奥地利经营国有林的成功经验

私有林合作化是国外对私有林进行管理和提高私有林生产能力的一项重要政策措施。文中论述了私有林合作化运动的背景、缘由,以及发达国家和发展中国家为实现私有林合作化所采取的各种措施。     

探索鹤北林业局私有林发展之路

借鉴国外私有林的发展历史,分析了黑龙江省鹤北林业局私有林发展现状,阐述了该局大力营造私有林的必要性。     

美国私有林管理及其对广东民营林业发展的启示

美国政府十分重视私有林的发展，通过立法明确私有林产权、规范私有林主行为，实行积极的经济和科技扶持政策，使私有林业成为美国的重要产业之一。美国私有林已建立了一整套完善的管理制度，积累了许多成功的经验，为广东省民营林业的发展提供了有益的启示。     

李智勇所长在“全国集体林权制度改革高峰论坛”上的发言

近10年来，我在国外林业研究领域，重点对世界主要林业发达国家的国有林和私有林的发展模式、发展道路做了些研究，有些心得和体会。借此机会，我重点就林业发达国家的私有林发展的特点与启示作一简要的介绍，供各位领导和专家参考。     

关于私有林发展的思考

私有林在保持和增加森林资源、保护和改善生态与环境方面发挥着十分重要的作用。介绍了私有林发展的必要性,分析了私有林发展中存在的问题,提出了加快发展私有林的对策。     

借鉴国外经验加强政府对非公有制林业的扶持力度

自集体林权制度改革以来，我国非公有制林占有的比重越来越大，非公有制林在供应林产品、提供就业机会、保护生态环境等方面起到越来越重要的作用。然而，与一些国家相比，我国的非公有制林业还处于探索阶段，我们有必要学习借鉴国外一些政府在私有林的制度保障、经济扶持以及促进林业协会建设等方面的做法。     

美国私有林经营管理对我国发展非公有制林业的启示

私有林在美国处于重要地位。全国私有林面积占全国森林面积的60%,私有林年木材产量达到全国木材产量的90%。通过立法来规范私有林主的行为是美国实施行政管理的主要手段。借鉴美国私有林发展的经验,将有助于我国非公有制林业的发展。     

积极推进私有林发展加快实现林业跨越式发展目标

根据林业跨越式发展的思路和上饶市私有林发展的现状，探讨了私有林发展的形式、范围、优越性、面临的问题和困难、发展策略等问题，为积极推进上饶市私有林发展，加快实现林业跨越式发展目标提供参考。     

美国的公共政策对私有林的影响

美国的公共政策和计划对美国私有林经营具有悠久而深远的历史影响。公共利益对私有林的关注主要有两方面：第一是鼓励私有林的持续投资，以便获得私有林所提供的广泛利益。由于森林经营周期长，以及许多林产品缺乏市场，妨碍了私有林主对其森林进行投资；第二是通过公共政策的实施来减轻森林经营和木材采伐活动的负面影响，如野生动物生境的损失、水质量下降、土壤侵蚀以及景观质量下降等。     

私有林发展现状与对策分析

集体林权制度改革,为我国私有林发展带来更大机遇。文章阐述了国内外私有林发展趋势,分析了我国私有林发展存在的问题,提出了促进私有林发展的几点对策和建议,旨在推动私有林经营的积极性,加强生态环境建设、调整林业产业结构、发展区域经济和增加农民收入,促进林业可持续发展。     

Landowner Willingness to Engage in Long-Term Timber Leases in West Virginia,USA

As global competition increases for wood-based products, the need for more efficient supply chains becomes increasingly important. In the forest products sector, these supply chains involve individuals and firms ranging from private forestland owners with standing timber to factories producing final finished products. Long-term timber leases are one mechanism that can be used to develop access to timber supplies for companies unable or unwilling to purchase land outright for growing timber. To investigate private forest owner opinions and attitudes regarding long-term timber leases, we conducted a survey of landowners from Wetzel county, West Virginia. No long-term leases were reported by respondents, but 24% claimed they would enter a lease under certain conditions. The most frequently listed concern related to long-term timber leases was for the “loss of control”. Results of this survey are discussed in the light of forest management efforts that might be used to improve the social, financial, and environmental benefits for private forest owners.     

