曼陀罗在植保领域的利用现状及展望

介绍了曼陀罗的成分、采制方法以及在植保领域的开发利用现状,并展望了利用前景。     

白花曼陀罗提取液对春尺蠖等昆虫的活性测定

以乙醇 水(1∶1)作为溶剂,采用微波辅助提取、浸泡提取等方法,从白花曼陀罗种子中得到提取液,用此液对春尺蠖等昆虫进行了活性测定。结果表明,白花曼陀罗种子提取液对杨毛臀萤叶甲东方亚种成虫、春尺蠖和荨麻蛱蝶幼虫具有较强的拒食活性,对蚜虫具有较强的触杀活性。其中,白花曼陀罗种子微波辅助提取液的拒食活性和触杀活性很强,24 h的拒食率达到了81.48%以上,处理48 h后对蚜虫的触杀活性高达88.7%。同样的拒食活性物质对幼虫的拒食率要比成虫高。相同溶剂的微波辅助提取液和直接浸提液的活性比较说明,利用微波辅助提取有利于生物活性物质的溶出。     

文冠果树种类型的划分及优良高产单株的筛选

为给文冠果的良种选育提供基础材料,采用不同的标准对文冠果的种类进行了划分,并根据其可孕花比例、结实性状、种子千粒质量和历年丰产性等性状特点,对新疆维吾尔自治区木垒县和察布查尔县林场的文冠果结果大树进行了优良高产单株的筛选.结果表明:按文冠果花结构类型(雄花、长短花丝两性花、短花丝两性花)和结实特性(结实、不结实)的不同...     

贵州杜鹃花科植物黔中杜鹃的补充描述

该文对黔中杜鹃花部形态和叶形大小进行了补充描述。花常5朵簇生枝顶,花萼退化至一波状凸缘,无毛,花冠漏斗形,5深裂,花冠管筒状,长约1.2 cm,向基部渐狭;雄蕊10,细长,伸出花冠约2倍长,花丝无毛。该种与长蕊杜鹃相近,因叶背中脉有硬刚毛而易于区分。该研究结果为该种进一步分类修订提供了有价值的信息。     

广宁红花油茶树体性状遗传变异特征

为了选育广宁红花油茶优良品种,采用林分样地调查和标准株法,对广宁红花油茶集中分布区内树体各性状的遗传变异特征进行了系统研究。结果表明:广宁红花油茶树体各性状表型变异十分丰富。在个体间,各营养器官性状按照变动系数由大到小排列依次为分枝数、枝梢长、新枝数、胸径、枝叶间距、叶缘锯齿、树高、叶柄长、枝叶数量、叶宽、叶厚、叶长、叶长宽比,枝条和叶片性状在个体间的差异达到极显著水平。在个体内,按照变动系数由大到小排列其顺序依次为新枝数、枝长、枝叶间距、枝叶数量、叶柄长、叶缘锯齿、叶宽、叶长宽比、叶长、叶厚。在个体间,花器官性状按照变动系数从大到小排列依次为花冠幅、雄蕊数、花瓣宽、花瓣长、花萼数、雄蕊群直径、花柱长、柱头裂数、雄蕊群总长、花瓣数;在个体内,其顺序依次为花冠幅、花瓣宽、花瓣长、花萼数、雄蕊数、柱头裂数、花瓣数、雄蕊群直径、花柱长、雄蕊群总长。     

花的秦岭

<正>圆穗蓼7月,秦岭的圆穗蓼大片开放清晨的阳光撒在高山草甸上一派勃勃生机。狭萼报春狭萼报春是一种非常小的报春,植株大约只有三四厘米高,小小的叶子没有叶柄,叶背饰有淡淡的黄粉。这种报春的一个花葶上大概生有四五朵花,花冠是宝石般鲜艳的紫红色,花冠喉部有一圈颜色洁白。     

‘凤丹’单株间生长及结实性状的变异分析

以50个‘凤丹’单株为材料,对其生长及结实性状的变异进行了研究,结果表明:单株间‘凤丹’生长、结实性状间变异丰富,选择潜力大,分枝数、单株产量及荚果数为变异程度较高的指标;单株产量与荚果数间存在极显著的相关关系(r=0.776~(**)),荚果数可作为‘凤丹’产量的预测指标;以平均单株产量()加2倍标准差(2s)作为高产‘凤丹’的选择标准,入选率4%。     

花草中的十二生肖

<正>鼠尾草:多年生草本,茎下部叶为二回羽状复叶,顶生小叶披针形或菱形,基部长楔形,边缘具钝锯齿,侧生小叶卵圆状披针形,近无柄。轮伞花序,每轮2-6花,组成伸长的总状花序或总状圆锥花序;花梗短,被柔毛;花萼筒形,二唇形;花冠淡红、淡紫、淡蓝至淡白色,花丝短;花柱外伸,先端呈不相等2裂。花期6-9月。牛膝菊:一年生草本,原产南美洲,全部茎枝被疏散或上部稠密的贴伏短柔毛和少量腺毛,茎基部和中部花期脱毛或稀毛。叶对生,卵形或长椭圆状     

