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1.
磷素是植物必需营养元素之一,是植物体内许多重要化合物的成分,在植物的各种生理生化反应中扮演着重要的作用,自然界土壤中缺磷已经成为植物生长的限制因子之一。本文结合国内外植物营养遗传的最新进展, 就木本植物利用土壤中难溶性磷的遗传特性、耐低磷胁迫的适应机制、以及木本植物磷高效性状的遗传改良等进行述评,希望对今后定向培育磷高效性状的木本植物具有一定的指导意义。  相似文献   

2.
磷是植物生长所必需的营养元素之一。但大多数土壤具有全磷含量高,有效磷含量较低的特点,难以满足植物生长的需要。而提高植物对土壤中磷素的吸收利用能力是解决土壤有效磷供应不足的有效途径。根系是植物吸收矿质养分的主要器官,其特性决定着植物对土壤磷的吸收和利用效率,因此分析根系及根际分泌物对土壤磷素的响应机制是提高作物磷效率的基础。同时通过外源添加土壤磷活化剂以提高我国磷肥利用率,也是促进植物磷高效利用的有效方法。但目前有关提高植物对磷的高效利用的研究主要集中于外源添加磷活化剂,根系形态结构的变化、根系与根际微生物互作方面,而在土壤系统中各个要素的相互作用关系极为复杂,因此,提出了在未来的研究中也不应局限于单一因素的研究发展,磷高效利用机理及方法还需进一步研究完善。  相似文献   

3.
用Kuchenbuch与Jungk所描述的根垫法,研究了两年生红松苗木根际变化过程。土壤样品长白山20mm土壤层,用不同形式的氮肥(NO3--N,NH4+-N和NH4NO3)进行处理,结果表明: 对照处理时近根pH值与有效P均低于土体;与对照相比,NH4+-N处理显著降低近根处pH值并促进了P吸收,产生更为明显的有效磷亏缺区;与NH4+-N处理相反,NO3--N处理使根际pH值相对于土体增加,延缓了P的吸收,近根处有效P含量与土体基本持平。NH4NO3处理时,根际pH值仅比对照略低,其对磷吸收的影响与对照处理相似。  相似文献   

4.
对盆栽的伴生有金雀花(Cytisus scoparius)、黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)的辐射松(Pinus radiata)幼苗施用3种浓度(O,50,100 μg·g-1)的三过磷酸钙,14个月后测定缺磷Allophanic土壤中各磷形态变化,确定根际土壤中施加的磷肥的去向.结果表明,施加磷肥增加了根际土壤中NaOH-Pi、NaOH-P0和H2SO4-Pi的浓度,但是减少了土壤残留磷的含量,而树脂磷浓度维持不变,在这种土壤中树脂磷浓度仍然较低(1 to 3μg·g-1).施加到土壤里的磷肥,有机磷的回收率最高(40%-49%),这是因为这种土壤具有较高的磷固定能力(92%),其次是不稳定有机磷(7%-19%).在磷肥缺乏或不施加磷肥的情况下,辐射松根际土壤中有机磷浓度低于周边土壤以及金雀花、黑麦草根际土壤.这可能与磷肥缺乏条件下,根系和菌根产生较高的草酸盐而释放部分磷到根际土壤中有关.但此观点需要进一步的研究检验.  相似文献   

5.
细菌肥料菌株对无效磷的转化利用   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
磷是植物必需的营养元素之一。我国土壤中的总磷量相当可观,但95%以上的磷以稳定的铝硅酸盐和磷灰石等无效形式存在(陈延伟等,1960),植物很难直接利用。因此绝大多数农作物及林木都要追施磷肥。目前主要施用的速效磷肥生产成本高、能耗大,施入的磷肥当年利用率仅为10%~25%(张宝贵等,1998),一部分磷肥随雨水流入江河湖泊,造成水体的富营养化,引起水质污染(李发云等,1997);另一部分磷与土壤中的Ca2 、Fe2 、Fe3 、Al3 等结合,形成难溶性磷酸盐(赵小蓉等,2001),植物无法吸收利用。因此,提高磷的利用率一直是土壤学家关注的问题。微生物对土…  相似文献   

6.
林木低磷胁迫适应机制研究进展   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
土壤有效磷缺乏在自然环境中是一种非常普遍的现象,近年来世界各国针对植物的觅磷和耐磷机制进行了大量研究,然而目前相关的综述性报道多限于农作物,对林木低磷胁迫适应性的综述性报道尚不多见。在长期进化过程中,林木为利用土壤中现有的含量极低的有效磷,形成了各种适应低磷胁迫的机制。文中从林木根系的形态学变化、根系分泌物对土壤难溶性磷的活化作用、林木对土壤低浓度有效磷的吸收利用以及应对低磷胁迫的遗传调控等方面综述了低磷环境中林木的适应机制,为揭示林木对缺磷环境的适应机理、发掘林木自身对土壤有效磷高效率的吸收利用能力、以及进一步筛选林木的磷高效品种和合理经营管理人工林提供参考。  相似文献   

