论自然保护区实施生态旅游的措施

论述了生态旅游的基本概念与特征。在自然保护区开展生态旅游，能增强自然保护区的经济实力，便于对游客进行自然保护和环境意识的教育，创造就业机会，促进社区经济发展。分析了生态旅游给自然保护区带来的如环境污染、生境破碎等负面影响。提出了实施措施。     

五指山自然保护区的保护植物和珍稀濒危植物

根据《国家重点保护野生植物名录(第一批)》、《中国植物红皮书》及《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》统计，五指山自然保护区共有保护植物和珍稀濒危植物162种，隶属于33科92属，其中国家重点保护野生植物29种。本文对各类保护植物的生活型、分布特征及地理区域特点进行了分析，结果表明大多数的种类为热带区系成分，而且在保护区内的热带低地雨林分布最为集中，栖息地易受到人为活动的干扰，需加强管理。同时，对五指山自然保护区内这些保护植物的价值进行探讨，并就如何加强保护提出了建议。     

湖北省国家重点保护野生植物现状与保护对策

笔者论述了湖北省国家重点保护野生植物的数量、分布、保护及利用现状,并提出相应的保护对策。     

甘肃省国家重点保护野生植物资源

甘肃省共有31种受国家重点保护野生植物资源,隶属20科27属。分析了这些野生植物特点和用途,并就保护和开发利用进行了探讨。     

世界自然保护地旅游治理模式及对我国的启示

旅游管理是自然保护地管理的重要内容,适宜的治理模式是自然保护地实现生态保护、社区发展和旅游利用多重管理目标的社会条件。文中在分析自然保护地治理统计数据和自然保护地旅游治理案例研究成果的基础上,归纳全球自然保护地治理及其旅游治理模式,总结模式选择的特征,并提出我国模式探索的建议。研究认为,当前我国自然保护地旅游治理应以政府治理为主,分类、分区域探索多样化的治理模式,因时、因地拓展多主体参与治理,旨在为提高我国自然保护地旅游管理效率、创新自然保护地多元治理提供借鉴,进而为现代环境治理体系建设提供参考。     

Effect of the season and forest management on the visual quality of the nature-based tourism environment: a case from Finnish Lapland

The growth of nature-based tourism has raised the need to better understand tourists’ expectations towards outdoor recreation environments. There is little knowledge, however, of international tourists’ attitudes towards forest management practises or of their effect during winter. This study investigated how commercial forests correspond to the environmental expectations of international nature-based tourists and how the season affects tourists’ landscape preferences. Altogether 750 foreign visitors to Finnish Lapland responded to a survey and evaluated photographs presenting various types of forest landscapes in summer and winter. Beautiful scenery was the most important motive for the choice of travel destination and for participating in outdoor recreation. The results highlight the strong impact of seasons on the perceived quality of the landscape in commercial forests. Seasonal differences are largest in regeneration areas as snow cover mitigates the effects of forestry operations. Even-aged, middle-aged and mature forest stands were considered to be suitable for tourism in both summer and winter. There is a demand for adapted management regimes in commercial forests targeting year-round nature-based tourism. In conclusion, forestry and tourism can coexist in the same area with good planning and with management actions that take visual quality and recreational values of the environment into account.     

龙陵县非木质林产品的采集利用与管理对策研究

龙陵县非木质林产品种类繁多,包括香料类、食用类、药用类、树脂类、野生观赏植物及花卉类.文中分析了龙陵县非木质林产品没有形成规模化生产,生产加工种类少,利用程度低,掠夺式的采集活动导致野生资源遭到毁灭性破坏等非木质产品开发、采集与利用现状.进一步分析了非木质林产品的不合理采集利用对森林可持续利用产生的影响,包括森林植被遭到破坏,导致森林功能退化,生物多样性减少,危及野生动物栖息地等.藉此,提出开展村民生态环境保护意识教育,防止野生资源过度采集,注重非木质林产品深加工,提高产品附加值,加大人工培育和技术投入等非木质林产品采集利用管理对策.     

