柳树矿柱材优良无性系选育

运用９年生乔木柳新无性系林期测定资料,研究了柳树新无性系的生长、木材物理力学性能、干形及适应性,并根据矿柱用材的需要,通过综合评价,选出苏柳７９５和苏柳７９４作为营建柳树矿柱用材林的优良无性系。     

柳树无性系壮苗培育技术

柳树生长快适应性广是平原地区重要的造林绿化树种。江苏省林科院通过杂交试验，选育出了一批速生、干形优良的柳树无性系，主要有适应北方寒冷地区造林的垂爆109柳，在黄河流域、江淮地区广泛栽植的苏柳172和适宜生长在长江中下游平原的苏柳795、苏柳799等优良无性系。     

苏柳无性系引种栽培

皖东地区沿江沿淮有大量的滩涂湿地,土壤深厚,适于柳树生长,自古就有插柳造林的习惯.但本地区柳树品种混杂,生长缓慢,病虫害严重,成材率低.为丰富平原圩区造林树种,提高本地区柳树栽培水平,我们开展了<皖东地区苏柳无性系引种栽培试验>项目,首次引进苏柳799和苏柳172两个优良无性系,现将引种栽培试验总结如下.     

竹柳等4个柳树无性系造纸材性测定分析

对3年生竹柳、苏柳172、苏柳795、苏柳799进行造纸材性测定,结果表明:4个柳树无性系的木材基本密度在0.324~0.368 g/cm3之间,纤维长度在0.866 9~0.928 8 mm之间,纤维宽度在21.349~22.683μm之间。4个柳树无性系木材纤维的长宽比、壁腔比及腔径比等指标均符合造纸原料要求,而且纤维长度、宽度均分布比较均匀。     

苏柳932等5个柳树优良无性系幼林生长及干形的初步研究

为进一步了解柳树优良无性系的生长特点,为无性系的合理利用提供依据,对苏柳932,799,795,797和172等5个柳树优良无性系2年生幼林的树高、胸径、材积等生长指标以及生物量和形率进行了测定分析。结果表明,苏柳5个无性系的胸径平均值为4．28cm,其中苏柳172的平均胸径最大（4．71cm）;树高平均值为6．97m,其中苏柳795平均树高最高（7．75m）。苏柳795的形率qo．5、q0．7值分别为0．68,0．44,是各无性系中形率的最高值,主干生物量占单株地上部分总生物量的比例最高（76．02％）,出材率高,是优良的用材林树种;而苏柳932的总生物量最高,为12．35kg／株,枝量、叶量占总生物量的比例最大,为42．0％,14．4％,属于防风防浪和生物能源林的造林良种。     

长江中下游滩地柳树无性系造林对比试验

柳树耐水湿、速生,是长江中下游防护林造林的重要树种。通过对2000,2001年在江苏省金湖县宝应湖滩地、安徽省和县、芜湖市长江滩地造林试验区初步筛选得到的苏柳549等无性系,及2011,2013年在江西省彭泽县、安徽省铜陵市长江滩地和安徽省怀远县涡河平原造林试验区无性系的对比试验,根据其冠形、干形、分枝结构及在不同水湿环境的生长和适应性,选出耐水淹、生长量高、适宜作滩地防浪林造林的苏柳549、苏柳797和适合作护岸、护路、农田林网栽植的雄株无性系苏柳335、苏柳1034(垂柳)4个优良无性系。     

柳树无性系苗期生长节律初报

试验结果表明，柳树3个新无性系(苏柳172、苏柳795、苏柳799)均能适应扬中市区域土壤、气候等因子，生长迅速，适应性强，适宜大面积推广。7--8月是苗木高生长高峰期，8--9月是苗木地径生长高峰期，是优质苗培育管理的关键，此时加强肥水管理，可显著提高优质苗出圃率。     

育苗方式对柳树无性系苗木生长及其质量的影响

柳树不同密度、插条粗度育苗对地径生长的影响大于苗高;无性系和密度处理苗木高径比差异极显著;苏柳无性系大田育苗高径比平均值在１４０￣１７０间。从方便生产出发建议以地径一个指标作为柳树无性系苗木的质量标准。     

柳树造纸及矿柱用材优良无性系选育

柳树速生，产量高，成材期短。木材密度中等，有较高的冲击韧性、抗压及抗弯强度等特性，是良好的造纸用材，作小径级矿柱材也是合适的。根据造纸及矿柱用材的需要，选育出苏柳７９９、苏柳７９５和苏柳９０３三个优良无性系。     

柳树新无性系湿地造林主要病虫害种类及防治

柳树是重要的速生用材树种,其生长迅速,适应性强,是长江中下游重点推广的四大树种之一,尤其适于在湿地推广。我省湿地总面积100000多hm2,且面积逐年增加。因此,柳树推广前景广阔。我市四面环江,湿地资源丰富。自1999年以来,先后引进了苏柳172、苏柳799、苏柳795等柳树优良新无性系,在沿江地区种植获得成功,显现出较强的适应性和速生性,成为我市营造江堤生态防护林和速生丰产用材林的首选树种,目前,全市柳树推广面积已超过400hm2。笔者通过连续近5年的调查、观察和研究,已基本摸清了在湿地条件下柳树主要病虫害的种类和发生规律,并依此探索出…     

