浙江淳安天然次生林演替的定量研究

利用种间联结测定，主成份分析，最优分割法和马尔可夫预测模型定量研究了浙江淳安山区以马尾松林为代表的次生林演替过程。结果表明，在次生林演替过程中，马尾松、黄檀、山核桃、板栗为衰退种；化香、麻栎、白栎、枫香等9个树种为过渡种；苦槠、木荷、青冈、杉木为进展种。其演替过程分为4个阶段，即马尾松林阶段，以马尾松为主的针阔混交林阶段，以阔叶树种为主的针阔混交林阶段和常绿阔叶林阶段。次生林演替的马尔可夫模型预测表明，该地区次生演替过程的每个阶段需25a左右，常绿阔叶林恢复需要80－100a。     

湖南株洲市大京水库集水区马尾松群落演替研究

通过对湖南株洲市大京水库集水区马尾松群落组成成分、形成历史、发展趋势、物种多样性等调查分析,结果表明,水库集水区马尾松群落演替有3大特点:①马尾松林附近保存有小面积常绿阔叶林和零星常绿阔叶树,马尾松林演替有充足的种源,而且演替速度较快;②其演替规律为由马尾松纯林演替为马尾松、常绿阔叶树混交林,再演替到常绿阔叶林,一般不经过马尾松、落叶阔叶树混交林阶段;③首先侵入林地的常绿树为茹豆、石栎、黄瑞木、青冈栎等。物种多样性分析表明马尾松纯林的丰富度、均匀度和多样性指数均低于马尾松与阔叶树混交林;在立地条件较好、树种组成较丰富的马尾松与常绿阔叶树混交林的物种多样性指数接近甚至高于常绿阔叶林。     

天目山自然保护区典型森林植被乔木层生物量研究

对天目山自然保护区8种典型森林类型(杉木林、马尾松林、针阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林、毛竹林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、落叶阔叶林、落叶矮林)进行样地调查并计算了各个森林类型乔木层林分密度、物种种类、优势树种、生物量.结果表明,生物量大小顺序为常绿落叶混交林＞落叶阔叶林＞针阔混交林＞杉木林＞常绿阔叶林＞马尾松林＞毛竹林＞落叶矮林;在海拔1 000 m以下的5种森林类型,生物量变化不大;而在海拔1000m以上的3种森林类型,随海拔升高生物量下降,物种则增加.     

定海松林的演替趋势及更新改造设想

通过对定海松林及更新层的调查，发现多数松林在皆伐后演替为落叶阔叶林，少数为常绿落叶阔叶林和灌、草丛。更新树种共计34种，占优势的仅9种，且多为落叶阔叶树种。针对演替类型及更新树种存在单调贫乏的现状，结合海岛具体实际，提出封山育林、人工造林和树种选择的方向性建议，将为松村线虫病除治迹地的更新改造提供依据。     

中亚热带常绿阔叶林不同演替阶段木质残体碳密度特征

为了更好地了解常绿阔叶林恢复演替过程中木质残体(WD)碳储量的变化特征,对鹰嘴界马尾松林、针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林进行了调查取样,结果表明:鹰嘴界常绿阔叶林演替阶段各林分中木质残体的现存量较低,在1.26~8.82 Mg/hm2之间,大小顺序为马尾松林针阔混交林常绿阔叶林,随演替进程呈逐渐增加趋势;演替阶段粗木质残体(CWD)碳含量因树种及其分解等级而异,随着CWD分解等级的提高,其碳含量逐渐降低;马尾松林、针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林的木质残体碳密度分别为0.62,1.75,3.78 Mg/hm2,分别相当于各林分乔木层碳密度的0.73%、1.83%和2.92%。     