Bioinventory and documentation of traditional ecological knowledge of wild edible fruits of Kodagu-Western Ghats,India

Forty-five species of wild edible fruits were identified and traditional local knowledge of their usage was recorded in 40 villages of Kodagu district in Central Western Ghats, India one of the eight top hotspots of biodiversity in the world. We combined biodiversity inven-tory of trees with village interviews to record traditional ecological knowledge. Wild edible fruits were an opportunistic source of food for rural people. Wild edible fruits were rich in minerals, vitamins, carbohy-drates, proteins, fats and fiber. In recent years there has been a decline in numbers of wild fruit trees due to changes in land use from uncultivated private wooded area to cardamom and coffee cultivation. The availability of wild edible fruits that were once very common on private cultivated areas has declined and their distributions are now restricted more to jungles and wildlife sanctuaries. We propose methods for conservation and describe the need for sustainable utilization to provide supplemen-tary sources of nutritional and pharmaceutically useful edible wild fruits.     

后河自然保护区野生保护植物优先保护定量研究

笔者在野外调查和查阅文献资料的基础上,研究了湖北五峰后河自然保护区国家重点保护野生植物的分布情况,并运用濒危系数、遗传价值系数和物种价值系数对其优先保护顺序进行了定量分析.结果表明:①后河自然保护区共有国家重点保护野生植物25种,其中Ⅰ级7种,Ⅱ级18种,分别占湖北省分布的54.4%、87.5%和47.4%;②采用优先...     

佛坪自然保护区生态旅游对野生动物活动影响分析

佛坪自然保护区草坪—黑龙潭—大城壕属保护区实验区,是保护区境内最主要生态旅游线路。通过2004年至2010年对该区域入区人员的统计和日常巡护及定期监测中收集的野生动物活动数据分析,研究保护区开展生态旅游对野生动物活动的影响,探索了保护区生态旅游方向,使之既能实现一定的旅游收入,又对自然环境和野生动物的影响降到最低限度。     

旅游旺季对西藏林芝地区生态状况的影响及对策

西藏林芝地区有着丰富的旅游资源，随着交通条件的改善，游客人数大大增多，对生态造成了负面影响。为此提出了培养具有生态学专业知识的导游员，调节游客流量，设立农家旅馆等措施和建议，以实现保护环境和旅游业的可持续发展。     

美国荒野保护体系构建的时空特征及其管理经验与启示

我国自然保护体系重构的每一步进展都离不开对各级、各类自然保护地管控方式、方法与强度的探索,保护政策的有效落地更需要区分同一自然保护地内不同区域的管控措施。荒野,不管是作为单独的自然保护地还是作为某类自然保护地范围内的特殊区域,都是客观存在并急需采取保护措施的非常宝贵的资源区域。文中追溯了荒野思想的形成及其3大要义,分析了美国840处荒野保护地的时空分布特征和管理经验,发现美国《荒野法》颁布之后的30年间是法定荒野数量和面积增长的最鼎盛时期,法律和政策积极主导了荒野保护体系的构建与发展,政务公开、数据共享激活了全民保护意识,美国4大荒野主管机构有效管理并发动科研机构和社会团体开展荒野保护研究与实践。提出了3点启示:一是发展中国荒野保护思想并借鉴美国荒野管理经验;二是识别客观实在的荒野空间,研发不同尺度的荒野地图作为我国各级、各类保护地规划的底数和底图;三是应考虑将荒野保护作为子系统纳入我国自然保护地体系规划。     

浙江省国家重点保护野生植物就地保护的研究

对浙江省国家重点保护野生植物就地保护现状及评价进行了研究。目前浙江省已有8个省级以上野生植物和森林生态系统类型自然保护区(点),就地保护国家重点保护植物达38种,占浙江省国家重点保护野生植物总种数(50种)的76%;初步提出了合理调整和布局自然保护区,大力发展自然保护小区、自然保护点和禁伐区,就地保护和其它手段相结合等保护措施。     

Conservation policy–people conflicts: a case study from Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (a World Heritage Site), India

