燕山北部山地不同生境水曲柳幼树生长的比较

为了解水曲柳幼树在燕山北部山地的生长状况,以及生境对水曲柳幼树生长的影响,对林间空地、高密度林冠下、低密度林冠下和裸地4种不同生境下水曲柳幼树生长特征进行调查研究。结果表明:林间空地生境中,水曲柳幼树的地径和树高最大,在高密度林冠下和裸地生境中较低;造林后第2年第、第3年树高生长量由高到低分别为林间空地低密度林冠下高密度林冠下裸地;树高生长量呈逐年增加的趋势。由此得出结论,林间空地最适宜水曲柳幼树的生长,水曲柳在冀北山地生长状况良好,可在当地进行推广造林。     

云南松天然更新幼林株数标准调查

更新标准调查是针对采伐迹地上需要多少株幼树(多大年龄)即可形成林分的问题进行的。调查着重幼林分化过程,幼苗(幼树)的死亡率和稳定年龄等。幼林郁闭前的幼树死亡率及其稳定年龄在采伐迹地上,更新幼苗(幼树)对迹地环境的适应能力,具体反映在死亡率上。在拉祜林区,降水量随海拔高度变化较大。当海拔由一千米升高至二千米时,年降水量可由400～500毫米增至900～1000     

水曲柳幼树生长调查研究

本文对水曲柳幼树在不同立地条件F的生长情况进行了跟踪调查，研究了不同立地条件下水曲柳幼树的生长规律，为科学经营水曲柳幼林提供了依据。     

水曲柳树幼生长调查研究

本文对水曲柳幼树在不同立地条件下的生长情况进行了跟踪调查，研究了不同立地条件下水曲柳幼树的生长规律，为科学经营水曲柳幼林提供了依据。     

水曲柳的天然更新

我们在森林普查过程中,发现凡是有水曲柳母树的地方,在母树的周围都有天然更新的幼树和幼苗.为了揭示水曲柳天然更新的规律,我们选择了不同的迹地类型对水曲柳的天然更新进行了调查研究,现将调查结果归纳一下,以供参考. 一、皆伐迹地水曲柳天然更新的调查标准地选设在一九六○年大面积皆伐,冰雪滑道集材的采伐迹地上.采伐后进行了清烧林场,一九六二年进行了水曲柳的人工更新.标准地位于山下部西坡.上层有桦、柳和山桃,郁闭度达零点四.中层为暴马     

林隙大小对蒙古栎和水曲柳人工更新幼树生长和形态的影响

【目的】研究林隙大小对蒙古栎、水曲柳人工更新幼树生长、形态、生物量及其分配特征的影响,为2个树种的林隙内及林冠下人工更新提供理论依据。【方法】以长白山地区15年生蒙古栎和9年生水曲柳人工更新幼树为研究对像,采用随机抽样法,对不同大小林隙(大、中、小林隙和林冠下)内蒙古栎和水曲柳幼树进行生长、形态(枝系特征、叶片特征)调查,测定2个树种的单株生物量并探讨其分配特征。【结果】随林隙减小,蒙古栎和水曲柳幼树的树高、地径、冠长和冠幅均显著减小(P0.05);2个树种的1级枝长度和1级枝基径均显著减小(P0.05),1级枝密度均表现为增加趋势,1级枝分枝角度均增大;2个树种的叶片长、宽、单叶面积及单株叶面积指数均呈下降趋势,比叶面积均表现为先下降后增加的趋势;2个树种的单株生物量显著减小(P0.05),蒙古栎幼树根冠比逐渐下降,水曲柳幼树根冠比则先下降后增加。【结论】大林隙能显著促进蒙古栎、水曲柳幼树生长,小林隙和林冠下则抑制其生长;林隙对更新苗木的影响长时间持续存在,因而用较长时间的林隙内幼树生长效果评价林隙大小对幼树生长的影响更可靠;林隙大小对人工更新蒙古栎幼树生长的影响高于对水曲柳的影响,人工更新时,蒙古栎适宜较大林隙,水曲柳则适宜较小林隙。     

CO_2浓度升高对长白山三种树木幼苗光合、呼吸及酶活性的影响(英文)