7.
通过在温室条件下施加不同剂量的重过磷酸钙(0,50和100mg·kg-1P),对典型水铝英石土壤(Orthic Allophanic Soil)的土壤植物有效磷、磷素营养和伴生有金雀花(Cytisus scoparius)或黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)的辐射松苗木生长变化情况进行了研究。结果表明,施加磷肥增强了辐射松根际和磷素匮乏土体的有效磷。与辐射松苗伴生的金雀花、黑麦草根际土壤有效磷也增加。辐射松新枝和老枝松针、茎和根系中磷含量随施加重过磷酸钙剂量的增加而增加;但是金雀花、黑麦草对辐射松苗磷素营养的影响依赖于土壤磷状态。未施肥处理下,与金雀花伴生的辐射松新枝和老村松针、茎和根系中磷含量要高于与黑麦草伴生的辐射松苗,而施肥处理下,结果相反。这可能与金雀花生长大量消耗土壤中有效磷有关。因为,在两个施肥剂量(50mg·kg-1P和100mg·kg-1P)上,与金雀花伴生的辐射松根际土壤中Bray-2磷含量始终低于与黑麦草伴生的辐射松根际土壤。此外,在施肥浓度100mg·kg-1下,与金雀花伴生的辐射松苗干特质量低于黑麦草伴生的辐射松。说明在中、高施肥水平,辐射松苗与黑麦草伴生生长好于与金雀花伴...  相似文献   

8.
[目的]探究毛竹根际微生物新黑曲霉(Aspergillus neoniger)JXBR16对土壤难溶性磷酸盐的溶磷作用及对毛竹的促生效果。[方法]采用液体发酵培养法研究该菌株对Ca_3(PO_4)_2、CaHPO_4、FePO_4、AlPO_4和植酸钙等5种难溶性磷酸盐的溶解能力及碳源、氮源、pH、装液量和盐离子等因素对其解磷能力的影响;并采用温室盆栽法评价该菌株对毛竹实生幼苗的促生作用。[结果]表明,新黑曲霉对5种难溶性磷酸盐均具有较好的溶解能力,其中对FePO_4、CaHPO_4的溶解能力最佳,解磷量分别达3 208.31和3 027.09 mg·L~(-1);在碳源为蔗糖或葡萄糖、氮源为硫酸铵、初始pH值3.5、装液量2/5、温度25℃和盐离子浓度为0~1.0 g·L~(-1)条件下新黑曲霉的解磷能力最佳。施用该菌株180 d后毛竹根际土壤有效磷和矿质氮分别提高37%和41%,植株根、茎和叶磷含量分别提高了95%、102%和43%;毛竹地径、苗高和生物量分别比对照显著提高了44%、47%和50%。[结论]新黑曲霉能够有效增强南方红壤区毛竹林土壤磷的供给,促进植株养分吸收利用,并提高毛竹的生长,具有应用于竹林生物菌肥研制和开发的巨大潜力。  相似文献   

9.
为探明具有排根的引种作物—澳洲坚果对低磷的适应特征,采用室内控制试验与山地澳洲坚果园调查验证相结合的研究方法,对澳洲坚果幼苗、大树的排根和细根在土壤中的分布特征、根系分泌物"解磷"特性及磷素利用特征进行分析。结果表明:室内控制试验中澳洲坚果61.80%-71.29%的排根及63.81%-82.60%的细根分布在0-40cm的土层,山地果园中澳洲坚果的排根及细根分布在0-40cm土层,80%以上的排根与细根分布于表层0-20cm的土壤,但细根在20-40cm土层中分布比例较排根多;低磷处理或不施化肥(山地果园)能促进排根产生,适度施磷处理(40mg/kg)或不施化肥(山地果园)有助于细根在表层土壤的生长,高磷处理(400mg/kg)或山地果园中长期施含磷(P_2O_5含量15%)化肥则抑制其排根产生和细根生长;排根及细根均能大量分泌酸性磷酸酶和柠檬酸进行"解磷",排根分泌量远大于细根,排根越多,酸性磷酸酶和柠檬酸分泌量越大;随着施磷量的升高,澳洲坚果叶片磷含量也升高,但土壤磷含量与叶片磷含量相关性较差,而不施磷处理(0mg/kg)和山地果园不施化肥条件下,澳洲坚果叶片中磷含量均在正常水平(含量为0.068%-0.071%),没有发现缺磷症状,高磷(400mg/kg)处理和长期施用"高磷"的复合化肥澳洲坚果叶片有磷中毒倾向(含量达0.11%);外源含磷复合化肥施入土壤中后,土壤中总磷含量随施入量的增加而升高,尤其山地澳洲坚果园长期施用"高磷"化肥,土壤表层(0-20cm)总磷含量高达3.59g/kg。可见,引种到本地种植的澳洲坚果,仍能适应低磷环境,但为了保障澳洲坚果经济产量,适度的外源磷投入是需要的,生产上采用叶片营养诊断法指导磷肥的施用是必要的。  相似文献   

10.
不同磷效率马褂木种源对磷胁迫的生理反应   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7       下载免费PDF全文
低磷胁迫条件下,植物将以一系列形态、生理、生化和遗传机制主动适应胁迫环境,包括根系对生长环境中难溶性磷的活化,有效吸收、运转、分配及再利用等.植物通过改变对养分的需求以维持自身代谢和改变根系形态、生理机能来增强自身活化和吸收养分的强度[1].具有较高的磷素吸收能力是植物耐低磷胁迫的基础[2],研究低磷胁迫条件下植物的生理生化特性对揭示耐低磷机理具有重要意义.以往在农作物方面有过一些研究[3~6],但在林木方面研究不多.本试验以不同磷效率的马褂木(Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.)Sarg.)6个种源为材料,试图研究低磷营养胁迫下马褂木种源在膜脂过氧化、可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素含量及酸性磷酸酶活性等方面的差异及与磷效率的关系,为优良耐低磷马褂木种源的选育提供理论依据.  相似文献   

11.

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.  相似文献   

12.

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.  相似文献   

13.
Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.  相似文献   

14.

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.  相似文献   

15.

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.  相似文献   

16.

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.  相似文献   

17.

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.  相似文献   

18.
本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。  相似文献   

19.
Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > TithoniaEuphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

20.

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.  相似文献   

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