柳树种质核DNA含量的流式测定

核DNA含量(C值)是物种生物学特性的重要特征之一。为探明柳树不同种质间核DNA含量及变化规律,该研究以柳树14个自然种和8个品种为材料,利用水稻和大豆为内标,基于流式细胞仪检测并分析了每份种质的核DNA含量(1C值)。结果表明,22份柳树种质核DNA含量1C值变化范围为0.38—0.90 pg。14个自然种中,龙爪柳核DNA含量1C值最大,为0.67 pg,蒿柳核DNA含量1C值最小,为0.38 pg。8个品种中,苏柳932核DNA含量1C值最大,为0.90 pg,苏柳1053核DNA含量最小,为0.39 pg。多重比较及方差分析表明:柳树大部分种质个体间核DNA含量1C值存在显著差异(P<0.05),且不同类型乔木组和灌木组间存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。该研究结果不但可丰富柳属植物C值数据库,还可为柳属系统发育及基因组学研究奠定基础。     

5种滩地造林树种水浸液灭螺效果初步研究

对枫杨、乌桕、苏柳172、夹竹桃、35杨5个树种叶片及其不同组合叶片水浸液抑螺效果进行了比较研究,同时对夹竹桃不同器官水浸液的杀螺效果进行了研究。结果表明：（1）单一树种乌桕、枫杨、夹竹桃叶片的水浸液均有较好的灭螺活性,灭螺效果依次增强;而苏柳172、35杨的灭螺效果较差。（2）在相同的实验条件下,枫杨＋乌桕＋夹竹桃组合处理明显优于单一植物材料水浸液的灭螺效果,而枫杨＋乌桕（水浸液）组合对钉螺的抑制率则低于单一树种。（3）夹竹桃不同部位灭螺效果有一定差异,根的灭螺效果明显低于叶和花,不同器官水浸液的平均灭螺效果排序为：叶〉花〉根,而不同花色灭螺效果无显著差异。     

Comparing Chilean and Swedish rust populations: possible impact of long‐distance transport of Melampsora rust

As willow (Salix) cultivation grows globally, worldwide monitoring of pathotypes for Melampsora rust, the most serious disease in willow, becomes increasingly important. We compared the pathotype composition of the Melampsora rust population in Chile with that in Sweden and assessed inocula exchange for the rust between the continents. For pathotyping rust isolates, a willow differential was used (a standardized set of willow test clones) to obtain clone‐virulence patterns. These patterns were used to identify virulence components involved in determining which willow clones a given individual pathogen isolate (genotype) can successfully attack. Each virulence component detected earlier in Sweden's rust population was present in Chile's rust population. Using isoenzyme analysis to classify willow species in Chile, a low genetic variation of Salix viminalis (an introduced willow species) was found, compared with the endemic species Salix humboldtiana. Comparison of rust populations for the two countries supports the present hypothesis that intercontinental inocula exchange can be a significant determinant of local pathotype structure, and consequently can be important for willow‐resistance breeding.     

The distribution of Phratora vulgatissima (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on cultivated willows in Britain and Ireland

Insect samples were collected from the canopy of 24 willow short rotation coppice (SRC) sites on farmland in Britain and Ireland in 1995. The blue willow beetle Phratora (= Phyllodecta) vulgatissima (L.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), previously identified as the main defoliating pest of this crop, was recorded from 13 of these at varying levels of abundance. Data describing aspects of the environment at each site were also collected. These data were used to create potential explanatory variables for a regression analysis of beetle abundance. This analysis indicated that P. vulgatissima were most likely to occur and were more abundant at older willow sites on clay soils and at sites that bad certain free-living willow species growing nearby. Within sites, most willow clones sampled contained P. vulgatissima, although two, Salix burjatica‘Germany’ (‘Aquatica Gigantea’) and Salix mollissima‘Q83’ (Salix triandra × Salix viminalis), were avoided. Chrysomelid pest avoidance and clonal resistance could form part of an integrated pest management strategy for SRC crops.     

运用层次分析法优选临夏北塬农田防护林树种

选取对农田防护林体系有重要影响的树种适应性、树种防护效果和社会经济状况3大类13个指标,利用层次分析法,对所选10个树种(或无性系)进行优选评价.结果表明,在影响优选评价因子中,树种的保存率贡献率最大,说明选择适生树种是营造农田防护林成功的前提;防护效果评价因子,尤其是树种的防风效果,是农田防护林能否得到充分发挥综合防护效益的关键,对优选分析评价具有重要影响;同时考虑农村社会经济方面因素,才能得出客观、准确的优选评价结果.10个树种(或无性系)优选评价排序为:苏柳J172＞苏柳J369＞苏柳J194＞青刚柳＞准噶尔柳＞二白杨＞新疆杨＞河北杨＞三倍体毛白杨BT85＞三倍体毛白杨B1008.     

