章古台地区樟子松人工林水量平衡初步研究

为揭示樟子松人工林水量平衡规律,在辽宁省章古台地区,选择林龄为32 a、密度为404株/hm2的樟子松人工林,利用2 a（2010、2011）的观测结果,采用水量平衡方法对樟子松人工林的降水分配进行研究。结果表明：樟子松人工林内降水量、树干茎流量、林冠截留量分别为422.7、0.8、28.1 mm,占同期降水量的93.6%、0.2%、6.2%。樟子松蒸腾耗水量、枯落物＋林下植被＋土壤蒸散量、土壤贮水量变化量分别为116.1、287.3、20.1 mm,占同期降水量的25.7%、63.6%、4.5%;樟子松蒸腾耗水量占林地内蒸散量的28.8%,枯落物＋林下植被＋土壤蒸散量占林地内蒸散量的71.2%。     

围封对油松林地土壤水分特性的影响

通过对围封和放牧干扰的油松林地中土壤含水率和土壤毛管持水量的调查,比较了围封和放牧干扰对油松林分土壤水分特性的影响。结果表明:围封有利于保持和提高油松林地的土壤含水率,尤其对土壤表层的土壤含水率具有明显的提升作用;围封有利于提高油松林地的土壤毛管持水量,尤其对土壤表层的持水性能具有明显的促进作用。     

湘北红壤丘陵区四川桤木人工林水文生态效应

对湘北红壤丘陵区6年生四川桤木人工林的林冠层截留效应、地上部分持水效应以及土壤水文效益进行了研究,结果表明:观测期内林冠截留量占总降水量的22.79%;林地地上部分持水量为4.86 mm,其中林下枯落物持水量最大,为2.48 mm;林地0~45 cm层土壤最大持水量为198.86 mm。四川桤木能够改善红壤的结构,提高土壤蓄水能力。     

尾巨桉与杉木林地土壤物理性质对比研究

对成熟期的11年生尾巨桉林和23年生杉木林的土壤物理性质进行分析比较,结果表明,相对于杉木,种植尾巨桉后,尾巨桉林地0~60cm各层次土壤容重、自然含水量均较小,0~60cm各层次土壤总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、最大持水量、毛管持水量及田间持水量均较大,林地土壤变得较为疏松,改善了土壤的透气状况和透水性,但土壤变得较为干燥,土壤表层沙化,粘粒下移。经方差分析,尾巨桉林和杉木林间土壤非毛管孔隙度、最大持水量差异显著。     

黄土高原荒坡径流生产潜力研究

运用“单株平衡法”，测定了油松、刺槐优势木单株年耗水量。并以此作为林地水分生产力评价的依据，提出了“期望最低水分潜势标准”及“降雨径流期望生产力指数”，并指出径流系数是决定径流生产力的主要因素。对黄土高原荒坡径流生产力进行了必要的理论探讨。计算求得了利用自然坡面径流，油松、刺槐可望成林、成材的降雨量下限均为５００ｍｍ；在４００ｍｍ降水地区，仅能形成郁闭度为０．３左右的稀疏林地。     

内蒙古林科院树木园油松人工林蒸散特征

林分蒸散是森林水量平衡的主要组成部分,以内蒙古林科院树木园油松人工林为研究对象,同步监测树干液流、树干茎流、林内穿透雨和气象因子,分析了油松人工林蒸散及其组成.结果表明:整个生长季林分蒸散、冠层蒸腾、冠层截留、林地蒸散分别为392.53 mm、83.68 mm、68.90 mm和239.95 mm,分别占同期降水量的1...     

林地施肥及水肥平衡的综述

本文扼要介绍了林地施肥的概况及其最近有关水肥平衡研究的重要成果。由于林业生产粗放,故林地水肥平衡研究尚处于初级介段。本文着重从林地施肥以及水分和肥料二者的协调作用加以简要介绍。     

祁连山林草复合流域气象因子、土壤特性及其蒸发对比研究

土壤蒸发是森林生态系统水文循环的重要环节,也是流域水量平衡计算的难点,为此,在祁连山大野口流域对土壤特性、土壤蒸发和气象因子进行定位监测,对监测数据用相关系数法进行分析,结果表明:(1)林地比草地土壤年蒸发量低80.99%,林地土壤年蒸发量占降水量的54.16%,而草地占98.02%。在土壤蒸发旺盛期,林地和草地土壤蒸发量分别占全年的80.87%和85.47%;在土壤蒸发平稳期,林地和草地蒸发量分别占全年的19.13%和14.5 3%。(2)与各气象各因子相关性的平均值比较,林地比草低平均低出3.15%。(3)林地比草地土壤孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度分别高出7.31%、7.63%、4.29%。本文通过林地和草地的土壤蒸发季节变化、土壤蒸发与气象因子相关性、土壤蒸发与土壤特性相关性等对比分析发现,虽然林地比草地土壤特性更有利于土壤蒸发,但气象因子是影响土壤蒸发的主成因子,林地形成的小气象环境抑制了土壤蒸发,使林地保持更多的水分供生长需要.本研究可为全面掌握森林生态水文学的水文循环机理和进行流域水量平衡计算提供科学依据和参考。     

