林木抑制土壤返盐作用的研究

作者在黄河三角洲地区通过典型调查和定位观测,探讨了林木抑制土壤返盐作用的机理。认为,大面积的林分能使近林100m内的农田延长耕种10～12年。     

黄河入海口刺槐林的营造及其效益分析

为加快黄河三角洲造林绿化进程,以定位试验和调查研完相结合的方法,探索了黄河新淤地和已盐渍化土地刺槐造林技术,并分析了造林的生态和经济效益。在黄河新淤地上,刺槐直播造林或截干造林都取得成功。在盐渍化土地上,先挖沟排盐,种植1～3年田菁、棉槐、然后造林,也取得成功。刺槐林控制土壤返盐的作用和经济效益都很显著。     

滨海重盐碱地白刺耐盐性及其栽培技术研究

选择不同种源的白刺在黄河三角洲重盐碱地条件下进行耐盐能力及其栽培技术的试验观测。结果表明：白刺耐盐能力强，尤以大义路种源表现最好，在土壤含盐量达２．５％时，造林成活率仍达９０％以上，并具有明显的抑盐改土作用。提高盐碱地白刺造林成活率、促进生长的关键技术措施是选择土壤含盐量０．６％以上的造林地、两耕两耙法整地、以１１１－１６７株／６６７ｍ＾２的密度造林、雨季容器苗栽植及控制杂草生长等。     

盐碱地造林技术要点

盐碱地造林比一般造林要困难得多,因此在造林过程中,要掌握住以下几项技术要点。 1.细致整地。细致整地能改善土壤的水、肥气、热状况,减缓土壤返盐,消灭杂草,有利造林成活和林木生长。盐碱地整地应根据土壤种类,表土层厚度,地下水位深度来确定整地方法。①全面整     

黄河三角洲不同造林模式下土壤盐分和养分的变化特征

研究黄河三角洲重盐碱地5年生白刺林和新淤地上18年生不同类型林分土壤盐分和养分的变化规律。结果表明：白刺造林后显著地促进了土壤脱盐，明显地提高了土壤肥力；新淤地上植树造林能有效抑制土壤返盐，培肥地力；不同类型林分防止土壤次生盐渍化的效果没有差异，杨树、刺槐行间混交林提高土壤肥力的效果最好。     

盐碱地苦楝造林技术

盐碱地栽植苦楝,具有生物排水、降低地下水、防止土壤返盐和促进脱盐保障农业稳产丰收等重要作用。方法如下: 1、改土排碱,避开盐害。造林前,在盐碱地统一规划,设置排水系统,使造林地上的盐分随水排走,降低土壤盐分含量。 2、因地制宜、合理密植。初造林密度以3×3米为好,以促使幼树尽早郁闭,减少地表蒸发。降低地下水位,防止返盐。但通过调整,6—10年后密度应保持在3×6米。     

沙地柏盐渍化土壤造林效果分析

在总结盐渍化土壤沙地柏（Sabina vulgar）造林技术的基础上,分析了造林效果与土壤盐渍化程度的关系。结果表明：随着土壤盐渍化程度的加重,土壤pH值、水溶性盐总量、盐离子质量分数上升,而土壤含水率、沙地柏造林保存率及匍匐茎的增粗、延伸、分枝能力和覆盖率下降。因此,在盐渍化土壤上进行沙地柏造林,必须采取适宜的措施进行抑盐、排盐。     

黄河三角洲地区盐碱地造林技术初探——以山东省无棣县为例

针对无棣县造林主要在滨海盐化潮土、滨海潮盐土区域,立地条件较为恶劣,造林难度大,加之淡水资源匮乏,淋盐过程缓慢,阻碍生态造林战略脚步的实际情况,通过多年的摸索,总结出了台田造林绿化模式,依据水盐运动规律,开排挖沟,调控水盐,抬高地面,降低地下水位淋洗盐分,降低土壤含盐量,见效快,效果好,为黄河三角洲地区盐碱地造林绿化创出了一条新路子。     

林带蒸腾作用对地下水位的影响研究初报

地下水位过高(超过临界深度),是造成土壤盐碱化的重要原因。为了防止地下水位升高,目前除采取水工措施治理外,生物措施越来越引起人们的重视。实践证明,大搞植树造林,特别沿沟渠营造农田林网,不仅能改善农田小气候,减少蒸发,更重要的是通过林木蒸腾作用,能够降低地下水位,对于抑制土壤返盐,促进脱盐,防止土壤次生盐渍化,起着十分重要的作用。我们自1977年开始,在禹城改碱实验区观测了林木蒸腾对地下水位的影响。现将试验结果、观测方法与结果分述如下.     