How to improve the marketing of timber in France?

Large forest estates actively participate in the marketing of timber in France. However, the marketing of wood from private and public large forest estates (over 25 ha) could be improved by better managing price risk in multiannual supply contracts of the timber industry: creation of compensation funds for forest owners or calls to financial markets linked to processed timber products for industrialists. But, the development of supply contracts does not mean that private or public auction procedures should be abandoned. Similarly, by supplementing “forest area development schemes”, it would be possible to increase the mobilisation of timber produced on small (1 to 10 ha) and medium (10 to 25 ha) forest estates: more forestry cooperatives or local forest agencies and a new timber pre-sale mode adapted to small forest estates are necessary (sales subject to the buyer's choice of purchasing standing timber or cut wood delivered to a depot by the seller).     

Adjustment of stock prices and volatility to changes in industrial timberland ownership

In the United States, the majority of publicly traded and vertically integrated forest firms with both manufacturing facilities and timberland holdings have either sold their timberlands to private investors, or converted their corporate structure into Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs). In this study, timberland ownership changes between 1997 and 2010 were reviewed, and their impact on publicly traded forest products firms was assessed. Changes in industrial timberland ownership were organized into four groups: 24 large timberland sales by public forest firms; six jumbo timberland sales; seven announcements related to timber REIT conversions; and four land acquisitions by timber REITs. Event analysis and the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model were employed to evaluate event-induced abnormal returns and volatility. The review revealed that most vertically integrated forest firms in the United States had divested their timberlands between 1997 and 2010. Four timber REITs have been formed since 1998, and they own 15.5 million acres of timberlands at present. Timberland sales by forest firms and acquisitions by REITs generated negative abnormal returns, while conversions to REITs produced positive impacts. In most cases, these events also increased asset volatility. These findings help us understand the adjustment of stock returns and volatility due to past ownership changes, and may shed light on similar changes by privately held forest firms in the future.     

Typology of non-industrial private forest owners in Tasmania

The heterogeneous nature of non-industrial private forest (NIPF) owners and the challenge this heterogeneity presents for effective policy and program design and delivery is widely recognised. Understanding the socio-economic and motivational differences between various types of landowners will better equip policymakers and forest extension professionals to design policies and programs that efficiently promote private sector timber production and forest conservation outcomes. The purpose of this study was to develop a survey-based empirical typology of Tasmanian NIPF owners based on their stated objectives of forest ownership and to relate owner type to a range of observable property and owner characteristics as well as to timber harvesting and forest management behaviour. Using principal component analysis (PCA) followed by means cluster analysis, four distinct groups are identified: income and investment owners, non-timber output owners, agriculturalists, and multi-objective owners. Members of these groups are found to differ significantly in terms of their personal and property characteristics, as well as their timber harvesting and management behaviour. For example, members of the non-timber output owners, who are motivated solely by objectives related to the production and protection of the non-timber outputs of forests, have similar proportions of timber on their property, but are less likely to have harvested timber from their property, than all other groups.     

Public compensation for windstorm damage reduces incentives for risk management investments

Governments of some European countries compensate landowners for windstorm damage to forests. We analyze the impact of such programmes on non-industrial private forest owner decisions to purchase an insurance policy for windstorm coverage and other natural events and/or invest in risk-reducing forest management activities. We develop a theoretical model to predict demand for an insurance policy or risk-reducing forest management activity, and improve upon previous efforts by varying the damage losses proportional to timber stand value. We characterize the comparative static effects on risk management investments of variations in the price of insurance, landowner risk attitude, timber stand value, and presence or absence of public compensation. Then we discuss public policy implications and analyze some alternative approaches. We conclude that providing public financial assistance to non-industrial private forest owners after damage-causing events may reduce their incentive to purchase insurance or invest in protective forest management activities.     

Needs of private forest owners in the context of changing political systems: Lithuania as a case study

During the first half of the 20^th century the Baltic States were independent democratic nations where private forest ownership was practiced. After annexation to the Soviet Union, individuals in the Baltic States lost their ownership rights and collective ownership was introduced. Currently, after the break-up of the Soviet Union, the land restitution process in the forest sector is coming to an end and the ownership pattern as well as tenure rights are settled. A survey was undertaken to investigate the current state of the private forest sector in general, and the needs and expectations of private forest owners (PFO). Results of the study indicated that for private forest owners their forests first of all provide aesthetic and environmental protection values. Lithuanian PFOs lack information of forests and forest management, face extensive bureaucracy and need help in protecting their forests from fires, diseases and timber thieves.     