火干扰对马尾松人工林土壤物理性质的影响

研究了马尾松人工林在强度、中度、轻度和无火干扰情况下林地土壤的物理性质.结果表明：轻度火干扰林地土壤中大团聚体数量增加,小团聚体和原生土粒减少,表层土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度上升,土壤最大持水量和有效水含量增加,其保水能力增强;随着火干扰强度（中度、强度火干扰）的增大,土壤中细土减少,质地变粗,土壤中大团聚体数量减少,小团聚体和原生土粒增加,表层土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度下降,大孔隙对火干扰更为敏感,土壤最大持水量、毛管持水量、自然含水量和有效水含量减少,其中,中度、强度火干扰林地表层土壤有效水含量较无火干扰林地土壤分别低32.4%和36.3%,其保水能力下降.     

沙地长柄扁桃研究进展

回顾了长柄扁桃(Amygdalus predunculata Pall.)在种质资源与分布、种苗繁育与引种栽培、植物形态学与生理学特性和综合效益等领域取得的重要进展。针对长柄扁桃当前的研究现状及进展,提出应加强长柄扁桃林地蒸散耗水规律及水量平衡过程、适宜栽植密度及田间优化管理等3个方面的研究。以期为加快推进长柄扁桃研究,服务于区域生态环境建设及经济发展提供理论依据。     

Modelling drainage fluxes in managed and natural forests in the Dinaric karst: a model comparison study

Two models for calculating the forest water balance were applied to different development stages of managed and non-managed forests in the Dinaric Karst for two hydrologically contrasting growing seasons. A simple model WATBAL, which calculates water balance on a monthly basis, and the BROOK90 model, which calculates water balance on daily basis, were used. Differences between calculated drainage fluxes between the models were less pronounced in the drier growing season and were lower in the forest stands compared to forest gaps. Average calculated drainage fluxes of the two growing seasons were highest in the gaps and lowest in the stand in the virgin forest remnant, followed by the mature stand in the managed forest. According to model fitting, testing the calibration robustness and sensitivity analysis the BROOK90 model was considered best at simulating the water balance of the various research sites. The difference in model behaviour is considered to be mainly the result of the difference in model time step and the inclusion of macropore flow in BROOK90. The greater complexity of the BROOK90 model meant it could be parameterized to describe more fully the complexity of the horizontal and vertical structure of forest stand and soil properties. A disadvantage of the BROOK90 model is the greater need of input data. WATBAL, however, was useful for obtaining rougher estimates of the water balance components and can be applied to areas where there is less data available. Choice of model is therefore determined by data availability.     

基于LISREL模型的水源林结构与功能关系研究

应用系统论方法对水源林结构与功能关系进行了阐述,并采用LISREL模型对水源林结构与功能关系进行了定量分析。结果表明,LISREL模型适用于水源林结构与功能关系的分析与研究;林龄、土壤厚度等结构因子对水源林功能具有重要的影响作用。     

从第21届国际林联世界大会看全球“森林与水”研究进展

从森林的水文生态功能研究、林业生产经营活动对林地土壤侵蚀的影响研究、高新技术在森林水文学研究中的应用、森林生态系统的水文生态模型研究等4个方面论述了第21届国际林联世界大会关于“森林与水”的研究进展。从森林生态系统的观点出发,结合森林的结构和功能以及生产力和系统能量及物质循环的研究,揭示各种森林水文现象发生和发展的规律及其内在联系,依然是森林与水关系研究的基本思路,尤其是森林植被对集水区水量平衡和水土流失的影响及尺度转换、森林流域经营和生态系统管理、遥感和稳态同位素等新技术在森林水文学研究中的应用、现代森林水文学研究中的模型和模拟技术等,将是21世纪“森林与水”研究的前沿问题。     

A Study on the Soil Water Balance of Protective Forest Ecosystems in Loess Areas in China

ＡＳｔｕｄｙｏｎｔｈｅＳｏｉｌＷａｔｅｒＢａｌａｎｃｅｏｆＰｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｖｅＦｏｒｅｓｔＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｉｎＬｏｅｓｓＡｒｅａｓｉｎＣｈｉｎａＣｈｅｎＬｉｈｕａ，ＹｕＸｉｎｘｉａｏＣＯｌｌｅｇｅｏｆＳｏｉｌａｎｄＷａｔｅｒＣｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏ...     