苏州市上方山森林植被分类及其群落学特征

利用典型样地取样法,对苏州上方山国家森林公园森林群落进行了调查,对该区森林植被类型进行了划分,并对不同植被类型的物种多样性特征进行了分析。依据相关文献,上方山森林植被可以划分成5个植被型亚纲, 6个植被型组(植被型),11个群系,16个群丛。以马尾松为主体的暖性针叶林和枫香林、栓皮栎林、白栎林3种落叶阔叶林在本区分布最广,也具有丰富的竹林资源。由于立地条件和种群竞争的共同作用,不同植被类型的物种丰富度、多样性指标存在一定差异。湿地松林群落内阔叶树种组成稳定,个体竞争和缓,湿地松感病较少,在未来一定时期内可能长期存在,应加以保护和利用;马尾松林则日渐衰败,建议有选择地逐步清除病木,并采取合理的营林技术措施,促进其朝着稳定的落叶阔叶林或落叶常绿阔叶混交林演替。     

林下复层混交苦槠、青冈栎改造风景林林相研究

针对中山陵景区松林遭受松材线虫病危害,严重影响森林景观,以及森林正向落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林顺向演替的趋势,为适应现代森林观光旅游业发展的需要,选用北亚热带森林落叶常绿混交林建群种,耐寒常绿阔叶树苦槠、青冈栎在风景林下直播育苗造林,改造林相。结果表明,该技术能形成较稳定的复层异龄森林结构,显著地改善了风景林景观,达到增加风景林层次,增添冬季绿景,促进森林健康、稳定,持续生长的目的。     

贵州麻江森林健康经营项目示范区森林植被类型初步分析

项目示范区的森林属于次生林,调查分析结果表明该示范区的植被类型比较齐全,有西南米槠-黄连木-锈鳞苔草常绿阔叶林、漆树＋美脉琼楠＋大花枇杷-蚊母树＋高丛珍珠梅＋鸢尾常绿落叶阔叶林、白栎＋麻栎＋枫香-芒箕落叶阔叶林、马尾松＋白栎＋枫香＋油桐-白栎针阔混交林、马尾松和杉木针叶林、白栎-金星厥灌丛.     

中亚热带常绿阔叶林不同演替阶段乔木层生物量特征

以中亚热带湖南省会同县处于演替早期的马尾松次生林、中期的马尾松阔叶树混交林和后期的常绿阔叶林分类型为研究对象,探讨了生态系统随不同演替阶段进行的乔木层生物量及空间分布特征。结果表明:乔木层生物量以常绿阔叶林最高,为292.51 t/hm~2,其次为针阔混交林,为206.87 t/hm~2,最小是马尾松林,为171.76 t/hm~2。乔木层生物量主要集中于树干,其占乔木层生物量比例由马尾松林向常绿阔叶林降低,而树根生物量所占比例由马尾松林向常绿阔叶林增加。马尾松林、针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林20 cm以上径级的生物量所占总生物量比例较大。     

青石冈林场木荷杉木混交林更新演替研究

为了解青石冈林场4类木荷杉木混交林更新演替情况,为森林合理经营提供依据,以便对林分加以适当的人工干预及引导,避免森林逆向演替,利用分层频度法对湖南省炎陵县青石冈林场4种木荷杉木混交林进行更新演替趋势分析。结果表明:林分5杉4木1甜+马+尖-红-山将演替为木荷、甜槠和细叶青冈占优势的常绿硬阔混交林群落;林分5杉3木1甜1细-合-椆-马-山-雷-白将演替为甜槠、白栎、木荷、杉木占优势的常绿针阔混交林群落;林分6木3杉1茅-细在一定时期内仍为木荷、杉木占优势的常绿针阔混交林群落;林分5木5杉-檫-樱将演替为黄檀、杉木和木荷占优势的常绿落叶针阔混交林群落;样地1、2的更新状况均为良好,样地3更新状况中等,样地4更新演替可能存在困难。     

思茅松纯林及针阔混交林中松实小卷蛾和微红梢斑螟诱捕量比较研究

在思茅松纯林和针阔混交林中,以(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、(Z)-11-十六碳烯乙酸酯为引诱剂,对松实小卷蛾和微红梢斑螟进行了诱捕试验。结果表明,以(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛为引诱剂,在思茅松纯林和混交林内平均每个诱捕器分别诱捕到松实小卷蛾6.30头和3.10头;以(Z)-11-十六碳烯乙酸酯为引诱剂,在思茅松纯林和混交林内平均每个诱捕器分别诱捕到微红梢斑螟3.60头和2.40头;混交林内的松实小卷蛾和微红梢斑螟的诱捕量显著少于纯林。     

