem was Ln(Stem)=-10.7248+1.6094*Ln(D)+1.323*Ln(H)+1.1469*Ln(W);the best fit model for TAGB was Ln(TAGB)=-6.6937+0.809*Ln(D^2*H*W),where DBH=Diameter at Breast Height,H=Total Height,W=Wood density.The two most frequently used pan-tropical biomass models showed lower model efficiency(0.667 to 0.697) compared to our derived TAGB model.The best fit TAGB model proved applicable for accurate estimation of TAGB for the hill zone of Bangladesh.Carbon concentration varied significantly(p 0.05) by species and tree components.Higher concentration(48-49%) of carbon was recorded in the tree stem.     

Interacting effects of irradiance and water stress on dry weight and biomass partitioning in Fagus sylvatica seedlings

Abstract

Actual climate models for central Europe predict prolonged summer droughts. Knowledge on how the interaction between light and water availability affects regeneration will hence be of major importance. In an experiment carried out under controlled conditions, newly emerged beech seedlings were grown in pots with sand during 54 days. Three treatments applying three different light levels (2, 9 and 43% relative light intensity) were combined with two soil water treatments (control and drought). At the end of the experiment, seedlings were separated into leaves, stem and root and the seedlings’ dry mass, leaf area and stem length was determined. Low irradiance (2%) had a strong negative effect on dry weights of seedling components, leaf area and specific leaf mass. Drought clearly affected biomass partitioning for seedlings at high irradiance levels (43%). An interaction between irradiance and drought on biomass partitioning in beech seedlings was observed at medium irradiance level (9%). Within a wide range of light levels in the forests, both light and drought may affect biomass partitioning in young seedlings.     

嫩江沙地樟子松人工林各测树因子数量关系的研究

在对嫩江沙地樟子松人工林生物量调查的基础上,采用回归分析的方法模拟了林龄与胸径、树高和生物量之间以及胸径、生物量与树高之间的数量关系,建立了樟子松林分各器官生物量回归方程,结果表明:林龄与胸径、树高和生物量相关紧密;采用W=aebD模型,地上生物量、树干、树枝、树根的回归方程的相关系数都达到了极显著水平,平均拟合率都大于70%。     

干旱胁迫对榆树幼苗生物量分配的影响

干旱是主要的环境胁迫因子之一,严重影响植物的分布与生长发育。通过选取辽宁阜新章古台沙地1年生榆树幼苗为材料,采用盆栽控水方法,设置田间持水量80%、60%、40%和20%等4个水分处理梯度,研究干旱胁迫对榆树幼苗株高、基径及叶片、茎和根系生物量分配的影响。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度增加,幼苗茎和根系的生物量逐渐降低;但轻度干旱胁迫增加了株高和基径的生长,提高了叶片生物量,以抵御干旱胁迫的影响。中度干旱胁迫下,增加了根系生物量分配的比例,从而更利于获取水分资源适应干旱环境;重度干旱胁迫下幼苗无法存活。在科尔沁沙地,栽植榆树幼苗保证存活生长的最低田间持水量为40%。     

Comparison on Estimation of Wood Biomass Using Forest Inventory Data

Based on sixth and seventh national forestry inventory data of the six provinces,including Guangdong,Jiangxi,Guizhou,Shaanxi,Jilin and Beijing,the three methods(IPCC,continuous function for biomass expansion factor and weighted biomass regression model) were selected to estimate wood biomass in this paper.The estimation of the three methods were compared and analyzed from calculating process,method characters,repeatability and verifiability to stability of growth rate of biomass between two periods.The results showed the total biomass estimated by IPCC method with variable BEF2 was large,the total biomass estimated by IPCC method with constant BEF2 was small and the total biomasses estimated by continuous function for biomass expansion factor and weighted biomass regression model were middle.The biomass expansion factor derived from weighted regression model was most stable in the different provinces. Based on the seventh national forestry inventory data, the biomass expansion factors of various kinds of tree species derived from IPCC and the weighted regression model were more stable than the biomass expansion factors derived from continuous function method.The growth rate of biomass between two periods was the same regular pattern as the biomass expansion factors.     