Perceptions of local people towards conservation policy and related management interventions, nature and magnitude of policy–people conflicts and, possible options for conflict resolution were analysed in the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, a World Heritage Site in Indian Himalaya. People's perceptions were discerned through participatory discussions covering 419 households distributed in 10 villages in the buffer zone. Traditional uncodified rights of local people were substantially reduced through policy interventions set in since 1860s. Local people as well as tourists were excluded from the core zone covering an area of 625 km² since 1982. Deterioration of rural economy due to damage to crop and livestock by wildlife and, termination of opportunities of income from wild medicinal plant resources and tourism in the core zone were the key negative impacts of conservation policy felt by more than 90% of respondents. Mean annual economic loss per household was estimated as Rs 1285, Rs 1195 and Rs 156 due to damage caused by wildlife to food crops, fruit trees and beehives, respectively, Rs 1587 due to ban on collection of wild medicinal plants for marketing and Rs 7904 due to ban on tourism in the core zone. Reserve authority granted compensation of livestock killed by wildlife but it was hardly 5% of the market value of killed livestock as assessed by the people. People did not appreciate much the present benefits from the reserve management in the form of wages for carrying out afforestation work, partial compensation of livestock depredation and availability of solar power devices, wool, and spinning devices. Approximately 95% respondents identified empowerment of local people in respect of realising income from timber from dead/diseased trees in community forests, income from medicinal plants in buffer zone and opening of core zone for tourism as potential development options. Improvement in rural economy, the prime concern of local people, has not received as much attention as legal enforcement of protection by the reserve management. There is a need for developing policies and management actions that serve the economic interests of local people together with enhancement of environmental conservation goal.     

塞罕坝野生植物资源研究与保护

调查和分析了塞罕坝野生植物生存现状,指出现在塞罕坝由于旅游开发以及气候变化等因素,野生植物的生存空间受到了挑战。并在此基础上对如何保护塞罕坝野生植物资源提出了看法,要依据植物的生长规律、生活习性、濒危成度等进行分类保护。     

滇西北地区国家重点保护野生植物的分布特征研究

通过对滇西北地区国家重点保护野生植物资源的调查和有关文献资料的查阅,建立了滇西北地区国家重点野生植物保护名录,分析了其保护植物的种类及数量特征、分布特征。结果表明,(1)滇西北国家重点保护野生植物共计41种,隶属于30科38属;(2)水平地理分布从西北部到东南部呈现出递减的趋势,高黎贡山片区为保护植物分布的重点保护地区;(3)垂直分布范围很广,主要集中于海拔1 000～2 500 m的河谷中山湿性常绿阔叶林中。研究结果将为滇西北地区生物多样性保护政策的制定提供理论依据。     

丹霞山生态旅游区可持续发展对策探讨

在对游客、当地居民和景区工作人员调查的基础上,分析丹霞山生态旅游区旅游发展存在的主要问题,并从5个方面探讨其可持续发展对策。认为应该树立可持续发展意识,力争通过生态旅游产品认证;完善基础设施,加强丹霞山生态旅游区环境建设;加大“三Z”投入,奠定可持续发展的良好基础;发展社区参与生态旅游(CBE),重视当地居民的利益;建立旅游解说系统,加强对游客的生态环境教育和管理。     

海南岛尖峰岭野生兰科植物资源分布与保护对策

对海南岛尖峰岭野生兰科植物资源进行了系统调查,结果表明:海南岛尖峰岭野生兰科植物种类十分丰富,具有53属114种,其中附生兰84种,地生兰30种;60%以上的兰科植物分布于海拔700~1 200 m热带山地雨林中。由于过度无序开发,尖峰岭林区的野生兰科植物资源保存现状不容乐观,因此建议通过健全管理机制、加大宣传力度、加强人工培育研究以及依托旅游发展兰花产业等措施进行有效保护。     

浙江中西部猕猴桃野生资源种类及利用研究初报

通过实地调查、民间走访与查阅相关文献资料,基本摸清了浙江中西部地区猕猴桃属野生资源的现状与资源分布概况,探讨了猕猴桃属植物在药用、食用、观赏等方面的利用价值,并提出了野生猕猴桃开发利用对策。     

黄山市菊科野生蔬菜资源及开发利用

经调查表明:黄山市菊科野生植物中约有29属50种(包括种下分类单位)可供作蔬菜。介绍了这些野菜的种类、食用部位、其他用途和分布情况,提出了开发利用黄山市菊科野生蔬菜资源的建议。