以开顶箱的方式研究了长白山两年生红松、长白赤松、水曲柳幼苗,经过从1999年9月到2001年9月两个生长季高浓度CO2处理后,在700、500 L·L-1高浓度CO2和大气CO2条件下的净光合、暗呼吸速率,RuBP羧化酶活性及叶绿素含量变化。结果表明:红松、长白赤松和水曲柳幼苗在高浓度CO2下RuBP羧化酶活性增加;除500 L·L-1 CO2下的长白赤松幼苗外,高浓度CO2促进净光合速率;700 L·L-1 CO2使红松和长白赤松的暗呼吸速率升高,而水曲柳的暗呼吸在700、500 L·L-1CO2下降低。高浓度使水曲柳幼苗的叶绿素含量降低。     

大气CO2倍增对长白山不同树种的苗木的影响

组成长白山阔叶红松林的主要树种红松、云杉、落叶松、大青杨、白桦、椴树、水曲柳和色木的幼树,盆栽于模拟自然光照和人工调节CO2浓度为700祄olmol-1、400祄olmol-1的气室内两个生长季(1998-1999),以生长在400祄olmol-1下的幼树为对照组。研究结果表明:高CO2浓度下生长的红松、云杉、落叶松、大青杨、白桦、椴树、水曲柳和色木的高生长比对照组的幼树提高10%~40%。水分利用效率均有不同程度的提高,但不同树种叶绿素含量和蒸腾速率对高CO2浓度反应不一。长期高CO2浓度环境下生长的阔叶树对大气CO2浓度升高反应较针叶树敏感,供试8个树种对CO2浓度的升高均发生光合驯化现象。图2表2参24。     

西藏色季拉山冷杉原始林林隙更新研究

通过对西藏色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉原始林林隙更新调查，研究了林隙大小与更新以及林隙形成年龄与更新的关系，对林隙和非林隙林分内幼苗和幼树的高生长进行了比较。结果表明：林隙大小在100m^2左右，最适合于苗高20cm以下的更新幼苗生存，超过100m^2，更新幼苗随着林隙面积的增大而减少；林隙大小在300m^2左右，最适合冷杉幼树和小径木的生存。林隙形成年龄在30a左右，更新幼苗和幼树的数量最多，而小径木数量有限，随着林隙形成年龄的增大，小径木数量逐渐增多，而幼苗和幼树逐渐减少；林隙内幼苗、幼树和小径木的密度均大于非林隙林分；林隙对3年生以下幼苗的高生长影响不大，对4年生以上幼树的高生长有促进作用，特别是对9年生至16年生幼树高生长的促进作用最明显。     

火烧对幼树净光合速率和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以水曲柳、核桃楸和蒙古栎3种幼树为研究对象,研究3种火烧处理对幼树新生叶的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率和荧光参数的影响.结果如下:1)对水曲柳、核桃楸和蒙古栎进行3种火烧处理T1、T2、T3(分别为:叶片被火烧、枝被火烧、茎被火烧)后,除了蒙古栎的T3处理新生叶净光合速率显著降低外,其他处理新生叶的净光合速率都显著提高.2)蒙古栎的T1、T2处理新生叶的水分利用效率显著降低,水曲柳的T1处理新生叶水分利用效率显著提高,核桃楸的3种处理新生叶的水分利用效率无明显变化.3)蒙古栎的T1、T2处理新生叶的蒸腾速率显著提高,水曲柳和核桃楸的3种处理新生叶的蒸腾速率无明显变化.4) 火烧后3种幼树新生叶的荧光参数的变化没有一定规律.研究表明火烧处理对幼树新生叶的净光合速率和叶绿素荧光参数产生不同的影响,这与幼树被火烧的部位和幼树本身抗火特性等因素有关.对一些树种进行适当的火烧会促进树木的生长.     