基于灰色关联分析的思茅松林下枯落物与土壤有机质含量的关系研究

设计6个大样区,27个样地,7个因子(有机质、朽木、松针、松枝、松果、阔叶、腐殖质)进行调查采样,采用灰色系统理论的灰色关联分析法对景谷县思茅松林下枯落物与土壤有机质含量的关系进行分析研究.结果表明,景谷县思茅松林下松针、松果、朽木对林下土壤中有机质的含量影响最大,其次是松枝、腐殖质层、阔叶.     

Susceptibility of Coulter pine (Pinus coulteri) to western dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium campylopodum) in southern California

The susceptibility of Coulter pine (Pinus coulteri) to western dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium campylopodum) was evaluated in southern California. Eight stands infested with western dwarf mistletoe and dominated by Coulter and Jeffrey pines (Pinus jeffreyi) were sampled. Infection of Coulter pine was evaluated using circular plots established around large, severely infected Jeffrey pines and with rectangular transects. A total of 25 plots and 10 transects were sampled. In each plot and transect, live trees > 5 cm in diameter at breast height (1.4 m above the ground) were assigned a dwarf mistletoe rating (6‐class system). Nearly 600 Jeffrey pines and more than 400 Coulter pines were evaluated. Infection of Jeffrey and Coulter pines in the plots and transects averaged 96% and 97%, respectively. These data indicate that Coulter pine should be classified as a principal host of WDM and not as a secondary host as previously reported.     

Productivity of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don.) clones in monoclonal and clonal mixture plots at age 12 years

Productivities of monoclonal plots and clonal mixtures of 10 radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don.) clones were compared in a trial established in 1993 at Dalethorpe, Canterbury, New Zealand. Ten monoclonal and one mixture of the 10 clones were planted in a complete randomised block design with three replications using 40-tree plots (un-thinned, pruned to 2.5 m, stocking of 1250 stems per hectare). The study was conducted to determine if mode of deployment (monoclonal versus clonal mixture) affected overall productivity and how or if each clone was affected by mode of deployment.     

Five-year field comparison of naturally regenerated Pinus taeda L. to genetically improved container stock,with and without release

A field study compared genetically improved, container-grown loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings to naturally established loblolly seedlings on a cutover pine site in southern Arkansas, USA. Pines on 50% of all plots were released from woody and herbaceous competition within a 61 cm radius of each tree stem. Woody competition was controlled by hand cutting for 5 consecutive years and herbaceous competition was controlled with herbicides (sulfometuron methyl and glyphosate) for 4 consecutive years. Competition control increased 5-year survival by 21–23% for natural and planted seedlings, respectively, with no statistically significant difference between the two regeneration techniques. Five years after field establishment, planted pines averaged 85% more volume than naturally established pines. Nevertheless, greater volume gains (551–688%) were achieved within regeneration techniques, as a result of competition control, than were achieved between the two regeneration techniques.     

Mapping of the spatial distribution of carbon storage of the Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon (Benguet pine) forest in Sagada,Mt. Province,Philippines

The objective of this study is to map the spatial distribution of the aboveground biomass (AGB, tC/ha) storage of the Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon (Benguet pine) forest of Sagada, Mt. Province, Philippines by integrating Landsat image and the forest cover map. The data was obtained from 66 plots that were established in the different Benguet pine stands in Sagada. The AGB was estimated using the Digital Numbers (DN) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values (with filter and with no filter). The estimated aboveground biomass (AGB) density of the Benguet pine was determined to be 249.66 tonnes/ha corresponding to 112.35 tonnesC/ha.     