抗癌植物绞股蓝的开发利用

绞股蓝(Gynostemma pentaphy-llum Makino)又称名七叶胆、小苦草,为葫芦科绞股蓝属植物,多年生草质藤本。其茎细柔,有棱,卷须。掌状复叶,小叶5～7枚,叶片披针形或卵状矩圆形,长4～14厘米,两边小叶较中间小叶小,边缘有锯齿,叶面散生细毛,叶柄长2～4厘米,有柔毛。夏季开黄绿色小花,花单性。雌雄异株,圆柱形花序,花梗短。花萼裂片三角形,长0.5毫米。花冠裂片披针形,长2.5毫米。雄蕊5,花丝极短,花药卵形。子房球形,2～3室,花柱3,柱头2裂。果实球形,直径5～8毫米,熟时变黑色,有1～3粒种子。     

湖南柳属一自然杂交种

乔木,高6—9米;树皮灰褐色,有纵裂,小枝斜展,向上,无毛或幼枝有疏柔毛。叶披针形,长5—10厘米,宽2—4厘米,先端渐尖,基部楔形,边缘具腺状锯齿,两面无毛。叶柄长7—10毫米,近无毛;托叶斜披针形,有锯齿。花序与叶同时开放;花枝长达4厘米,基着生4—6片有锯齿的小叶;雄花序(雌雄同株上)长2—3厘米,花序轴被白色毡毛,苞片卵状披针形,内面有白色柔毛,外面近于无毛;雄蕊2,花药黄色,花丝分离,腺     

Alkaloid patterns in some varieties of Datura stramonium

A comparative GC-MS investigation of the alkaloid patterns of three varieties of Datura stramonium vars. stramonium, tatula and godronii, was carried out. Twenty-five tropane alkaloids were identified in the plant organs. Alkaloid patterns of the roots, leaves and seeds of the varieties grown at equal conditions in Bulgaria were very similar. In contrast, alkaloid pattern of D. stramonium var. stramonium, grown in Egypt, showed significant differences indicating that it is influenced more strongly by the environmental factors than genetic ones.     

翠雀花主要性状之间的关系分析

运用灰色系统理论和方法,对影响翠雀花观赏性状的几个主要数量性状的相互关系进行了分析。结果表明,对花蕾数量影响的关联度由大到小的次序是分枝数、茎粗、叶长、叶宽、花冠直径、株高、基叶数。其中分枝数对花朵数量的影响是最大的,二者的关系为线性。对单朵花径影响的关联度由大到小的次序是株高、叶长、叶宽、茎粗、分枝数、叶数、花蕾数量,回归分析中株高与花径呈抛物线关系。     

江西省油茶农家品种表型多样性研究

江西省油茶农家品种栽培历史悠久,遗传资源丰富。调查并分析江西省油茶农家品种表型性状多样性,结果表明:不同农家种质果实、花和叶片都存在较大差异,各性状变异系数在0.07~0.50之间,遗传多样性指数在1.516~2.137之间,表明江西省油茶农家种质具有丰富的遗传信息和选择潜力。数量性状相关性分析表明,叶宽、花冠直径、单果重3个指标与其他指标关联性强。主成分分析表明,单果重、果高、果径、果皮厚4个数量性状具有丰富的遗传信息,可作为果实优先评价项目,而叶长、叶宽、叶周长、叶面积4个数量性状可作为叶片优先评价项目。     

文冠果表型性状的相关性及主成分分析

文冠果种子产量低,这是制约其大力开发与利用的瓶颈。为给文冠果优良品种的选育和文冠果资源评价和利用提供科学依据,对新疆维吾尔自治区奇台县的160株文冠果单株的种子质量、结果个数、果实质量等21个性状指标进行了调查,并采用变异分析、相关性分析和主成分分析等分析方法,对影响其产量的主要因素进行了探讨。变异分析结果表明:被调查的160株文冠果单株各性状指标间均存在明显差异;其中,单株结果个数的变异系数最大,为82.98%;叶密度的变异系数最小,为8.77%。相关性分析结果表明:单株种子质量与树高、地径、冠幅、果实纵径、种子长、单果种子质量、单株结果个数、单株果实质量、百果质量、百粒种子质量、叶长、叶宽、叶面积、果皮厚度、单果种子粒数及种子宽之间均存在显著正相关。主成分分析结果表明:从21个性状指标中提取了7个主成分,即单果产量、单株产量、果实产量、叶形、种形、果形、树形这7个因子,其累积贡献率达74.693%;依据各主成分贡献率的大小,在育种中可选择单果种子质量大、单株结果个数多、单株果实质量大、叶长、种子长、果纵径长、冠幅大的单株作为优良高产植株。     

Distribution of hyoscyamine and scopolamine in Datura stramonium.

The production of hyoscyamine and scopolamine in Datura stramonium has been investigated in the different plant parts, at different stages of their life cycle. Maximum contents were found in the stems and leaves of young plants, hyoscyamine being always the predominant component.     