子午岭油松林林隙更新特征研究

利用样地调查资料,以林下为对照,分析研究子午岭油松林的林隙更新特征,结果表明:1)子午岭油松林林隙内和林下更新树种在组成和数量上有较大差异,其中,油松在林隙内的重要值远远大于其在林下的重要值,是林隙更新的主要树种;2)油松幼苗幼树在林隙内生长良好,7年生以上的幼树在林下分布已很少,地径在1.0cm以上、高度在50cm以上的幼树数量分布在林隙内也远远大于林下,说明随着年龄的增长,油松幼苗幼树在林隙内存活的概率大于林下;3)方差分析表明,油松幼苗幼树在林隙内与林下的高度生长差异极为显著;4)相关性分析表明,林隙内油松幼苗幼树的更新数量与光照强度呈显著正相关,与植被总盖度呈显著负相关。     

Tree regeneration in gap-understory mosaics in a subtropical Shorea robusta(Sal) forest

Spatial variation in tree-regeneration density is attributed to the specialization of tree species to light availability for germination and growth. Light availability,in turn, varies across the gap-understorey mosaic. Canopy gaps provide an important habitat for the regeneration of tree species that would otherwise be suppressed in the understory. In subtropical forests, there is still a knowledge-gap relating to how canopy disturbances influence tree-regeneration patterns at local scale, and if they disproportionately favor regeneration of certain species. We aim to analyze whether canopy gaps promote tree regeneration, and tree species are specialized to gaps or understory for germination and growth. We sampled vegetation in 128 plots(0.01 ha), equally distributed in gaps and below canopy, in two subtropical Shorea robusta Gaertn.(Sal) forests in Nepal, recording the number of tree seedlings and saplings in each plot. We compared the regeneration density of seedlings and saplings separately between gaps and the understorey. The mean densities of seedlings and saplings were higher in the gaps at both sites;although there was no difference in the seedling density of the majority of the species between the habitats. No species were confined to either gap or understorey at the seedling stage. We conclude that gaps are not critical for the germination of tree species in Sal forests but these are an important habitat for enabling seedlings to survive into saplings. The classification of trees into regeneration guilds mainly based on germination does not apply to the majority of tree species in subtropical Sal forests. Our results reaffirm that gap creation promotes tree regeneration by favouring seedling survival and growth and can influence forest management for conservation, as well as for plantations.     

Early development of three planted indigenous tree species and natural understorey vegetation in artificial gaps in an Acacia mangium stand on an Imperata cylindrica grassland site in South Kalimantan,Indonesia

Early performance of two dipterocarp species Anisoptera marginata and Shorea parvifolia, and a long-living pioneer species Peronema canescens (Verbenaceae) planted in artificial gaps (size 260 m²) and surrounding untreated stands was studied in a fast-growing plantation of Acacia mangium on an Imperata cylindrica grassland site in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Forty seedlings of each species were planted at one-meter intervals in lines across each of the five gaps, starting and ending under closed stand. Survival, height and diameter (d_0.05) increments were measured, and the effect of gap opening on the composition and abundance of understorey vegetation (grass, shrub and native tree seedlings and saplings) was studied. 19 months after planting, average survival rates were 97% for A. marginata, 94% for P. canescens and 71% for S. parvifolia, with no statistical differences between gap and closed stand. Substantial mortality and damage of dipterocarps were caused by wild boars; minor damage by dieback (for S. parvifolia) and insect pests (for A. marginata). Early growth was clearly influenced by distance from gap centre and light conditions; the growth of seedlings was greater the nearer the seedlings were situated to centre and the higher the level of daily photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was. Gap opening increased the growth of shrub species Chromolaena odorata, but not that of Imperata grass. It also increased the density and height growth of saplings of native pioneer and secondary tree species. Seedling density increased both in closed stand and actual gaps, but was higher inside gaps.Results indicate good prospects for diversifying the composition of fast-growing forest plantations on severely degraded former forest lands and integrating slow-growing valuable species in plantation programs. Both in-depth ecophysiological studies on species-specific growth requirements, and practical oriented research on silvicultural options and economics need further studies.     