乌拉特荒漠草原白刺属和锦鸡儿属植物群落生物量分析

以乌拉特荒漠草原区白刺属、锦鸡儿属为建群种的植物群落为研究对象,采用样方调查法,测定其生物量,研究其防风固沙、保持水土的机理。结果表明:(1)白刺属植物群落的灌木层生物量比锦鸡儿属植物群落的灌木层生物量高,而锦鸡儿属植物群落草本层生物量比白刺属植物群落的草本层生物量高,白刺属植物群落的灌木层生物量与草本层生物量呈正相关,锦鸡儿属植物群落的灌木层生物量与草本层生物量呈负相关关系;(2)白刺属植物群落中小果白刺群落草本生物量与土壤含水率呈显著性相关(P<0.05),唐古特白刺群落和大白刺群落草本生物量与土壤含水率呈极显著相关(P<0.01);土壤容重是影响锦鸡儿属植物群落草本生物量的主要因子,其中甘蒙锦鸡儿群落和柠条锦鸡儿群落草本生物量与土壤容重呈极显著相关关系(P<0.01),狭叶锦鸡儿群落草本生物量与土壤容重呈显著相关关系(P<0.05);(3)土壤的全氮和总磷含量对狭叶锦鸡儿植物群落内草本地下和总生物量具极显著相关性,土壤pH、土壤全氮和土壤总磷含量与唐古特白刺群落内草本地上生物量具显著相关性(P<0.05),土壤有机质含量与唐古特白刺群落内草本地上生物量具极显著相关性(P<0.01)。     

不同估算树冠生物量方法的比较——以长白落叶松林为例

以长白落叶松人工林为研究对象,应用平均标准木法及枝解析木法调查树冠生物量,并采用标准枝法与枝条模型估算法对估测的树冠生物量进行了比较研究。分析了枝长与枝基径,枝条生物量与枝基径、枝长等各因子的相关关系,建立一级枝长模型及枝条生物量模型。通过对枝条生物量估测模型的比较,结果表明:枝基径与枝条生物量、叶生物量有很高的相关性,幂函数拟合的精度较高,参数估计较稳定;虽然二次多项式模型拟合的相关系数较大,但因参数变动较大,预测不稳定。在树冠生物量模型研究中,基于胸径建立异速生物量模型,相关系数R2值达0.906以上;通过对估测树冠生物量模型的比较,枝条模型估测法优于标准枝法,同时对模型进行F检验,F值达极显著水平,所选枝条生物量模型对长白落叶松树冠生物量的估测具一定参考价值。     

Combining empirical models and the process-based model 3-PG to predict Eucalyptus nitens plantations growth in Spain

Empirical, statistically based models were used to describe the growth and development of Eucalyptus nitens plantations for a range of site productivities and the standard biomass and pulp silvicultural regime currently applied in Northern Spain. The results obtained, along with data gathered from a network of 68 plots, 48 trees felled for biomass estimations and 73 trees sampled for foliar area estimation were used to parameterize the 3-PG model for this species in Northern Spain. Most parameters associated with allometric relationships and partitioning (i.e. bark and branch fraction, basic density, age modifier and mortality) were derived from local data, and the remaining parameters were obtained from published studies on E. nitens or default values previously used for E. globulus. The parameterized model was validated with data from three trials measured from age 3 years until age 8-14 years, and performed better than the empirical model in terms of total stand under bark volume, mean diameter at breast height, basal area and foliar biomass. The process-based model was then used to forecast changes in plantations subjected to a clearwood regime, initializing the model at age 3 years, considering 3 prunings, 2 thinnings and lengthening the rotation to 18 years. This integrated regime was able to provide biomass for bioenergy, pulp or fibreboard wood and also solid wood, with thinning operations assisting the financial viability, and was a potentially good alternative for productive sites.     

不同土壤水分胁迫格局对印度沙漠中的黄檀种苗营养吸收和生物量的影响

1998年7月,利用非称重式蒸渗池种植单一种源的一年生黄檀种苗,研究在印度沙漠地区培养黄檀种苗的合理灌水技术参数。当各处理（W1、W2、W3、W4）的土壤水分含量分别降低到7.56%、5.79%、4.44%和3.23%时,通过灌溉使苗木生长保持在一定的土壤的水分状况,如36.2mm（W1）、26.5mm（W2）、20.2mm（W3）和18.1mm（W4）。结果表明,在36.2mm（W1）水平时,种苗的株高、冠径、叶数和叶面积达到最大值（p〈0.01）。在W1和W2处理中,虽然上述参数没有明显差异,但在W2处理中,种苗的每升水分利用率的生物量最大。在W3、W4和W5灌溉水平下,不利于提高种苗的株高、生物量和营养积累。在W2水平以下（5.79%）,土壤水分有效率能提高根系生物量占总生物量的百分比。但在W3和W4处理中,叶干生物量百分比下降,同时在W5处理中,茎干生物量百分比下降。在W5处理中,土壤水势达到-196Mpa,种苗才可以成活。在W3和W4处理中,土壤水分有效率的限额影响黄檀种苗的生长和生物量。在W2处理中,土壤水分有效利用率最高,种苗的生长和生物量达到最高值。因此,在壤砂土条件下,通过灌溉维持幼苗土壤水分含量在5.79%以上时,可获得较好的黄檀种苗的生长和生物量产量。     

