一株绿僵菌的鉴定及其生物学特性

筛胸梳爪叩甲(Melanotus cribricollis)是浙江笋用林内昆虫的优势种群,其幼虫(即金针虫)是笋期主要害虫之一,在湖州市的德清和安吉、杭州市的余杭和临安等重要竹区的早园竹(Phyllostachys praecox)林中,鲜笋带虫率可达62%,种笋受害率更是高达80%以上,严重制约了当地竹产业的健康发展(徐天森,2004)。由于金针虫营地下生活,防治一直是竹笋生产管理的难点。化学防治会导致竹笋     

江山市笋用竹笋期害虫调查及竹林金针虫防治技术研究

系统地调查了浙江省江山地区笋用竹笋期害虫的种类,并研究了竹林金针虫的防治技术,结果表明,江山市笋期害虫共有25种,隶属于6目12科19属,有竹林金针虫Melanotus cribricollis(Faldrmann)、浙江栉蝠蛾Bipecctilus zhejiangensis Wang、淡竹笋夜蛾Apamea kumaso Suqi、笋秀夜蛾Apamea apameoides(Draudt)和竹笋禾夜蛾Oligia vulgaris(Butler)。其中,筛胸疏爪叩甲造成退笋率高达48%~60%,竹笋夜蛾造成的退笋率高达70%~90%。利用"5%辛硫磷+3%毒死蜱"混合药剂防治金针虫,防效达60%,且无农药残留。     

筛胸梳爪叩甲生物学特性研究

筛胸梳爪叩甲是目前笋用竹林主要的地下害虫.采用室内饲养与室外调查相结合的办法对该虫的形态特征、生活史及各虫态的生活习性进行研究.该虫4～5 a发生1代,以成虫及各龄幼虫越冬;4月下旬至6月底为成虫羽化期,5月中旬为羽化盛期;2-3月越冬幼虫开始活动,4月中下旬为幼虫活动盛期,6-8月幼虫进入越夏期,活动量减少,9月气温下降,幼虫又开始活动,11月进入越冬期;7月底至8月上甸,4年生幼虫老熟结土茧化蛹,蛹约经25 d羽化成虫越冬.防治建议幼虫期活动盛期(4月)用BT可湿性粉剂800～1000倍泼浇林地,或在垦复时用750 kg/hm2茶籽饼拌土施入.成虫期可用黑光灯诱杀,均有一定防治效果.     

DU—Ⅱ型黑光灯诱杀红脚绿丽金龟防治研究

红脚绿丽金龟（Anomala cupripes Hope）是危害桉树的重要害虫。通过利用黑光灯对该虫进行诱杀范围，不同时间段诱杀虫数的变化情况，诱杀防治效果等方面的试验，结果表明：在黑光灯诱杀范围内，利用黑光灯对该虫诱杀，能取得诱杀率达82．8％的防治效果。     

不同绿僵菌菌株对筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫的毒力测定

竹林金针虫是南方竹林笋期最为重要的害虫之一,筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫是竹林金针虫的优势种群,应用绿僵菌防治具有重要意义。测定了3株绿僵菌对筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫的毒力,并比较了毒土法和毒饵法两种施菌方式对绿僵菌致病力的影响。结果表明,平沙绿僵菌WP08菌株和金龟子绿僵菌30104菌株对筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫具有明显的致病效果,在30 d的试验期内,校正累计死亡率分别为90.0%和66.3%,半数致死时间(LT50)分别为15.8 d和25.8 d;毒土法的校正累计死亡率略高于毒饵法,分别为60.1%和52.0%,LT50分别为22.6 d和28.0 d。金龟子绿僵菌LRC112菌株对金针虫无致病力。     

不同绿僵菌菌株对筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫的毒力测定

竹林金针虫是南方竹林笋期最为重要的害虫之一,筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫是竹林金针虫的优势种群,应用绿僵菌防治具有重要意义。测定了3株绿僵菌对筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫的毒力,并比较了毒土法和毒饵法两种施菌方式对绿僵菌致病力的影响。结果表明,平沙绿僵菌WP08菌株和金龟子绿僵菌30104菌株对筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫具有明显的致病效果,在30 d的试验期内,校正累计死亡率分别为90.0%和66.3%,半数致死时间（LT₅₀）分别为15.8 d和25.8 d;毒土法的校正累计死亡率略高于毒饵法,分别为60.1%和52.0%,LT₅₀分别为22.6 d和28.0 d。金龟子绿僵菌LRC112菌株对金针虫无致病力。     