柽柳属树种耐盐试验研究

黄河三角洲地区水资源短缺，土壤含盐量高，地下水矿化度大，土壤次生盐渍化严重，造林绿化难度大。柽柳属树种的适应性强，耐瘠薄、耐盐碱、抗风蚀和风沙，是黄河三角洲滨海盐碱地区分布广泛的一个树种，从适地适树原则出发，柽柳属树种是滨海盐碱地植被建设和造林绿化的首选树种。为此，对栽培性状表现良好的五个品种，分别采用水培和盆栽两种方法进行耐盐试验研究，为盐碱地区大面积造林绿化提供依据。     

大兴安岭东部林区岭南天然次生林经营方式研究

对天然次生林顺行演替采取的经营措施的效果进行分析,结果表明:对过伐林实行封山育林,对火烧迹地实行天然更新,其森林演替效果显著.对过渡阶段的次生林实行抚育间伐效果进行分析,结果表明:间密留稀的抚育方式可以促进树木生长量的提高,有利于森林的顺行演替;采阔留针的作业方式造成土壤肥不足,森林生长速度减慢,森林结构不合理,森林质量下降.不同森林类型的养分流研究结果表明,阔叶树较落叶松纯林更有利于增加土壤肥力,保护森林生产力;阔叶树凋落物的分解速率大大高于针叶树,加速了树木生长和森林演替速度.藉于研究结果,对确定合理的天然次生林经营方式提出了建议.     

NITROGEN NUTRIENT MECHANISM IN SECONDARY SUCCESSION PROCESS OF THE MIXED BROAD-LEAVED/ KOREAN PINE (PINUS KORAIENSIS) FOREST

INTRODUCTlONThemixcdbroad-leaved/Pinuskor`IiensiSforestwhichisoneofthemainforestsofNortheastChina,isintlleCllangbaiMountail1s(JilinProvince)a11dtheXiaoxing'anMotu1-tains(inHeilonroIangProvince).Thisistl1empicalmixcddeciduous/co11iferforestvegcta-tionofthcarca.But,duetocuttingandanunbalancebctWeenharvesti11gandanntlalin-crement,themixedbroad-leaved/PinuSko-raiensIjforestsha1,ebeenreplacedwithsec-ondaryforests(includingthelargearPaofsecondaryforestleftfrol11thepast)sinceltsclearcutti…     

辽东山区次生林土壤酶对土壤微生物呼吸的影响

以蒙古栎（Quercus mongolica）林、杂木林和胡桃楸（Juglans mandshurica）林3种天然次生林土壤为研究对象,通过生长季节内表层土壤（0～30 cm ）淀粉酶、蔗糖酶、脱氢酶和过氧化氢酶活性以及土壤微生物呼吸速率的测定,探讨了辽东山区土壤酶活性与土壤微生物呼吸之间的关系。结果表明：辽东山区蒙古栎林、杂木林、胡桃楸林土壤酶活性与土壤微生物呼吸具有一定的季节波动,但相关性不显著。除胡桃楸林微生物呼吸与过氧化氢酶活性之间具有显著关系外,蒙古栎林和杂木林微生物呼吸与4种酶活性之间均无显著相关性。研究结果为进一步系统了解辽东山区次生林植物群落土壤碳循环过程提供了参考。     

Physiological and phenological responses of oak seedlings to oak forest soil in the absence of trees

Established trees influence the growth and physiology of seedlings by altering above- and belowground conditions; however, tree influences on seedling physiology via belowground interactions are not well understood. We used soil transfers to an open field to examine the belowground influences of a Quercus ellipsoidalis E.J.Hill dominated forest on Q. ellipsoidalis seedling mycorrhizal infection, nutrient uptake, growth and photosynthesis over three years. After two years, seedlings planted with large quantities of forest soil (HF treatment) had greater leaf mass and foliar N concentrations than seedlings receiving smaller quantities of forest soil (LF) and control treatments. Mycorrhizal infection was greater in the HF treatment after one year compared with the LF and control treatments, with a positive correlation of foliar N and mycorrhizal infection in Year 2. There were marked effects of treatments on seedling spring phenology with HF seedlings breaking bud up to 17 days earlier than seedlings in the other treatments. The HF seedlings also had more rapid leaf expansion and larger leaves, and an increase in net photosynthetic rates. These results highlight complex linkages between above- and belowground physiology: forest soil had substantial effects on seedling physiology, including traits such as phenology that have previously been considered to be under aboveground control. Belowground influences of trees on conspecific seedlings may play a critical role in early seedling establishment.     

