毛竹林冰雪灾害成因及复壮技术

通过对导致2022年春季漳平市毛竹林冰雪灾害加重的原因进行分析,提出了通过及时清理受灾竹株、科学留笋养竹、合理采伐竹林、适时做好土肥管理和营建竹阔混交林等技术,使受灾竹林恢复至灾前生产力水平,为漳平市冰雪灾害后毛竹林复壮提供技术支撑.     

毛竹冰冻雪灾后恢复技术

调查了广西毛竹(Phyllostachys heterocyclavar.pubescens)主要产区冰冻灾害的基本情况,发现毛竹受灾后表现出压弯、折断、破篾、倒伏、翻蔸等形态,灾害程度依次加重。针对不同程度的受灾竹林,提出了毛竹林灾后恢复技术措施,主要有及时清理翻蔸竹、适时砍伐折断竹、破篾竹、保留压弯竹;严禁采挖冬笋、春笋;加强出笋前后施肥;适度钩梢;清除病竹等。     

冰冻雪灾对黄山区毛竹林的损害及影响因子

研究安徽省黄山区2008年1月冰冻雪灾对毛竹林的损害及影响因子.结果表明:此次雪灾对毛竹林破坏严重,各类受损竹比例达45.8%,其中翻蔸竹13.9%,断裂竹9.4%,对竹林生态系统影响较大.从毛竹生物学影响因子看,年龄和胸径对受灾程度的影响不大;而从各林地状况因子与毛竹受灾程度的关系看,海拔、地形、坡向和立竹度对毛竹受损率影响显著,T检验P值分别为0.008,0.000,0.045和0.052,并呈现出不同的主要受损类型,经营状况和树种组成的影响程度不明显.     

高温干旱下毛竹林受灾状况和自恢复能力研究

2013年夏季,我国东南部地区发生了严重的高温干旱天气,毛竹林受灾严重。通过设置固定样地研究了高温干旱后毛竹林的受灾状况以及灾后竹林的自恢复能力。结果表明:在高温灾害发生以后,胸径较大的毛竹抵御灾害的能力高于胸径较小的毛竹;受灾毛竹地上部分生物量80%以上分布在竹秆中,因此竹枝和竹叶受损对毛竹地上生物量的影响不大;毛竹林受灾后的恢复能力在很大程度上取决于受灾当年新生竹的株数。因此,在毛竹林经营中应加强林地的水肥管理,培育大径竹材,同时应保持较高的立竹密度和较多的新生竹数量,以抵御旱灾并加快林分的灾后恢复。     

毛竹林持续高温干旱灾害特征及影响因素分析

为探讨持续高温干旱灾害天气对毛竹林生长的影响,为毛竹林抗灾减灾及灾后恢复提供参考,调查分析了毛竹林持续高温干旱灾害特征及立地条件、经营水平等对立竹受损程度的影响。结果表明:持续高温干旱天气使毛竹叶片灼伤、枯黄、失绿变白,严重的全株叶片脱落;竹秆脱水、皱缩、枯黄,中下部位出现黑斑,局部表皮灼伤。竹龄越小受损程度越严重,1度竹死亡率显著高于2度及2度以上竹。海拔高度、坡向、坡位、土壤厚度、立竹密度、经营水平等对毛竹林立竹受损程度均有较明显的影响,其中海拔较高毛竹林高于海拔较低毛竹林,阳坡毛竹林显著高于阴坡毛竹林,且上坡>中坡>下坡,土壤厚度<50 cm 毛竹林明显高于土壤厚度>100 cm毛竹林,立竹密度3 750 4 500株·hm^-2和2 250 3 000株·hm^-2毛竹林高于立竹密度3 000 3 750株·hm^-2毛竹林,集约经营毛竹林高于粗放经营毛竹林。典范对应分析(CCA)表明,持续高温干旱灾害对毛竹林的影响因子主要为土壤厚度、坡位,其次为海拔高度、坡向和立竹密度。     