中国木材市场现状、存在问题和发展建议

介绍了中国木材市场供需和进口现状及发展趋势。建议发展木结构房屋和铁路杨木枕木等以人工林为主要原料的木材制品,改变消费观念,促进人造板工业发展,调整人造板消费结构,扩大在建筑方面的应用,以木材工业的发展促进林业的发展。提出扩大非公有制人工林发展,大力进口俄罗斯木材和新西兰木材,以弥补国产木材不足。并建议适当减少热带阔叶木材进口,以保护全球生态环境。     

Forest owner is more than her goal: a qualitative typology of Lithuanian owners

In contrast to quantitative surveys up to date, this study employs in-depth interviews and qualitative analyses aiming to provide detailed contextualized portrayals of private forest owners (PFOs) in Lithuania, where forest ownership underwent crucial changes in the last two decades. We scrutinized narrations of 18 owners, focusing on the background and goals of forest possession, actually applied management practices and informants' future plans. Content analysis of the narrations revealed three classes of goals: ideational rationale, i.e. immaterial justification for owning and managing forest, financial goals referring to monetary benefits from selling forest products and own material use for household needs. Reported practices differ widely among PFOs, ranging from largely absent management to intensive silvicultural regimes. Syntheses of each informant's goals and practices enabled discerning four types of PFOs. Forest Businessmen typically own largest estates (>100 ha) and regard forest as an investment to get long-term financial benefits; they resort to forest management for timber and often intend to enlarge their possessions. Household Foresters primarily use timber for own needs, regularly applying selective tree cutting; such forestry results in frequent but small-scale management interventions. Passive Forest Lovers aspire for recreational or environmental values, being largely uninterested in timber harvesting. Ad Hoc Owners usually are small scale, have vague goals and rarely engage in forest management. The study concludes with discussing policy implications of the identified diversity of PFOs.     

Investment Potential of Private Forests in Croatia

This paper presents a comprehensive financial analysis of the investment potential of seven private forest categories in the Republic of Croatia (total study area of 268,072 ha). It covers the period from 2018 to 2048 and includes forest purchase costs, management simulation, timber transport to mills, timber processing and veneer production, and finally the selling of sawmill, veneer and forest products. Data from the Croatian National Forest Inventory and forest habitats map were used as a basis for analyses. Spatial data on private forests, roads and timber process plants at the national level were also integrated into the analyses. For the forest management simulation, the MOSES 3.0 simulator was used, and the QGis 3.4 software was used for spatial analyses of forests, roads and mils. Based on data from several world stock exchanges that cover companies of the forestry sector, a real (inflation-free) discount rates were used. The financial analyses showed which forest categories have positive investment potential and under which conditions. Results pointed out that multi-aged European beech forests have the highest internal rate of return (8.45%) and are the only one which would meet the expectations of a financially rational investor using criteria of a risk-adjusted inflation-free discount rate of 8%.     

Capacity for Timber Management in Small and Medium Forest Enterprises: A Case Study from the Peruvian Amazon

With the implementation of a new legal framework for more responsible forest management in Peru, private small-medium forest enterprises (SMFEs) have become the most important social actors engaged in commercial forestry in the Peruvian Amazon. Despite the role of SMFEs in contributing to employment and local economic growth, there is little information with respect to their economic performance and capacities. This is a hindrance to efforts aimed at better characterizing this important sector and its influence on the development and conservation of tropical forests. For this study, 29 private SMFEs were surveyed to inventory their capital assets in order to evaluate their capacities to carry out timber management. Results indicate that SMFEs vary greatly in terms of their produced and natural capital assets, and consequently in their forest management capabilities as well. While most SMFEs lack adequate capacity for sustainable forest management, those that had more valuable timber resources and physical infrastructure attained forest certification. SMFE capacities depend greatly on external mechanisms to ensure consistent technical and financial assistance.