Nitrogen nutrient mechanism in secondary succession process of the mixed broad-leaved/Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forest

Chemical and biochemical analysis methods were used to monitor the variations of nitrogen nutrient among the dominance trees species in secondary succession process of the mixed broad -leaved/Korean pine forest on Changbai Mountains, Northeast China. Amounts of total nitrogen, ammonium and NRA in soils of virgin broad-leaved/Korean pine forest which is in climax were higher than those ofsecondary birch forests those are in succession stage. The amount of nitrate was in the other hand. In climax, dominance trees species are tolerant mesophytic trees such asPinus Koraiensis, Tilia amurensis, Acer mono and alsoFraxinus mandshurica, they are all ammonium + nitrate adapted species, but they show a preference for the ammonium rather than those of the pioneer trees species in secondary birch forest, such asPopulus davidiava andBetula platyphylla. Because they have more ammonium in their leaves and roots, especiallyPinus koraiensis. Populus davidvana andBetula platyphlla are intolerant trees, amounts of nitrate and total nitrogen is higher in their leaves and roots and also NRA in their leaves, so they preference for the nitrate rather than the others. In secondary birch forest, the regeneration trees species adapt their nitrogen nutrient to the variation of nitrogen nutrient situation in soil, finally they could survival well and the secondary birch forest would succession to climax. In climax, dominance trees species adapt their Nitrogen nutrient to the situation in soil and there are not strong competition in nitrogen nutrient among them, so they can coexist well and keep the climax as stable vegetation.     

Acclimation of shoot and needle morphology and photosynthesis of two Picea species to differences in soil nutrient availability

To investigate morphological acclimation to differences in nutrient availability, we compared shoot and needle morphology of Picea glehnii (Friedr. Schmidt) M. T. Mast. and Picea jezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Carrière trees growing on nutrient-poor volcanic ash and nutrient-rich, brown forest soil. Trees of both species were shorter and had more open canopies when growing on volcanic ash than when growing on brown forest soil. Nutrient-poor conditions limited height growth less in P. glehnii than in P. jezoensis. In both species, trees growing on volcanic ash had shorter annual increments in the previous year and more needles per shoot length and, hence, a smaller shoot silhouette area (SSA) relative to needle dry mass (NDM) than trees growing on brown forest soil. Soil type had less effect on shoot projected needle area (PNA). Total needle area (TNA) of P. glehnii shoots was similar between soil types, whereas TNA of P. jezoensis was lower in trees growing on volcanic ash than in trees growing on brown forest soil. For both species, low SSA in response to nutrient-poor conditions resulted in low shoot SSA/PNA ratios, indicating high within-shoot self-shading. Shoot SSA/TNA of P. glehnii was lower in trees growing on volcanic ash than in trees growing on brown forest soil, indicating that needles were sun-acclimated. In contrast, shoot SSA/TNA of P. jezoensis was higher in trees growing on volcanic ash than in trees growing on brown forest soil. The contrasting response of TNA to low nutrient availability was associated with species-specific differences in needle morphology. Needles of P. glehnii growing on volcanic ash were slightly shorter, wider, thicker and heavier than those of trees growing on brown forest soil, indicating morphological acclimation to high irradiance. Needles of P. jezoensis growing on volcanic ash were shorter than those of trees growing on brown forest soil, but did not show morphological acclimation to high irradiance in width, thickness or mass. For both species, nutrient-poor conditions decreased maximum photosynthetic rate (Amax) per NDM. However, when expressed per PNA, the decrease in Amax was reduced, and when expressed per SSA, Amax was higher in trees growing on volcanic ash than in trees growing on brown forest soil. On volcanic ash, Amax per NDM was lower for P. glehnii than for P. jezoensis. However, morphological changes at the shoot and needle levels reversed this trend when Amax was expressed per SSA or per PNA. The species-specific differences in morphological response to differences in soil nutrient availability suggest that P. glehnii is more tolerant of nutrient-poor conditions, whereas P. jezoensis is better at exploiting nutrient-rich soils.     