Water status and drought stress in experimental gaps in managed and semi-natural silver fir--beech forests

The effect of gap characteristics, including gap age, vegetation cover, and stage of regeneration, on water balance and drought stress was studied over a four-year period in natural and experimental gaps of various sizes in Dinaric silver fir--beech forest in Slovenia. A medium gap, two experimental clear-cut gaps, and a closed stand were selected in a traditional irregular shelterwood managed forest, and an irregular-shaped natural gap and part of the stand were selected in a semi-natural forest. Soil moisture, throughfall, and stemflow were measured in the gaps and stands, and incident precipitation was monitored in the open area. Evapotranspiration and drainage water fluxes were estimated using the water balance model BROOK90. To estimate drought stress, the ratio between simulated actual and potential evapotranspiration was used. Precipitation in the 2001 and 2003 growing seasons was considerably less than that in 2002 and 2004. The highest drainage fluxes were in the newly created clear-cut gaps with sparse ground vegetation cover, followed by the natural gap and medium gap, which had older and denser natural tree regeneration. On average, the clear-cut gap drainage fluxes were 18% (164?mm) higher than those in the forest stands. Evapotranspiration was lower in the natural gap and higher in the managed gap compared with the experimental clear-cut gaps. Water supply stress was greater for the forest stands than for the vegetation in the gaps. Drought stress was indicated to be lowest in the natural gap, which had patches of varying development phases and the highest water storage capacity of the soil and vegetation.     

APPROACHES DETERMINING EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF A NATURAL SECONDARY WHITE BIRCH FOREST

Concernedintl1eresearchonforestevapotranspiration(ET)-thereweren1an}:resultsaboutn1easure111ent-detern1iningmethods-andexperimentalandmathematical111ode1sbefore.Duringl92o's,RussianlIRaIIoBandGermanHubenrespecti\!cl};proposedtheFieldInstantWeighing111ethod'inwhichthebranchesortxvigsofplantsxverecutdownandweighed.Duringl93O's'JapaneseYrefdetlt[15usedakindofevaporatingapparatusn1adeofpapertosimulatethetranspirationofleaves.Duringl95o's,waterbalanceandheatbalancemethodstvereextensivelyusedb…     

薄山林场森林植被涵养水源价值评估

根据森林资源清查数据、降雨量、森林植被蒸散量,采用水量平衡法计算了薄山林场森林植被的涵养水源量,用“影子工程法”计算薄山林场森林植被涵养水源的经济价值。结果表明：薄山林场森林植被调节水量达到0．29亿m3／a,涵养水源的总价值为2．78亿元／a,其中针叶林与栎类调节水量与涵养水源价值较大;单位面积森林调节水量与涵养水源的价值,针叶林最大,栎类最小。     

不同森林-土壤类型在水源林生态系统中的作用

水源林是森林水文学的研究主体和实践区域,丘陵山区开发利用首先要解决水源林布局问题,使之达到生态平衡。文章探讨了不同的森林—土壤类型及其水源涵养能力,阐述了森林—土壤类型在森林生态系统中的基本核心功能,特别是林地土壤内的重力水库容在其中担负着重大的作用,并初步提出了营建和改造水源林的建议。     

Reconciliation of research on forest carbon sequestration and water conservation

Carbon sequestration and water conservation are two of the key ecosystem services that forests provide for societal need to address environmental issues.Optimization of the dual services is the ultimate goal in forest management for mitigating global climate change and safeguarding terrestrial water balance.However,there are some tradeoffs between gain in forest productivity and ecosystem water balance.We conducted literature review based on published articles for learned knowledge on forest carbon fixation and hydrological regulations.Some knowledge gaps and research needs are identified by examining the inter-connections between forest carbon sequestration and water conservation.Past researches have helped gain basic understanding of the mechanisms and controls of forest carbon fixation and hydrological regulations as two separate issues.Tools and approaches are well established for quantifying and monitoring forest carbon and hydrological issues,operating at different spatial and temporal scales.There are knowledge gaps on how to design afforestation schemes facilitating enhanced ecosystem services in forest carbon sequestration and water conservation.For the top-down planning of afforestation in regions where water availability is anticipated to be problematic,the questions of how much and where to plant for given land availability,known environmental implications,and sustained regional development and livelihood need to be addressed.For local management considerations,the questions of what and how to plant prevail.Efforts are needed in joint studies of forest carbon sequestration and water conservation functionalities,specifically in relation to establishment and management of planted forests aiming for delivering regulatory ecosystem services in carbon sequestration,water conservation and other social values.We propose an integrated framework with dual consideration of carbon sequestration and water conservation in forest management for future research pursue.     

林冠截留模型

林冠截留量在森林生态系统水文循环和水量平衡中占有重要的地位，是森林涵养水源、保持水土等水文生态效益的主要评价指标之一。文章在分析了林冠截留机理和以往林冠截留数量模型的基础上，首次提出林冠截留整体护展模型，为大范围的森林水文生态效益数量评价提供研究基础。