两种柳树无性系幼苗生长和光合特性研究

为进一步比较不同柳树无性系幼苗生长及光合特性的差异,选择优良柳树无性系,以垂爆109柳SalixבChuibao 109’和旱快柳Salix matsudana var.anshanensis为试材,采用Hoagland营养液水培方法,研究正常情况下垂爆109柳和旱快柳幼苗生长性状和光合特性。结果表明:培养45d后,与旱快柳相比垂爆109柳幼苗的叶片数、叶长、根长、根数、基径无显著差异;垂爆109柳的叶宽、叶间距、新枝长、枝条鲜质量和干质量,根鲜质量和干质量,都明显高于旱快柳(p<0.01)。垂爆109柳和旱快柳的净光合速率有明显的差异,净光合速率值在不同光照强度下均表现为垂爆109柳>旱快柳。垂爆109柳的光饱和点和光补偿点都低于旱快柳,表明旱快柳具有较强的光强利用能力,强光照射对旱快柳的抑制作用较低;而垂爆109柳利用弱光的能力较强。     

电导法测定柳树抗寒性的初步研究

通过对5个柳树无性系含水率和电解质渗出率的测定研究,研究表明,柳树无性系的含水率与其电解质渗出率无明显的直线相关关系;旱布329柳、阿根廷柳、垂爆109柳的抗寒性均比对照白皮柳强,而旱快柳则次于对照。     

燃料能源林树种选育及培育技术研究进展

能源林作为生产并提供生物质能源的一种重要方式, 以其可再生、生物量大、环境友好及适应地域广而倍受国际社会关注。文中依据其主要用途将能源林分为燃油能源林、生物发电能源林与薪炭能源林等3类。燃油能源林树种包括续随子、霍霍巴、油楠等, 生物发电能源林树种包括柳树、桉树、杨树等, 薪炭能源林树种相对较多。生物发电能源林与薪炭能源林可统称为燃料能源林。目前, 国外十分重视燃料能源林树种选育及高产培育技术研究和实践。不同树种、无性系、种源的燃料能源林生物产量差异很大, 瑞典选育出蒿柳和毛枝柳等, 南魁北克选育出了柳树无性系SX64与SX61。造林密度与收获周期紧密相关, 巴西的澳洲金合欢树3年收获时密度以10000株/hm2生物量最大; 欧洲2年收获与3年收获的柳树能源林适宜密度为15000株/hm2。另外, 文中对能源林类型、燃料能源林树种选育、立地条件、造林整地、造林密度、收获周期、抚育管理等技术进行了介绍, 希望对能源林的栽培提供依据。     

Growing clonal mixtures of willow to reduce effect of Melampsora epitea var. epitea

Rust (Melampsora epitea var. epitea) is the single most limiting factor in the production of biomass from short rotation coppice willow. The use of fungicides is unacceptable for economic, environmental and practical reasons. Consequently, clonal mixtures were investigated as an alternative disease control strategy. At one of two sites Salix × dasyclados, Salix burjatica ‘Korso', S. burjatica‘Germany’, Salix viminalis‘Bowles Hybrid’ and S. viminalis‘683’ were included in the clonal mix. At the second site six clones were used. These were as above with the exception of S. burjatica‘Korso’ and including, Salix × calodendron, Salix mollissima-undulata‘SQ83’. At both sites all clones were also planted in monoclonal stands. Throughout each growing season disease levels were recorded on individual clones, both in monoclonal stands and mixtures. Fungicide treatments were included to compare their effectiveness to mixtures in reducing disease impact. Growing willow in mixed clonal stands delayed the onset of disease, slowed its build up and resulted in lower disease levels at the end of the growing season. These reductions in disease impact contributed to the increased yields obtained from clonal mixtures and were generally comparable to those achieved with fungicides.     

Multiallelic and multilocus simple sequence repeats(SSRs) to assess the genetic diversity of a Salix spp. germplasm collection

Salix L.(willow) is the largest genus of the family Salicaceae and plays an important role in riparian habitats,wetlands and in shrub tundra.Due to the different implications for the species belonging to this family,it is fundamental to identify molecular tools characterizing relevant clones.A set of six multilocus and multiallelic simple sequence repeat(SSRs) markers are presented,leading to390 polymorphic fragments considered as single dominant markers and able to discriminate successfully 92 S.alba L.from 24 Salix spp.The polymorphic fragments have been used to perform genetic diversity studies,and to investigate population structures and cluster analysis in a germplasm collection.The results highlight the capability of the six SSRs to be powerful genetic resources in applied forestry research,both to distinguish S.alba clones from Salix spp.and to perform genetic population studies for breeding programs.