竹粉水-正丁醇溶剂体系酸催化液化试验研究

生物质是唯一可转化为液体燃料的可再生资源,利用可再生生物质资源替代传统化石资源制备液体燃料及化学品受到越来越多的关注。笔者采用水-正丁醇双溶剂体系构建竹粉水油相液化溶剂体系,在酸催化条件下实现竹粉液化转化及其产物反应分离,研究了油水体系对竹粉液化及油水溶性组分分离的影响。结果表明:液化最佳反应条件为水-正丁醇比例20∶60、反应温度240℃、反应时间60 min、固液比1∶10;最佳反应条件下竹粉转化率为92.5%,水相产率6.6%,油相产率70.5%。正丁醇含量、反应温度及反应时间的提高可以实现水相组分向油相组分转化,从而提高油相组分含量。液化产物分析结果表明,油相组分C元素含量及热值相对于竹粉明显提高,分别提高约1.3及1.9倍;水-正丁醇溶剂体系已基本实现液化产物高热值油相及低热值水相组分的分离。     

木质生物质快速热解生物油产率影响因素分析

木质生物质能是可再生能源的重要组成部分,快速热解技术是国内外木质生物质能源化的热点研究课题.本文在简要总结木质生物质快速热解技术的基础上,着重对快速热解过程中热解温度、升温速率、压力、气相滞留时间、木质生物质物料特性、催化剂、热解反应器等因素对生物油产率的影响进行了论述,阐明了提高生物油产率的快速热解工艺条件.     

熔盐裂解液化生物质的研究

为了考察熔盐组成、原料种类和裂解温度等因素对生物质裂解液化的影响,在自行设计的反应器中进行了实验研究。结果表明:纤维素在ZnCl2中液化,生物油得率最高,为35%;在66%(物质的量分数)KCl-CuCl中液化,生物油中水分含量最低,为21%;硝酸盐不适于生物质液化反应,生物油得率为零。以纤维素为原料的生物油得率高于以水稻秸秆为原料的生物油得率,而且生物油中的水分含量较低,说明含纤维素较多的生物质原料更适于裂解液化。热裂解反应受温度影响较大,生物油得率随温度升高呈先升高后降低的趋势,存在一个较优的温度,对纤维素原料而言在530℃左右,水稻秸秆在450℃左右。采用FT-IR和GC-MS对生物油进行初步分析,生物油成分比较复杂,其中呋喃类物质占有较大比例。     

不同水热处理对刨花板苯酚液化效果的影响

对实验室自制刨花板和回收废弃刨花板分别进行水热处理,在两种不同的液化条件下对处理的刨花板粉进行液化,利用液化残渣率为指标,分析不同水热条件处理对刨花板苯酚液化的影响。在不同的液化条件下得出相同的结果:同一水热处理时间下,两种刨花板的液化残渣率都随着温度的升高而呈现降低的趋势;同一水热处理温度下,液化残渣率也随着处理时间的增加而呈现降低的趋势,水热处理温度比水热处理时间对刨花板苯酚液化的影响效果大。对实验结果进行数据分析得到较理想的最佳水热处理条件是:实验室自制刨花板水热温度80℃,水热处理时间6h;回收废弃刨花板水热温度80℃,水热处理时间8h。     

Liquefaction of Camellia Oil Cake with Phenol and Structure Characterization of Reaction Product

为了综合利用油萘饼粕,分析了油茶饼粕的基本组成,采用苯酚为液化剂,硫酸为催化剂,对油茶饼粕进行了液化实验.结果显示油茶饼粕中糖类、粗纤维和粗蛋白质的总质量分数约为75％,能够有效进行液化.研究了反应温度、苯酚与油茶饼粕的质量比(液比)、催化剂的用量度液化时间对液化反应的影响,实验得出较佳的液化工艺条件为:硫酸用量4％,液化时间1.5h,液化温度140℃,液比值4,此时液化残渣率16.25％.利用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)分析了油茶饼粕及其液化残渣和产物的结构特征,结果显示苯酚与油茶饼粕组分发生了明显酚化反应和醚化反应,形成了更多的活性官能团.油茶饼粕中蛋白质结构遭到破坏,蛋白质也发生了液化反应.     