燕山山地华北落叶松单株生物量与生产力研究

根据对33株华北落叶松标准木的生物量实测资料,对林木单株与器官生物量分配情况进行了探讨,建立了以胸径、树高为自变量的生物量预测模型;提出了在幼树期（树龄7-15a或胸径1．7-6．6cm）根茎比平均值为0．159,幼树期以后（当树龄超过15a或胸径大于6．6cm时）根冠比平均值为0．236,建立了以林龄、胸径为自变量的根冠比预测模型;以去皮材积一生物量模型为基础进行解析木的生产力模拟,多年平均生产力变化在211．258-4512．804g／a,16a以后进入速生期,到49a时年生产力水平仍很高,建议生产上主伐林龄应推迟到50a以后。     

Integrated individual tree biomass simultaneous equations for two larch species in northeastern and northern China

Forest biomass estimation at large scale has become an important topic in the background of facing global climate change, and it is fundamental to develop individual tree biomass equations suitable for large-scale estimation. Based on the measured data of biomass components and stem volume from 100 sample trees of two larch species (Larix gmelinii and L. principis-rupprechtii) in northeastern and northern China, an integrated equation system including individual tree biomass equations, stem volume equation and height–diameter regression model were constructed using the dummy variable model and error-in-variable simultaneous equations. In the system, all the parameters of equations were estimated simultaneously, so that the aboveground biomass equation was compatible to stem volume equation and biomass conversion factor (B_CF) function; the belowground biomass equation was compatible to root-to-shoot ratio (R_SR) function; and stem wood, stem bark, branch and foliage biomass equations were additive to aboveground biomass equation. In addition, the system also ensured the compatibility between one- and two-variable models. The results showed that: (1) whether aboveground biomass equations or belowground biomass equations and stem volume equations, the estimates for larch in northeastern China were greater than those in northern China; (2) B_CF of a larch tree decreased with the growing diameter while R_SR increased with the growing diameter; (3) the proportion of stem wood biomass to aboveground biomass increased with the growing diameter while those of stem bark, branch, and foliage biomass decreased.     

Estimating foliage biomass in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) plots

Dynamic decomposition models are needed to estimate changes in the carbon stock of boreal soil because these changes are difficult to measure directly. An important aboveground carbon flux to the soil is foliage litterfall. To estimate this flux, both the amount and the turnover rate of the foliage biomass component must be known. Several methods for estimating foliage biomass of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), including biomass equations and biomass expansion factors (BEFs), were compared with predicted foliage biomass based on forest inventory plot-level measurements. Measured foliage biomass was up-scaled from the branch-level to the plot-level by combining forest inventory variables (diameter, height, height at the crown base and crown base diameter) based on the assumptions of pipe model theory. Combining the foliage biomass: cross-sectional area ratio with the forest inventory variables provided accurate estimates of foliage biomass at the plot-level for plots in southern Finland. The results emphasize the need to test biomass equations with independent data, especially when the equations applied are based on neighboring regions.     

Modelling of planted legume fallows in Western Kenya using WaNuLCAS. (I) Model calibration and validation

Poor soil fertility is the biggest obstacle to agricultural productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Improved fallows can help to raise agricultural productivity in these systems of low financial capital, however, experimental testing of their potential application domain and design is costly and time consuming. Models can evaluate alternative systems relatively quickly and at relatively low cost, but must first be validated to assess satisfactory simulation of the target systems. Specific climatic, edaphic, crop and fallow growth data was used from five sites in Western Kenya to calibrate and validate simulations of maize and improved fallow growth using the Water, Nutrient and Light Capture in Agroforestry Systems (WaNuLCAS) model. The model predicted continuous maize yields across the sites with an R ² of 0.72, an EF (model efficiency) of 0.66 and a CD (coefficient of determination) of 2.73, although the default pedotransfer functions (PTF) for volumetric soil water content used in the model had to be substituted for a tropical soils specific PTF before this was achieved. Predicted maize yield was consistently related to fallow biomass (i.e. higher fallow biomass correlated with higher subsequent maize yields) at two sites and the model predicted maize yields following fallow growth from this subset of the data with an R ² of 0.42. This relationship of fallow biomass to subsequent maize yield was not observed across the whole data set due to incomplete fallow litterfall data, factors not included in the model and associated poor model prediction of recycled tree biomass. After site and tree calibration, the model can thus be applied to assess fallow management strategies for sites limited by water and nitrogen.