灯光诱杀马尾松毛虫试验及示范推广

在马尾松纯林开展双色高效诱虫灯、黑光灯、普通白炽灯诱杀松毛虫试验。其结果表明,２５０Ｗ双色高效诱虫灯防治效果最好,诱杀马尾松毛虫可达８８９％。每公顷防治成本为２９６元。经大面积示范推广,虫情由预测的５级以上降至３级以下。     

灯光诱杀马尾松毛虫试验及示范推广

在马尾松纯林开展双色高效诱虫灯,黑光灯,普通白炽灯诱杀松毛虫试验,其结果表明,２５０Ｗ双色高效诱虫灯防治效果最好,诱杀马尾松毛虫可达８８．９％,每公顷防治成本为２．９６元,经大面积示范推广,虫情由预测的５级以上降至３级以下。     

内蒙古大兴安岭林区沙棘木虱综合防治技术研究

在内蒙古大兴安岭林区采用无公害药物防治及黑光灯诱杀等多种措施对沙棘木虱进行了综合防治试验。结果表明:加强林分抚育管理可有效防治沙棘木虱;小面积无公害防治以阿维菌素4 000倍液进行超低量喷雾为佳,防治效果达到90%以上;大面积防治以苦参碱烟剂7.5kg·hm-2的施药量为佳,防治效果可达95%以上;黑光灯诱杀在该虫发生期可缓解危害。     

筛胸梳爪叩甲触角感器的电镜扫描观察

利用扫描电镜观测筛胸梳爪叩甲成虫触角的感器类型、数量、形态及分布特征,比较雌雄之间的差异。结果表明:筛胸梳爪叩甲雌、雄成虫触角由1节柄节、1节梗节和9节鞭节3部分构成。雌成虫包括8类触角感器,即毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、弯膝形感器、鱼钩形感器、钉帽形感器、圆形感器和Bhm氏鬃毛,其中毛形感器又分2种亚型,锥形感器分3种亚型。雄成虫除上述8类感器以外还分布有1类凹槽钉形感器。在筛胸梳爪叩甲成虫触角上分布较多的前3种感器依次是毛形感器Ⅱ、刺形感器、锥形感器;除凹槽钉形感器外,其他同类感器在雌、雄成虫触角上的数量及分布差异不显著。基于各感器的形态、数量及分布,对筛胸梳爪叩甲各触角感器功能进行了探讨。     

筛胸梳爪叩甲监测技术及应用

正害虫预测预报是进行害虫风险评估及制定防治决策的基础,使用有效的监测技术能准确地预测林间害虫发生的时间、种群动态等重要参数,可为害虫防治指标的确定和综合防治措施的实施提供参考依据。当前,我国已有近百种重要害虫建立了系统的监测技术[1]。金针虫是鞘翅目(Coleoptera)叩甲科(Elateridae)昆虫幼虫的通称,广布于世界各地,是一种极为重要的地下害虫[2-3]。金针虫隐蔽性强,且能随环境变化改变活动及危害深度,其虫口密度     

A survey of microbial antagonists of Agriotes wireworms from Germany and Italy

Wireworms of the genus Agriotes (Coleoptera: Elateridae) are severe and widespread agricultural pests affecting numerous crops throughout the world and causing damage of economic importance. Between 2008 and 2011, a survey of the occurrence of natural microbial antagonists of wireworms was conducted. Altogether, 3,420 wireworms and two dead beetles from agricultural habitats and grassland of various parts of Germany and 700 lab-reared wireworms from Italy were screened for the presence of disease. Of these, 283 selected dead and moribund Agriotes specimens were diagnosed by light and electron microscopy for insect pathogens; 66 wireworms contained unspecified bacterial infections; and 86 specimens displayed fungal growth with 25 infected by the entomopathogenic taxa Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Isaria fumosorosea, Isaria spp. and Lecanicillium sp. Nematodes were observed in 29 dead individuals, and 141 individuals showed no distinguishable pathogens. In one dead Agriotes larva, an intracellular bacterium was identified as a new Rickettsiella pathotype named ‘Rickettsiella agriotidis’. The survey resulted in a natural infection rate of 0.66 %. The possible use of these pathogens as biocontrol agents is discussed.     