真空热解工艺参数对生物油产率的影响研究

以油菜秸秆为原料,采用真空热解系统作为生物质热解液化试验装置,以热解终温、体系压力、升温速率和保温时间为试验因子,生物油产率为试验指标,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法对生物油产率进行进一步优化,利用Design Expert 8.0.6软件分析得出生物油产率的二次多项式模型方程,对热解工艺参数进行寻优,并对优化结果进行了试验验证。研究结果表明,热解终温、体系压力和升温速率是影响生物油产率的主要因素,而保温时间对生物油产率的影响较小;最佳热解工艺参数为:热解终温494.0℃,体系压力5.0 kPa,升温速率18.4℃/min,保温时间60.0 min,在此条件下,生物油产率可达43.50%,与预测值43.63%较为接近。     

生物质热解液化产物制备酚醛树脂研究进展

在介绍热解制备富含酚类物质液化产物的生物质原料的基础上,综述了快速热解油、真空热解油、高压热解油、常压苯酚液化产物、木质素酚解产物及生物油抽提分离产物等生物质热解液化产物制备酚醛树脂及其应用现状,并指出了生物质热解液化产物替代酚类化合物制备酚醛树脂存在成本较高、反应活性较低、尺寸稳定性较差等问题,利用造纸黑液木质素与树皮制备酚醛树脂将成为重要方向。     

杨木粉液化产物及其树脂制备工艺

随着石油资源的不断匮乏,速生杨木这种可再生生物质资源逐渐被人们所重视,为制备可以替代传统树脂的新型树脂材料,解决当今能源危机问题,许多国家都在生物质资源利用方面做了研究。以杨木屑为原料,通过液化试验制备液化产物,再通过液化产物制备树脂,研究催化剂和液化剂用量、反应时间以及反应温度对液化产物所制树脂的影响,寻找较优制备条件。结果表明:液化反应在液固比为1.5的70%苯酚用量、聚乙二醇400的复合液化剂,4%浓硫酸催化剂用量,135℃的液化反应温度,120 min的液化反应时间条件下,可制备出效果较好的液化产物,其残渣率为7%,羟值为370 mg/g。通过液化产物制备树脂的较佳条件是:甲醛与液化产物摩尔比1.2,Na OH与液化产物摩尔比0.5,反应温度85℃反应时间120 min。在此条件下制得优质树脂,黏度为4 500~6 500 m Pa·s,固含量70%~80%。     

响应面优化生物质玉米秸秆催化液化工艺研究

以获取高得率的生物质液化油为目的,利用生物质玉米秸秆为原料,液化时间、液化温度、催化剂的量为影响因素设计Box-Behnken试验,得到试验因素之间的定量数学模型和交互作用对玉米秸秆液化率的影响,采用响应面法确定玉米秸秆催化液化的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,试验数据建立的二次多项式数学模型显著性极高(P0.000 1),相关系数R~2=0.953 8,预测值与试验值具有很好的拟合度。当液化时间为63.66 min、液化温度为162.43℃和催化剂的量为4.02%时为最佳的催化液化条件;在该工艺条件下,玉米秸秆的液化率为98.88%,预测值为98.87%,二者相差0.01%;由此得出响应面法优化玉米秸秆催化液化工艺参数更加精准可靠,具有一定的参考价值。     

落叶松树皮喷动循环流化床快速热解的影响因素

对喷动循环流化床落叶松树皮快速热解过程中反应温度、物料粒径、进料速率及气体流量对热解产物产率的影响以及这4个因素共同作用对生物油产率的影响进行研究.结果表明:反应温度是影响热解产物产率的主要因素,气体流量影响较显著,在试验范围内物料粒径、进料速率影响不显著;喷动循环流化床最佳制备液体产物--生物油快速热解工艺条件为:反应温度550℃,物料粒径0.2～0.3 mm,进料速率20 r·min-1,气体流量25m3·h-1.     

侧柏幼树覆盖试验

在太行山南部石灰岩中山区,以侧柏2年生幼树为研究对象,选择地膜、生态垫、秸秆、石块等材料进行覆盖保墒试验,用EM50自动测定土壤含水量,在生长期结束后对侧柏地径、苗高、生物量、成活率进行调查。试验结果表明:覆盖石块、渗水地膜能起到明显的保墒作用,茎、叶、总生物量、幼树高生长量明显高于其他处理,地径、主根、侧根的生长受影响不大。     

Effects of surface modification methods on mechanical and interfacial properties of high-density polyethylene-bonded wood veneer composites