Effects of Culture Media and Light Intensity on in vitro Growth of Oncidium under CO2 Enrichment Condition

The effects of culture media and light intensity on in vitro growth of Oncidium ‘Aloha Iwanga‘ were investigated under CO2 enrichment condition. Height, fresh and dry weight of the Oncidium seedlings were measured, and the leaf number per plant, shoot number per plant, leaf width and leaf chlorophyll content were also investigated. The results were as follows: 1) The seedling height, fresh and dry weight, leaf number per plant, leaf width and leaf chlorophyll content of the shoots growing on MS complete culture medium were higher than those on 1/2MS, VW and 1/2VW media. The root number per plant and ratio of dry matter of the seedlings cultured on 1/2MS and 1/2VW media were higher than those on MS and VW; 2) The seedling height, flesh weight, dry weight, dry matter ratio and leaf chlorophyll content, leaf length, leaf width, root length, leaf number per plant, root number per plant of seedlings of Oncidium growing under 4 500 lx and 1 700 lx were higher than those under 750 lx. However, there was no significant difference in those growth parameters mentioned above while dealing with 4 500 lx and 1 700 lx except for the seedling height. Nevertheless, the leaf color of plants under 4 500 lx was lighter and the leaves of the lower parts became yellowish in comparison with those growing under 1 700 lx.     

牡竹属新变种—融水麻竹

描述了广西融水县牡竹属麻竹的新变种—融水麻竹Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro var.rongshuiensis D.Y.Huang et al.。其与原变种区别在于箨鞘背面密被深褐色刺毛，箨舌先端呈流苏状；叶柄表面嫩时竖生密集的白色毛，叶片表面中脉被小锯齿，倒摸粗糙，背面密被细毛茸。     

紫薇多倍体的诱导、鉴定及内多倍性研究

以紫薇子叶期幼苗为试验材料,采用不同秋水仙素浓度和时间组合处理其生长点,成功获得四倍体(2n=4x=96)和六倍体(2n=6x=144)。诱变株与二倍体对照植株形态差异明显,植株矮小粗壮,叶片变皱、粗糙,增厚,气孔密度减小,气孔保卫细胞(一对,下同)长、宽分别增大65.79%和45.01%,保卫细胞内叶绿体数量增加80.25%,且颗粒增大。四倍体花粉粒直径增大59.07%,花瓣长宽略有增加,但花序长和花朵数反而减少。人工诱导四倍体和普通二倍体茎尖都有内多倍化现象,并且前者内多倍化水平低于后者。     

不同地径砧木对山桐子嫁接苗成活及生长特性的影响

为给山桐子丰产栽培技术提供参考依据,就不同地径砧木对山桐子嫁接苗生长特性的影响情况进行了试验研究。结果表明:(1)山桐子苗嫁接成活率为86.00%~93.20%,保存率为82.63%~90.43%;地径为7~9 cm的大规格砧木组嫁接苗的成活率和保存率均显著高于3~5 cm砧木组的。(2)地径为7~9 cm的大规格砧木组嫁接苗的接穗粗度、树高、冠幅、枝条数量、最长枝长度、最长枝粗度、叶长、叶宽、单叶面积、单株叶片数量和叶面积指数均显著大于地径为5~7 cm的中规格和3~5 cm的小规格砧木组的,而不同地径砧木对最短枝长度、最短枝粗度和叶柄长度的影响均不显著。(3)接穗粗度、树高、冠幅、枝条数量、最长枝长度、最长枝粗度、叶长、叶宽、单叶面积、单株叶片数量、叶面积指数与砧木地径间均存在显著正相关关系。文中因此认为,山桐子砧木的粗度对嫁接苗木的生长具有重要的影响。     

Gas exchange characteristics of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) leaves

We used the plastochron index to study the relationship between plant age, leaf age and development, and net photosynthesis of black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) seedlings. Leaf area and net photosynthesis were measured on all leaves >/= 75 mm of plants ranging in age from 7 to 20 plastochrons. Effects of plant developmental stage on leaf area and net photosynthesis were evaluated for leaves of differing age (horizontal series), leaves on plants of constant age (vertical series), and leaves of constant age (oblique series). Regression techniques were used to estimate leaf area from leaf blade dimensions. The best equations for predicting leaf area had R(2) values of 0.991-0.992 and used linear or logarithmic functions of both leaf length and width. Suitable, but less precise, equations with R(2) values of 0.946-0.962 were developed from either leaf length or leaf width. Leaf area development in black cherry seedlings was similar to that in other indeterminate species. Leaves of young plants reached full expansion at a lower leaf plastochron age than leaves of older plants. Maximum net photosynthesis per unit leaf area occurred 2-3 plastochrons before full leaf expansion. There was strong ontogenetic drift in net photosynthesis with leaf age; net photosynthesis decreased as plant age increased in leaves of the same plastochron age. Plots of the oblique series were particularly useful in providing information about interaction effects.