江西安福林区毛竹林雨雪冰冻灾情调查分析

对江西安福毛竹林2008年发生大面积雨雪冰冻灾情的调查和分析.结果表明:毛竹受灾程度与海拔高、林分密度和立竹年龄等有显著相关,其受灾规律为海拔350 m和1 000 m的毛竹林受灾程度分别为51.8%和71.7%;壮龄竹和幼龄竹的受灾程度分别为29.7%和53%;林分密度为2 400～3 000株·hm-2的毛竹林受灾程度为32.5%,分别是立竹度为3 000株·hm-2以上和2 400株·hm-2以下的损失率48.3%和90.3%.此外,毛竹林受灾程度还受林分类型、不同坡度、不同坡向等影响,其表现为纯林大于混交林,陡坡大于缓坡,西北坡大于南坡,说明此次毛竹受灾程度是多因素综合作用的结果.     

竹腔(蔸)施肥对雪灾后毛竹林生长的影响

设置4种施肥方式:竹腔施毛竹增产剂BNP、竹蔸施尿素、竹腔施BNP+竹蔸施尿素、竹腔施植物生长调节剂GGR,不施肥为对照,试验研究了不同施肥方式对雪灾后毛竹林生长的影响。结果表明:毛竹竹腔(蔸)施肥,可以明显提高毛竹林立竹数和平均胸径,促进雪灾后毛竹林尽快恢复;连续施肥3年后,毛竹林立竹数和平均胸径分别较对照提高16.8%和5.6%。不同施肥方式比较,以竹腔施BNP+竹蔸施尿素效果最好,其次为竹腔施BNP和竹蔸施尿素,而竹腔施GGR则对毛竹胸径生长有明显的促进作用。这几种施肥方式均值得在生产中推广应用。     

不同林分结构对绵竹产量的影响研究

绵竹是四川优良的乡土竹种。本研究在绵竹主要分布区沐川、叙永设置了125个经营水平大体一致的样地开展不同林分结构(年龄结构、均匀度、整齐度和立竹度)对绵竹产量的影响研究。结果表明:绵竹林的年龄结构、整齐度和立竹度对竹材产量有显著影响,而均匀度对产量影响不显著。当绵竹林以1 a~2 a年生竹为主,整齐度为10,立竹度在10 000株·hm~(-2)时,绵竹竹材产量最高,是绵竹林最优林分结构。     

冰雪灾害对大关县4种竹林损害的调查研究

对云南省大关县4种竹林经2008年1月特大强降温冰雪天气过程后的受其冰雪灾害损害的情况进行了调查研究.结果表明:(1)慈竹林受损比水竹林、斑竹林和筇竹林严重;(2)随海拔高度的升高4种竹林的受损随之严重;(3)慈竹、斑竹和水竹3种竹林的受损率与其竹林立竹密度的大小呈正相关,而筇竹林的受损率则随其竹林立竹密度的增加而下降;(4)同一竹林胸径大的竹子比胸径小的竹子更容易受损害而折断和破裂.     

杭州市余杭区早竹林冰冻雪灾的损害及其影响因子

研究浙江省余杭区2015年冬季冰冻雪灾对早竹林的损害及其影响因子,结果表明:雪灾对早竹林破坏较严重,各类受损竹比例17.5%,其中翻蔸竹12.0%,断裂竹4.5%。断裂主要发生在胸径为4.0~5.0 cm的1年生早竹,而3.0~4.0 cm的早竹容易发生翻蔸;立竹密度与受害程度的相关性不显著;早竹受损害程度与建园历史、土壤碱解氮、有效磷含量呈显著正相关(P0.05),而与土壤速效钾和p H值的负相关性也达显著水平(P0.05),且与土壤有机质呈二项式显著相关(P0.05)。土壤质量的劣变,加剧了早竹的冰雪损害程度,因此减量配方施肥,平衡土壤养分是提高早竹林抗性的有效途径。     

Snow disturbances in secondary Norway spruce forests in Central Europe: Regression modeling and its implications for forest management