Crop protection and mortality of Agriotes obscurus wireworms with blended insecticidal wheat seed treatments

In Canada, as in much of the northern hemisphere, insecticidal seed treatments for cereals that both protect crops from damage by wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) and actually reduce wireworm populations to sub-economic levels are lacking. Thiamethoxam and fipronil applied alone or in combination as wheat seed treatments were evaluated in field studies between 2006 and 2008 in protecting wheat from damage and reducing populations of resident and neonate wireworms. Thiamethoxam alone applied at 5 or 10 g a.i./100 kg seed provided adequate wheat stand and yield protection, but did not significantly reduce Agriotes obscurus wireworm populations. Fipronil alone at 5–50 g a.i./100 kg seed provided adequate wheat stand and yield protection, and also killed significant numbers of both resident and neonate wireworms. Thiamethoxam (10 g a.i.) was initially combined with fipronil at 50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 g a.i./100 kg seed, and subsequently with a delimiting range of fipronil at 50, 5, 1, 0.5, and 0.1 g a.i. Blends of thiamethoxam (10 g a.i.) + fipronil at rates of 50, 5, or 1 g a.i. provided stand and yield as good or better than the former industry standard Vitavax Dual (containing lindane). Combinations of thiamethoxam (10 g a.i.) + fipronil at rates of 50, 5, 1, and 0.5 g a.i. had very low numbers of resident or neonate wireworms relative to the untreated check and were comparable to the Vitavax Dual standard. The benefit of combined thiamethoxam + fipronil seed treatments at these rates, is that crop stand and yield are improved over the individual chemicals applied alone, and resident and neonate wireworm mortality is high. The large reductions in resident and neonate wireworms observed with these combined seed treatments would remove the economic threat of wireworms in fields for 3+ years with rates of insecticides much lower than the formerly used Vitavax Dual.     

MA-chitosan nanogel loaded with Cuminum cyminum essential oil for efficient management of two stored product beetle pests

Natural essential oils have received increased attention as alternatives to synthetic pesticides for pest management of foodstuffs. Recently, microencapsulation and other controlled release techniques are used to increase insecticidal efficiency and persistence of essential oils with slow and controlled release. In this study, the possibility of improving the insecticidal activity of plant essential oils was investigated for effective management of two stored product beetle pests. Self-assembly technique was used to prepare nanogels of myristic acid-chitosan loaded by essential oil extracted from cumin, Cuminum cyminum L. Fumigant toxicity of C. cyminum oil and oil-loaded nanogels (OLNs) were investigated at 4, 7, 10, 13, and 16 µL/L air against the granary weevil Sitophilus granarius L. and 8, 11, 14, 17, and 20 µL/L air for confused flour beetle Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val. Experiments were conducted at 27 ± 1 °C and 55 ± 5 % relative humidity in continuous darkness. Insecticidal bioassay revealed that OLNs were more toxic than C. cyminum oil against tested beetle pests. The persistence of the oil and OLNs was also evaluated against two tested species. Results indicated that C. cyminum oil completely lost its insecticidal activity after 12 days, whereas at the same period, the OLNs lost about 60 % of its activity when applied against S. granarius and 15% for T. confusum. Therefore, it could be concluded that encapsulation improved the persistence of the oil.     

