人工林精准施肥研究进展

施肥是实现人工林速生丰产的重要手段，合理施肥可以维持土壤养分平衡，提高土壤质量，促进林木生长，同时减少环境负效应。人工林精准施肥是以农业精准施肥为基础形成的营林应用技术体系，主要包括林地管理单元精准划分、林地营养精准诊断、精准施肥及施肥效应精准检验。精准施肥技术在农业上取得了很大进展，但应用到人工林上还有很大的局限性。文中结合农林业施肥研究现状，分析实现人工林精准施肥所需解决的关键问题，提出人工林精准施肥的发展方向。     

林木施肥与营养诊断

70年代以来,林木施肥与营养诊断,在恢复提高人工林林地肥力方面取得了很大进展,合理施肥已成为定向培育短轮伐期工业用材林重要技术措施。开展系统施肥网营养诊断研究是进行合理施肥、提高肥效的前提。土壤分析、植物组织分析与田间试验是主要营养诊断手段,由于诊断方法还存在一些技术问题,故在指导林地施肥方面尚受一定限制。本文对林木施肥研究历史、生产应用趋势和有关问题作了扼要评述。应用综合环境因子来研究营养诊断,开展系统定位试验,制定按树种的合理施肥方案。     

林木施肥的有效立地指数区间与目标肥效

应用“八五”国家攻关课题“主要工业用材林施肥技术研究”及前人的研究成果，论证和确定了林木有效施肥条件和肥效目标.我国杉木施肥的有效立地指数区间为[10,18]；林木施肥的最佳经济效益目标增量与立地指数和单位产出价值成正相关，与不施肥的产量、优势木的平均养分浓度及单位投入价值成反相关；在自然上壤肥力状况下，氮磷钾均为高目标肥效的限制因子．     

南方集体林区林业经济转型水平评价及驱动因素分析

立足当前生态文明建设和林业发展,文中从产业结构转型、劳动力就业结构转型和生态环境建设3方面构建我国南方集体林区林业经济转型指标体系,基于2000—2019年面板数据,运用熵值法测算林业经济转型水平,采用固定效应模型实证探究促进林业经济转型的驱动因素。结果显示:1)南方集体林区林业经济转型水平总体呈上升趋势,转型平均水平从2000年的0.51升至2019年的0.90,林业产业结构和劳动力就业结构趋向合理化转变;2)影响南方集体林区林业经济转型的主要为林业投资、技术水平、森林资源和林业系统工资水平的积极驱动作用,以及林权制度改革的政策冲击和城镇水平提高所产生的一定阻碍作用;3)不同水平下林业经济转型的主要驱动因素存在差异,转型水平较低阶段主要受技术水平、森林资源、人才资源、经济水平、城镇水平和工资水平影响,转型水平较高阶段主要受制度创新、林业投资、森林资源和工资水平影响。森林资源的丰富程度对各方面均会产生影响,森林资源较少地区林业经济转型受制度创新和技术水平影响显著,森林资源较多地区则受技术水平、森林资源、城镇水平和工资水平影响显著。结合南方集体林区林业经济转型发展的现状及实证分析结果,提出应进一步完善林业改革制度配套措施、加快发展第三产业、拓宽资金渠道、提高林业劳动力供给质量等有利于推动林区林业经济转型的对策建议。     

半干旱地区沙棘园施肥试验

对甘南县甘南林场6年生沙棘园连续2年进行了施肥试验,结果表明:施肥与不施肥相比差异极显著,其结实量与生长量均有显著提高,施肥可使结实量提高126.5%,树高生长量提高70.6%,地径生长量提高22.8%,冠幅生长量提高29.4%;以施用林业育苗专用肥效果最佳,使用磷酸二氢钾或木醋叶面肥也有显著效果。     