Snow is an important ecological factor limiting vegetation distribution, growth, and regeneration, and the importance of snow in the latitudes of Central Europe is expected to increase in the future. We assessed snow damage to secondary spruce stands (not of native provenance therefore not adapted to local conditions) in a mountainous region of 14500 ha in Central Europe (Moravian-Silesian Beskids, Czech Republic). We used neural networks-based regression modeling to study the relationship between stand and environmental parameters and four types of snow damage (top tree, crown, and stem breakage, and uprooting) that occurred during heavy snowfalls in winter 2005/2006 and 2009. Almost 40000 trees were sampled in 345 plots after each of these two events.The results suggest that parameters that can be controlled by forest management (mainly stand density and taper) were not closely associated with spruce forest resistance to snow damage. Investigated snow damage types were primarily related to the developmental stage of the stand, as indicated by stand volume, age, height, and diameter. Damage in 2009, which was caused by shorter-lasting and lower snow loads than the damage in 2005/2006, was also associated with elevation and snow depth. The response of snow damage to all stand development-related variables was clearly unimodal.We infer that forest management can reduce snow damage to secondary spruce forests in Central Europe only to a limited extent, especially under heavy snow loads. This conclusion is supported by the heavy snows that have frequently fallen on forests in Central Europe in the past and the projected increase in winter precipitation in mid- and northern latitudes; thereby increasing snow damage to forest in the future. Therefore, managers of such spruce forests should not specifically consider forest resistance to snow damage but should apply general practices that maintain forest health and productivity.     

Snow damages on trees of an uneven age in mixed broadleaf forests:effects of topographical conditions and tree characteristics

Snow damage on natural stands is an important problem concerning mountainous forest management.In the present research,the frequency and intensity of heavy snow damage on natural stands and the relationship of damages with characteristics of trees,stand and topography were studied in mountainous forests of northern Iran.A systematic sampling design was applied to the study area(140 ha),with 122 circular plots.The grid dimension was100 m and each plot area was 1000 m~2.The four types of snow damage to trees include:crown damage(8.6%),stem breakage(5.4%),uprooting(3.2%),and bending(1.4%).The frequency of crown damage grew with an increase inthe diameter at breast height(DBH),while the frequency of stem breakage,uprooting and bending decreased with an increase the DBH.The frequency of crown damage,stem breakage,and total damages was related to tree species(p0.01).Not all tree species were equally susceptible to snow damage.The amount of damage grew with increasing elevation and slope angle and decreased with increasing soil depth.Young trees(DBH25 cm) were more susceptible to snow damage than other trees.Snow damage decreased by as the trees in the stand became more mixed in age.The susceptibility of trees to snow damage increased by height and slenderness coefficient.With adequate silvicultural operation,snow damage can be reduced to a minimum level in these natural forests.     

毛竹林立竹密度研究

在湘潭市选择一般经营水平的毛竹林,设置固定标准地50块,调查新竹产量和立竹笋前密度,建立新竹产量与立竹密度的二次抛物线函数模型,结果表明:抛物线拐点区域170～190株/667 m2为湘潭市一般经营水平下毛竹林的合理立竹密度。     

冰雪灾害影响与原因对策浅析——以浙江竹林为例

浙江省竹类资源丰富,竹产业发达,是全国重点产竹省。2008年初特大雨雪冰冻灾害致使该省竹林遭受重创,受灾面积52万hm~2,占竹林总面积的66.4%;直接经济损失36亿元,占林业总损失的37.7%。在介绍南方雨雪冰冻灾害成因的基础上,首先评估了竹林受灾、民生问题、生态功能、次生灾害等4方面的灾害影响;其次,从海拔、混交林和纯林、年龄结构、毛竹钩梢、林地垦抚和使用除草剂、坡度和生长位置等方面分析了竹林受灾原因;最后提出了6项灾害预防对策。     