两种松树种子发芽率与生活力测定试验

以湿地松和马尾松2种松类树种种子为试材,进行发芽率与生活力测定试验。结果表明：湿地松和马尾松种子均以沙床上的发芽率最高,不同发芽床上湿地松种子的发芽率差异较大,马尾松种子的发芽率差异相对较小;湿地松和马尾松种子的发芽率与生活力之间均存在极显著正相关,相关系数（R）分别为0．9931和0．9913;湿地松种子发芽率与生活力的回归方程为y=0．9125x-1．7247,马尾松种子发芽率与生活力的回归方程为y=0．9703x-3．4769。     

Production efficiency of loblolly pine and sweetgum in response to four years of intensive management

We tested the hypothesis that productivity of intensively managed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) stands is dependent not only on leaf area, but also on foliar photosynthetic rate. Effects of irrigation (irrigation treatment), irrigation with a fertilizer solution (fertigation treatment), and fertigation + pest control (loblolly pine only; fertigation + pest control treatment) on leaf physiology and growth were compared with control plots during the third and fourth growing seasons. Complete weed control was maintained on all plots. Aboveground net primary productivity of loblolly pine and sweetgum increased from 16.3 to 40.5 Mg ha(-1) and from 4.2 to 23.9 Mg ha(-1), respectively, in response to the most intensive treatment. Relative to the control treatment, neither fertigation of sweetgum nor fertigation + pest control of loblolly pine had a significant or consistent influence on foliar N concentration, quantum yield, carboxylation efficiency, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, or production efficiency (increment in woody biomass per unit leaf area). Irrigation increased predawn leaf water potential and photosynthesis of loblolly pine, but it had no effect on production efficiency. Leaf area was the predominant determinant of maximum productivity in these rapidly growing plantations.     

Inhibition of the regeneration of Japanese black pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus thunbergii</Emphasis>) by black locust (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Robinia pseudoacacia</Emphasis>) in coastal sand dunes

Pine forests are declining because of pine wilt disease and Robinia pseudoacacia, a nitrogen-fixing species, is dominating coastal forests along the Sea of Japan. We examined the effects of R. pseudoacacia on the regeneration of a native pine species, Pinus thunbergii. Two 200 m² plots were set up at the border of a P. thunbergii and R. pseudoacacia-dominated area in a coastal forest. We conducted monthly censuses of emergence, distribution and survival of pine seedlings in the plots from May 2003 to December 2004. Light intensity and soil properties were also measured to analyze the relationships between the survival of pine seedlings and environmental conditions using the Mantel test and the structural equation model. Pinus thunbergii seedlings emerged in spring–early summer and in late autumn. Survival of pine seedlings in the R. pseudoacacia-dominated subplots was less than half that in the pine-dominated subplots. Survival of pine seedlings emerging in May 2003 was significantly reduced by the lower light intensity and higher soil nitrogen in R. pseudoacacia-dominated subplots. The tendency was the same for seedlings emerging from April to May 2004. We concluded that R. pseudoacacia reduced the intensity of light during the growing season and increased the nitrogen content of soil, which resulted in inhibition of the natural regeneration of P. thunbergii.     

The effect of weed control and fertilization on survival and growth of four pine species in the Virginia Piedmont

The growth response of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.), Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.), and white pine (Pinus strobus L.) to weed control and fertilization in the Piedmont of Virginia was assessed. Four different silvicultural treatments were evaluated: (1) check (no treatment); (2) weed control; (3) fertilization; (4) weed control plus fertilization. The weed control treatment included a series of herbicide and mechanical treatments to eliminate competing hardwoods. The fertilizer treatments added N, P, K, and S. Survival and growth was measured annually through age 5. There were significant differences in survival and growth among species. Survival was greatest for loblolly pine, lower in shortleaf and Virginia pine, and lowest in white pine. Fertilization without controlling the competing hardwoods decreased survival in all planted pines due to the increased hardwood competition. Loblolly pine was tallest through the 5-year period, shortleaf and Virginia pine were shorter and white pine was shortest. Silvicultural treatments had no impact on tree height but significantly affected DBH. Weed control increased DBH while fertilization did not. When applied in combination with weed control, there was no additional increase in growth of the pines due to fertilization beyond that from weed control only. Fertilization stimulated the growth of the competing hardwoods which were significantly taller in the fertilized plots.