To improve interfacial adhesion between wood veneer and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) film, wood veneer was thermally modified in an oven or chemically modified by vinyltrimethoxysilane. The wood veneers were used to prepare plastic-bonded wood composites (PBWC) in a flat-press process using HDPE films as adhesives. The results showed that both modifications reduced veneer hydrophilicity and led to enhancement in shear strength, wood failure, and water resistance of the resulting PBWC. The thermal treatment significantly decreased the storage modulus close to 130 °C (the melting temperature of plastic). Thermal-treated wood veneer maintains mechanical interlocking for bonding and veneer strength which then declined under thermal treatment due to hemicellulose degradation and cellulose de-polymerization. In the silane-treated PBWC, enhanced interlocking and a stronger bonding structure resulted from the reaction between the silane-treated veneer and HDPE. This strong bonding structure allowed thermal stability improvement demonstrated by high modulus and low tanδ values. However, the strength of silane-treated PBWC was still much lower than thermosetting resin-bonded composites at higher temperatures due to the melting behavior of thermoplastic polymer, precluding its use in certain applications.     

自然生草桃园表层土壤水分和草地地上生物量的空间分布及其关系

【目的】阐明桃树果园短期自然生草条件下土壤水分空间分布特征及其与草地地上生物量的关系。【方法】以信阳沙壤土五月鲜桃园为研究对象,在冬春季短期自然生草条件下,采用1 m×1 m网格采样法,以经典统计学和地统计学半方差函数为工具,研究表层(0~5 cm)土壤水分和草地地上生物量空间分布特征。【结果】表层(0~5 cm)土壤含水量和地上草地生物量符合正态分布,平均体积含水量为10.08%,95%置信区间为9.84%~10.32%,变异系数为16.36%,0.2 m×0.2 m草地地上生物量均值为9.17 g,变异系数为56.71%。区域田块尺度上,自然生草桃园草地地上生物量和表层(0~5 cm)土壤水分空间分布均符合指数函数模型,模型块金值/基台值分别为0.477 3和0.499 8,变程分别为7.20和2.51。即二者均具有中等程度的空间依赖性,草地地上生物量较表层(0~5 cm)土壤含水量具有更强的空间依赖性。克里格插值结果表明,表层(0~5 cm)土壤含水量和草地地上生物量空间上呈斑块状分布,且表现为距离树体越远值越大的分布特征。相关分析结果表明,地上生物量与表层(0~5 cm)土壤含水量之间极显著正相关(P<0.001)。【结论】果园短期自然生草有利于保蓄表层土壤水分,改善土壤水分条件,草地地上生物量是影响果园表层土壤水分空间分布的重要因素。     

水分胁迫条件下臭柏匍匐茎的蒸腾和吸水特性

在臭柏长期室内石砾土栽培条件下,通过培养液中加入PEG以调节溶液渗透势,设置对照区(pF值3.0)、水分胁迫区(pF值2.3)2种处理,并分别从匍匐茎中部人工培养不定根,测定有不定根和无不定根匍匐茎小枝的蒸腾速率、气孔导度及其水势的日变化和叶片水分特性.结果表明:1)在水分胁迫条件下,匍匐茎先端小枝通过降低正午水势提高吸水能力;基部小枝通过控制蒸腾,维持枝条水势防止失水.2)有不定根的匍匐茎通过降低质壁分离时的水势(ψwtlp)和充分吸水时的渗透势(ψ,ssat)提高吸水能力,而且增加细胞弹性率,迅速降低膨压保证失水时能尽快关闭气孔;而无不定根匍匐茎虽然吸水能力较差,但细胞壁柔软,即使蒸腾失水,也能在较长时间内维持膨压,保证生命活动进行.     

保水剂对沙枣生物量的作用影响

以大沙枣为对象,研究保水剂对大沙枣生物量的作用影响。结果表明：（1）保水剂对大沙枣地上部分生物量均有一定影响,经不同保水剂用量处理的沙枣,地上部分生物量,从大到小依次为：80g·株^-1、60g·株^-1、40g·株^-1、20g·株^-1和0g·株^-1;（2）经不同保水剂处理的沙枣,地下部分生物量无明显差异;（3）保水剂用量为80g·株^-1时,其地上部分总生物量和根系生物量最大。     

陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区杏林地土壤水分植被承载力

根据台地和26°坡地杏林地连续3年的降雨、冠层截留、地表径流、土壤水分和生物量的定位观测结果,研究分析陕北黄土区自然降水与土壤水分补给、土壤水分补给与生物量、土壤水分消耗与生物量的关系.提出台地土壤水分可承载的杏树生物量为3 728 kg·hm~(-2),坡地为2 423 kg·hm~(-2),台地杏林地适宜的果实产量为4 714 kg·hm~(-2),坡地杏林地适宜的产量为3 064 kg·hm~(-2).建议综合应用水保工程、修剪、保墒、花果控制、生长激素等措施,平衡利用雨水资源,实现杏产业的可持续发展.     