特大冰冻雪灾后长沙市竹类的冻害状况

2008年1月中旬至2月初,我国南方遭受了1954年以来最严重的低温冰雪灾害.对冰雪灾害后长沙市75种(含变种、变型和栽培变种)竹类的冻害程度进行调查,并于同年4月调查气温回升后冻害竹类的恢复生长情况.依据竹类的冻害等级和竹类的3种地下茎类型,对不同地下茎类型中竹子的冻害状况进行统计分析研究.结果表明:1)冻害程度为Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ和Ⅳ级的竹子分别有2,10,24和34种(含变种、变型和栽培变种),未受冻害的竹种有茶秆竹、刚竹、红哺鸡竹、湘妃竹和爬地竹;2)所有Ⅰ级冻害的种类及70%的Ⅱ级冻害种类为合轴型,80%的未受冻害种类为单轴型;3)在合轴型的竹类中,属Ⅰ,Ⅱ和Ⅲ级冻害的种数分别为该类型总种数的10.5%,36.8%和47.4%,而复轴型与单轴型的竹类中均无Ⅰ级冻害的种类,前者以Ⅳ级冻害为主,后者以Ⅲ和Ⅳ级冻害为主,单轴型的竹类中无冻害的种类高达该类型总种数的11.8%,全市所有竹子中合轴型竹类的冻害程度最重,单轴型竹类的冻害程度最轻.     

灾后补救措施对雪压毛竹林恢复效果研究

对受灾较重的安徽省黄山区雪压毛竹林灾后补救措施恢复效果的研究结果表明,不同受灾类型和受灾程度,补救措施的效果不同:(1)对中度弯曲竹,斩梢补救效果不明显,而重度弯曲竹,斩梢后,竹秆恢复自然状态的程度明显好于对照竹。(2)对破裂竹,竹秆劈裂程度不同,强度斩梢补救的效果绝然不同。对中度破裂竹,斩梢补救同不处理相比,存活率差异不大,但大大提高了存活竹的生长状况,存活较好的竹株比例由11.1%提高到了44.4%;而对劈裂严重的重度竹,人为干扰处理起到了相反的作用。(3)对翻蔸竹,如果翻蔸程度较轻,基本上均能存活,覆土补救可促进竹株生长;而重度翻蔸竹,只有50%左右能自然存活,覆土处理无论对于存活率和生长状况均有一定效果。     

武平县雨雪冰冻受害毛竹林恢复技术试验初报

通过对福建省武平县雨雪冰冻受害毛竹林实施斩梢、林地清理、施肥、竹蔸追肥等技术措施,结果表明:4种技术措施均能极显著提高毛竹林发笋数和新竹平均胸径,其中以斩梢、林地清理、竹蔸追肥效果最快最好。该技术于2008—2009年在武平县受雨雪冰冻灾害的毛竹林中进行推广应用,取得较好经济效益。     

Modelling probability of snow and wind damage using tree,stand, and site characteristics from Pinus sylvestris sample plots

The risk of damage on trees from snow and wind was modelled using tree, stand, and site characteristics from 286 permanent Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sample plots within the Swedish National Forest Inventory. Three logistic risk assessment models were developed for the county of Västerbotten in the boreal zone of Sweden. The best model, using tree, stand, and site variables, correctly classified 81.1% of the undamaged and 81.8% of the damaged plots. The model over‐predicted the proportion of damaged plots (21.3%), compared to the observed proportion of 3.8%. When evaluating the models using temporary plots from Västerbotten, the model using tree, stand, and site variables showed the best overall predictability. When applied in southern Sweden, the models developed for Västerbotten showed poor predictability. The study shows possibilities for correctly classifying the overall susceptibility to damage from snow and wind if the models are used within their limits.     

冰冻雪压对杉木人工林近成熟林分危害调查

以受冰冻雪灾较为严莺的江西省大岗山林区杉木近成熟林分为研究对象,探讨杉木林分结构和立地条件与杉木受损类型及灾害发生程度的关系,得到几点主要结论:1)冰冻雪压造成大岗山林区杉木受害株数比例达66.84%,受灾相当严重,杉木林分受害类型可分为弯梢、断梢、斜干、断干、倒地及翻蔸等6种,其中断干和断梢为最主要的2种受害类型.2)杉木林分结构对冰冻雪压危害具有明显的调节作用,灾害主要发生于径阶相对较小的林木,林分内径阶越大的林木其受害程度明显越轻;林分密度与受害强度具极显著正相关,密度越高,林分受损株数愈多,且密度主要影响断干、翻蔸这2种不可逆的受损类型,合理的密度调控至关重要.3)杉木林分的立地条件与受害程度紧密相关,高海拔、高坡位、陡坡处的林分更易受到冰冻雪压的危害,较高的立地指数有利于杉木在遭受冰冻雪压灾害时减轻损失.