Wireworm damage to wheat seedlings: effect of temperature and wireworm state

We describe the results of four laboratory studies designed to measure the effect of temperature and wireworm appetence, weight, and degree of Metarhizium infection on their ability to damage wheat seedlings. Wireworm activity, measured from wireworm speed, increased linearly from 6 to 18 °C and leveled off thereafter. Plant emergence and growth increased exponentially from 6 to 22 °C for wheat cultivars AC Barrie and AC Unity VB. Plant root:shoot ratio at Zadoks 13 was highest at 14 °C and lowest at 22 °C for AC Barrie. Wireworm weight and degree of infection with Metarhizium did not affect their ability to kill wheat seedlings, but wireworms in a feeding state caused significantly more damage than those in a non-feeding state when wheat was grown at 10, 14, 18, and 22 °C. Wireworms (ww) in a feeding state destroyed 1.8 seedlings/ww in 14 days at 22 °C if there were 1 or 2 wireworms in a pot, and 1.5 seedlings/ww if there were 4 wireworms in a pot. If 5 wireworms were placed in a pot, wireworms in a feeding state destroyed 0.3, 1.0, 0.9, 1.3, and 1.4 seedlings/ww in 46, 32, 25, 25, and 25 days at 6, 10, 14, 18, and 22 °C, respectively. Wireworm mortality from Metarhizium during 60 days of containment in pots in the study was higher in non-feeding than in feeding wireworms, and higher if wireworms were selected from a Metarhizium-infected colony than those selected from a non-infected colony. Some of the implications of these results for wireworm management and laboratory trials are discussed.     

Insecticidal activity of thiamethoxam against the bamboo powder post beetle <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dinoderus minutus</Emphasis> Fabr. (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)

Thiamethoxam (ACTARA^® 25WG) was evaluated for its insecticidal activities against the bamboo powder post beetle Dinoderus minutus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). The study showed that thiamethoxam had contact toxicity against D. minutus. Based on dose-mortality responses, LC₅₀ values for thiamethoxam against D. minutus ranged from 1.74 to 7.94 μg ml^?1. Laboratory and field exposure tests showed that thiamethoxam at concentration of atleast 10 μg ml^?1 may have anti-oviposition or anti-feeding effects on D. minutus and can protect post harvest Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. culms against the infestation of this bamboo boring beetle.     

金针虫控制技术及其研究进展

金针虫是一类重要地下害虫,其控制技术一直是植物保护工作的难点.文章从作物栽培管理、生物防治、土壤处理、化学防治及成虫诱杀5个方面综述了国内外金针虫控制技术的研究现状及进展,并提出了在金针虫不同发育阶段协调多种控制手段的综合治理策略.     

2种经营方式下早竹林虫瘿的空间分布研究

正早竹(Phyllostachys praecox C.D.Chu et C.S.Chao)别名早园竹(浙江德清),属禾本科(Gramineae)刚竹属(Phyllostachys Sieb.et Zucc)刚竹组(Sect.Phyllostachys),产于我国江苏、安徽、浙江、江西、湖南、福建等省[1-3]。早竹因其笋期早、产量高、笋味美,而成为我国南方的重要笋用竹种[1]。据统计,我国南方早竹的种植面积在6.7万hm2以上,年产值达10亿多元[4]。然而,随着早竹大面积的推广种植和新的生产经营方式的推广应用,早竹遭受造瘿昆虫的严重危害。在部分严重危害的地块,有虫株率     

Varietal susceptibility to the corn wireworm Melanotus communis (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in sugarcane

Wireworms (larval Elateridae) reduce the stand of newly planted sugarcane (complex hybrid of Saccharum spp.) directly by damaging growing points and indirectly by facilitating disease introduction. No research has evaluated resistance or tolerance of sugarcane genotypes grown in Florida to wireworm. Eleven genotypes of sugarcane and a S. spontaneum genotype were subjected to corn wireworm, Melanotus communis (Gyllenhall) (Coleoptera: Elateridae), in greenhouse experiments to evaluate potential host plant resistance. The experiments were designed to measure the effects of wireworms on the first 90 days of growth. Sugarcane stalk sections were planted in trays of soil with and without wireworms in 2010 and 2011. Stand count, dry weight, and percentage of nodes damaged were evaluated. Wireworms reduced stand and dry weight by 40–60 %. Several genotypes were able to produce acceptable stands in wireworm-infested trays by emerging quickly and producing many tillers. CP 88-1762, CP 89-2143, and CP 03-1912 did not suffer statistically significant losses of stand or biomass due to wireworms in either year. Our findings suggest that genotype resistance should be considered as an important component of an integrated program aimed at reducing the use of insecticides to control wireworms in sugarcane.