黄土高原水土流失严重地区植被恢复策略分析

以晋西黄土高原地区为例，对黄土高原水土流失严重地区植被恢复的现状和前景进行了全面而细致的分析，提出土石山次生林区应实行“封山育林为主，辅之以人工措施”植被恢复策略。在土层浅薄、坡度较陡的生态脆弱地段，需要进行长期的植被封育；在土层深厚而且坡度平缓地段，可适当辅之以人工措施，包括人工抚育，以及补植或补造有经济价值的乡土树种等。当前土石山区次生林经营管理中急需解决的问题是提高林分质量，加强管护力度；黄土丘陵区应该实行封山禁牧或轮牧、围栏圈养以及陡坡地退耕等措施，这是植被恢复的前提和基础。同时，对黄土丘陵区恢复和建设森林植被的可能性进行了分析和探讨。最后指出只有转变农村传统的以破坏生态环境为代价的粗放生产经营方式，长期坚持植被封育和保护为主的策略，结合人工营造乡土树种为主的森林群落，晋西黄土高原地区才有可能恢复原来的森林植被景观，真正实现该地区的植被重建和水土流失的根治。     

清原县四种主要林型的枯落物与天然更新的关系

在对花曲柳、蒙古栎、核桃楸等天然次生林和落叶松人工林的天然更新状况、林下枯落物状况和土壤种子库状况进行调查的基础上,对4种林型枯落物与天然更新的相关性进行分析的结果表明,枯落物对次生林的天然更新有一定的障碍作用,枯落物过多,有效更新幼苗数量就会减少,有效更新状况与枯落物的数量呈负相关性.     

Plasticity of shoot and needle morphology and photosynthesis of two Picea species with different site preferences in northern Japan

We compared shoot and needle morphology and photosynthesis in Picea glehnii (Friedr. Schmidt) M.T. Mast. and Picea jezoensis (Sieb. et Zucc.) Carr. trees planted on immature volcanic ash and well-developed brown forest soils to investigate whether species differences in morphological and physiological plasticity affected tree growth on different soil types. Height growth of P. glehnii was reduced by about 10% on volcanic ash compared with forest soil, whereas that of P. jezoensis was reduced by more than 60%. Needle morphology of P. glehnii was unaffected by soil type. In contrast, needles of P. jezoensis trees growing on volcanic ash were shorter, narrower and thicker, with less dry mass and area, than those of trees growing on forest soil, and specific needle area was lower, indicating lower foliar light-interception efficiency. In both species, changes in needle morphology with increasing irradiance were similar in trees growing on both soil types, indicating that plasticity of needle morphology was unaffected by soil type. In both species, shoot mass and shoot silhouette area were lower and needle mass per unit shoot mass was higher in trees growing on volcanic ash than in trees growing on forest soil. Trees of both species had more needles per unit shoot length, lower shoot silhouette to projected needle area ratios and lower shoot silhouette areas per unit shoot mass (SAM) on volcanic ash than on forest soil, indicating lower shoot-level light-interception efficiency. For P. glehnii, the response of shoot morphology to increasing irradiance was similar on both soil types, with the exception of SAM, which showed lower plasticity in trees growing on volcanic ash. In contrast, shoot-level morphological plasticity of P. jezoensis was reduced in trees growing on volcanic ash. Light-saturated maximum photosynthetic rate (P(max)) of P. glehnii was unaffected by soil type, whereas mass-based P(max) of P. jezoensis was lower in trees growing on volcanic ash than in trees growing on forest soil. In P. jezoensis trees growing on forest soil, area-based P(max) increased with increasing irradiance, but this response was not observed in trees growing on volcanic ash. As a result, area-based P(max) at the top of the canopy was 39 to 54% lower in trees growing on volcanic ash than in trees growing on forest soil. Our results indicate that constraints on morphological acclimation to high irradiances may contribute to reduced height growth of P. jezoensis on volcanic ash.     

毛乌素沙地土壤盐渍化程度对樟子松造林效果的影响

在毛乌素沙地土壤盐渍化治理过程中,开展了樟子松栽培试验,分析了盐渍化程度对造林效果的影响。结果表明,随着盐渍化程度的加重,土壤水溶性盐总量、 pH值以及阴离子CO32-、 HCO3-、 Cl-和交换性Mg2＋、 K＋、Na＋的质量分数随之升高,差异达到显著或极显著水平;轻度、中度和重度盐渍化地段的土壤含水率分别为9.38％、8.65％和5.92％,差异显著;造林保存率、林木生长量、树冠覆盖率和生产力随盐渍化程度的加重而下降,重度与轻度和中度之差存在差异显著和极显著水平。当土壤盐渍化达到重度时,樟子松的存活、生长受到明显抑制。