雪灾干扰下林窗对木荷幼苗更新的影响

林窗干扰是维持森林生态系统的重要驱动力之一,对种子萌发、幼苗等自然更新过程、森林物种组成和动态、森林生物多样性的维持具有重要作用。本研究以2008年雪灾干扰后的浙江江郎山木荷林为研究对象,对木荷林窗大小结构、幼苗更新、生长等进行调查研究,结果表明:扩展林窗以50 100 m2的林窗个数最多(占总数的45.45%),各等级林窗中以50 100 m2的林窗占总面积比例最大(占总面积的30.31%)。林窗中木荷幼苗的平均高度和地径较对照林分分别高1.44 cm和0.61 mm,幼树在林窗中的平均高度和地径则比对照林分中分别高45.37 cm和5.00 mm且差异显著;林窗大小对木荷幼苗、幼树的高度和地径生长影响显著,中林窗中幼苗的高度和地径均高于小林窗和大林窗中的幼苗且差异均显著(F=4.893,P=0.007;F=5.203,P=0.004;n=357);幼树的地径在不同大小林窗中差异显著(F=3.569,P=0.037;n=43)。林窗幼苗的更新密度随着林窗面积的增大而增大,在林窗面积达到76 m2时,更新密度达到最大值,而后随着林窗面积的增大下降;中林窗和小林窗中更新苗木以低矮植株(1级、2级)为主,面积100 m2大林窗中,木荷幼苗生长较快。与他人研究的森林天然林窗相比,雪灾干扰后改变了林窗的大小分布结构和面积,50 100 m2的林窗比例较大,一定程度上更利于幼苗更新,具有相对较大的林窗幼苗更新密度;不论林窗大小,林窗内的更新幼苗都比林内多,郁闭度较大的林内或大面积的空地上都不利于更新幼苗的生长。因此,从受灾木荷林窗大小结构、幼苗更新、生长等来看,中林窗是幼苗适宜更新的面积,为木荷灾后恢复与重建提供了科学依据。     

我国天然云冷杉针阔混交林更新研究进展*

天然云冷杉针阔混交林是我国的主要森林类型之一 ,在国民用材中占有相当大的比重。天然更新对森林群落的重构起着至关重要的作用。采伐是影响森林更新的主要人为干扰因素之一。对天然云冷杉针阔混交林适宜采用择伐 ,不适宜采用皆伐。择伐强度在 3 0 %以下有利于天然更新。林隙中更新树种的种类和数量通常多于林冠下 ,林隙具有较高的物种多样性指数。     

燕山山地油松人工林林隙大小对更新的影响

林隙(gap)又称林窗,指森林群落中老龄树木死亡或偶然因素(如干旱、台风、火灾等)造成成熟阶段的优势种死亡,从而形成林冠空隙的现象(Watt,1947)。美国生态学家Runkle(1982)将林隙分为2种,一种是林冠空隙(canopy gap),指上方无树冠遮荫的部分,即太阳处于正中位置时无树冠遮荫的面积之和;另一种是扩展林隙(expanded gap),指形成该林隙周围树木基部所包围的面积(Runkle,1981)。本研究所指的林隙为应用最为广泛的扩展林隙。近年来的森林动态学研究表明:林隙在森林结构和多样性维持中起着重要的作用,已     

Effect of natural disturbances on the abundance of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) regeneration in nemoral forests of the southern boreal zone

The impact of natural disturbances on the canopy (trees ≥14 m high) and sapling stratum (>0.3 and ≤14 m high) composition was studied in nemoral old-growth forests located within the southern boreal zone in Central Russia (Central Forest Reserve, 32°29′–33°01′E, 56°26′–56°31′N). I hypothesized that the current disturbance regime does not allow the maintenance of current spruce abundance in the canopy, and, as a result, there is a continuous shift in the canopy composition towards a greater abundance of deciduous species. Three 300×20 m² transects were established to estimate the proportions of stand under non-closed unexpanded canopy gaps. Data on sapling composition of 49 canopy gaps were used to analyze pattern of gap refuting in these forests. Additionally, data from three forest inventories showed changes in canopy composition over a period from 1972 to 1990.