水分胁迫对日本柳杉种子萌芽的影响

本文采用配置不同浓度的PEG(聚乙二醇)溶液来模拟土壤自然水势，对日本柳杉种子萌芽实验进行人工水分胁迫处理。结果表明：随着水势的下降，其发芽率在轻度水分胁迫下有所上升，然后降低，随PEG浓度上升到15％时，发芽率、发芽速度、发芽指数、活力指数、芽长等都出现不同程度的降低。而当PEG浓度上升到25％时，则上述指标均受到强烈抑制。结果表明，日本柳杉在轻度干旱胁迫时，具有一定的耐旱性。     

Laboratory and environmental decay of wood–plastic composite boards: flexural properties

The flexural properties of wood–plastic composite (WPC) deck boards exposed to 9.5 years of environmental decay in Hilo, Hawaii, were compared to samples exposed to moisture and decay fungi for 12 weeks in the laboratory, to establish a correlation between sample flexural properties and calculated void volume. Specimens were tested for flexural strength and modulus, both wet and dry, at 23°C and 52°C. Some specimens degenerated to only 15% of original flexural strength. UV radiation had no impact on flexural properties of field-exposed boards; loss occurred mainly on the side opposite to the sun-exposed surface. The mechanism of the aging process on colonization of WPC by fungi was examined and is consistent with development of slow crack growth in the polyethylene matrix combined with wood decay by fungi. Wood particle decay, moisture, and elevated temperature were the major factors causing composite degradation, indicated by accumulation of voids and a severe decrease in flexural properties. To simulate long-term field impact (including decay) on WPC flexural properties in the laboratory, conditioning of specimens in hot water for an extended period of time is required. Exposure to water (70°C/5 days) was adequate for simulating long-term composite exposure in Hawaii of 4?×?15?×?86 mm³ specimens.     

Competition for water in a pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch) – cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) alley cropping system in the southern United States

Understanding the belowground interactions between trees and crops is critical to successful management of agroforestry systems. In a study of competition for water in an alley cropping system consisting of pecan (Carya illinoensis) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in a sandy loam soil (Rhodic Paleudult) in Jay, Florida, root systems of the two species were separated by trenching to 120 cm depth. A polyethylene barrier was installed in half of the plots. Spatial and temporal variations in soil water content, root distribution and water uptake by both species, and leaf area development and height of cotton were measured. Interspecific competition for water was greater in the non-barrier treatment near tree rows than at the alley center. Competition became evident 3 to 4 weeks after emergence of cotton and increased during the following 7 to 8 weeks. Compared with the non-barrier treatment, the barrier treatment had higher soil water content and better growth of cotton (height, leaf area, and fine root biomass). Cotton lint yield in the barrier treatment (677 kg ha^–1) was similar to that in a sole-crop stand, but higher than in the non-barrier (502 kg ha^–1) treatment. Lint production efficiency of plants was higher in the interior rows in the non-barrier treatment (0.197 kg lint per square meter of leaf area, compared to 0.117 kg in the barrier treatment). The results suggest that trenching or even deep disking parallel to the tree row may reduce competition for water, but the impact on tree growth cannot be established from this study. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Polyethylene degradation by lignin-degrading fungi and manganese peroxidase

Degradation of high-molecular-weight polyethylene membrane by lignin-degrading fungi, IZU-154, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and Trametes versicolor, was investigated under various nutritional conditions. IZU-154 showed the most significant polyethylene degradation among the three lignin-degrading fungi under nitrogen- or carbon-limited culture conditions. Furthermore, for T. versicolor and P. chrysosporium, the addition of Mn(II) into nitrogen- or carbon-limited culture medium enhanced polyethylene degradation. These results suggest that polyethylene degradation is related to ligninolytic activity of lignin-degrading fungi. Treatment of polyethylene membrane with partially purified manganese peroxidase (MnP) caused significant degradation in the presence of Tween 80, Mn(II), and Mn(III) chelator. This result demonstrates that MnP is the key enzyme in polyethylene degradation by lignin-degrading fungi.This study was presented in part at the 9th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Montreal, Canada, June 9–12, 1997