The current status of nemoral forests is characterized by the high proportion of stand area under treefall gaps (71%). The loss of spruce from the canopy caused by treefalls (53% of the total basal area of gap-makers) was slightly greater than its canopy abundance (45%). Canopy gaps of all sizes encouraged spruce regeneration which might be due to a decrease in sapling mortality and/or more active recruitment of spruce seedlings. After a gap was formed, the presence of spruce in sapling strata increased. However, within both small (<200 m² in size) and large (>200 m²) gaps, tall (>6 m) spruce saplings did not reach the level of its abundance in the tree canopy. In gaps, tall (>6 m) saplings of lime (Tilia cordata) and elm (Ulmus glabra) grew more quickly than those of spruce and maple. These data suggested a decrease in canopy spruce and an increase in deciduous species in the near future which supported the original hypothesis. Analysis of forest inventory records revealed similar changes in the canopy structure over the past two decades. However, the observed high proportion of stand area under gaps implies that for the next few decades large areas of nemoral communities will be occupied by relatively young stands. This may, in turn, decrease the frequency of large-scale treefalls revegetated mainly by deciduous saplings.     

兴安落叶松过伐林枯立木分布格局特征分析

以内蒙古根河林业局潮查林场境内的在20世纪80年代初主伐利用后形成的兴安落叶松过伐林为研究对象,利用兴安落叶松林8块标准地每木定位数据,分析林木分布格局和样方(5 m×5 m)林木株数对枯立木株数影响,探讨了林分大树和更新幼树位置与枯立木位置的关系,阐明了枯立木分布格局形成机制。结果表明:1)各树种枯立木比例,随树种组成成数增加而增大。枯立木主要在更新幼树阶段形成,径级分布集中在4径阶以下,其株数占总数的比例平均达82.2%。在更新幼树(含枯立木)中,生成枯立木的比例平均达8.8%。2)枯立木分布格局为聚集分布。林木分布格局、样方林木株数和更新株数与枯立木株数有显著正相关关系,林木分布格局对枯立木分布格局无显著影响。林木聚集度越大,形成枯立木的可能性越大,数量也就越多。3)枯立木位置与更新幼树和大树位置有显著相关关系。主要表现为落叶松和白桦相互关系。枯立木出现位置主要在大树和更新幼树集聚区域。大树对枯立木形成影响较更新幼树大,而且均以落叶松较白桦明显。白桦更新幼树对落叶松枯立木的形成,无显著影响。受影响的枯立木主要是枯立木株数中所占比例和树种组成成数较高的树种。影响枯立木位置的林木主要取决于其样方内位置和林木株数。     

秦岭山地云杉林结构特征与更新动态的研究

云杉 (ＰｉｃｅａａｓｐｅｒａｔａＭａｓｔ.)林是秦岭林区高中山地带的顶极群落类型之一 ,由于其蓄积量高、材质优良 ,亦为秦岭林区开发利用最早的森林类型 (张仰渠 ,1 988)。陕西省云杉天然林面积日渐稀少 ,且资源分散 ,因此恢复云杉林在高山地带特有的防护作用 ,是秦岭林区一个重要的研究课题。本文根据对该林区天然云杉林、择伐更新林及皆伐迹地更新林的调查对比分析 ,研究了云杉林的结构特征及其更新动态 ,以期为探索该区云杉林的恢复途径及扩大这一树种资源提供科学依据。1　研究区概况及方法1 1　研究区概况　该研究在陕西省宝鸡市…     

Predicting natural forest regeneration: a statistical model based on inventory data

Regenerating forest stands through natural seedlings is a commonly accepted silvicultural strategy in Germany. To plan for and increase natural regeneration within a given stand, foresters must be able to estimate whether the stand in its current state can produce sufficient saplings to replace the overstory. In this paper, we present two approaches to building a model that can estimate the probability of natural regeneration occurring, based on variables that are typically readily available from forest inventories. To estimate model parameters we used the large database of the third National Forest Inventory, which covers forest stands and sites across the whole of Germany, as well as weather and soil data. We examined how these variables impact the emergence of natural regeneration, ultimately fitting a model that can predict the occurrence of natural regeneration in 72% of cases. The influence of the variables on the predicted occurrence of natural regeneration was mixed, with most stand variables contributing only minor impact and most likely influencing natural regeneration via complex interactions. The exception was vertical structure (number of stand layers), which accounted for a large proportion of the goodness-of-fit of the model. An important finding was that forest ownership structure is a key variable for the prediction of the presence of regeneration. Data from this study support the assumption that some forest owners manage their stands in a way that fosters natural regeneration.