土壤林木营养诊断与平衡施肥现状及展望

简要概述土壤和林木营养诊断的理论基础、技术方法发展动态、应用现状,阐述土壤和林木营养诊断的必要性,并结合福建省的具体情况,提出土壤林木营养诊断与平衡施肥研究的建议与展望,为现代林业经营管理提供参考。     

苗木施肥技术及其发展趋势

立足于苗木施肥的主要理论, 从施肥种类、施肥量、施肥时期和施肥方式等方面对苗木施肥技术作了较为系统的阐述, 并指出平衡施肥、计算机推荐施肥、研制苗木专用肥、苗木定向培育施肥研究等是今后苗木施肥技术的发展趋势, 为制定科学的苗木施肥方案、提高肥料的利用效率、完善林木抚育管理技术等提供理论支撑和科学指导。     

退耕还林板栗园林农间作模式初探

退耕还林板栗园林农间作是在退耕还林造林地块中间作套种具有农作物的林业立体种植模式。论述了农林间作对板栗生长的影响,重点通过对"板栗+辣椒+豌豆"和"板栗+烟草(蔬菜)+绿肥"间作模式的分析,分别从效益、种植技术、注意的问题等方面进行研究。结果表明:实施林农间作是提高土地利用率,提高单位面积经济效益的重要手段;通过农林间作,给作物施肥、浇水,同时也给林木补充了肥料和水,相互促进加速了树木的生长;合理间种在增加经济效益的同时,充分发挥了栗园的生态、经济、社会效益。     

基于“3S”技术与计量经济模型的集体林权改革监测与评价——福建邵武的实例研究

研发了集体林权改革综合评价和动态信息反馈系统;应用"GPS、RS、G IS"技术,通过SPOT5遥感影像实例分析了福建邵武林改后的资源状况;调查分析了林改后的社会经济发展情况和变化,调查分析了林农对林改的评价和政策意愿;通过主成份分析、建立综合模型、判别分析,研究了林改对林农家庭收入的影响。     

中国森林认证探讨

通过研究森林认证与森林可持续经营、林产品国际贸易、保护生态环境和生物多样性以及中国林业同国际接轨等方面的关系 ,详细阐述了中国开展森林认证工作的意义和作用以及中国森林认证的进展情况 ,分析了森林认证对中国森林经营和林产品贸易的可能影响 ,认为森林认证是实现林业可持续发展和生态良好的文明发展道路的有效途径     

Fertilization in northern forests – biological,economic and environmental constraints and possibilities

Forests of northern ecosystems respond slowly to management activities and the possibilities to increase the growth in a short-term perspective and meet swift increases in society's demand for biomass are small. An exception among the silvicultural measures is fertilization which can be applied in combination with present management systems and, almost instantly, enhances forest productivity. There may, however, be both economic and environmental constraints to large-scale applications of fertilizers in forest. Here we review the literature concerning biomass production of forests under different fertilization regimens, environmental constraints and possibilities in northern forests on mineral soils. Further on we discuss the implications of both extensive and more intensive fertilization in relation to the developing bioeconomy, which encompasses the production and conversion of renewable biological resources into food, health and industrial products and energy. Fertilization in Sweden and Finland is currently practiced by extensive fertilization regimens where nitrogen fertilizers are applied once, or up to three times, during a rotation period, mainly in mature forest. This type of fertilization gives, in most cases, a small and transient effect on the environment as well as a high rate of return to the forest owner with low-economic risk. The increase in biomass production, however, is relatively small and consequently the impact on the processing industry and the bioeconomy is limited. More intensive fertilization regimens implying intensive fertilization starting in young forests may, on the other hand, considerably increase the biomass supply and value for the industry. The economic and environmental risks of this type of fertilization may, however, be larger and more research is needed on the effects on the stand level, and especially on the landscape level, including late rotation management of the forest.     

青阳县林业可持续发展的对策研究

本文立足于青阳县森林资源特点的分析,归纳出林地利用率不高,森林资源少,分布不均;林分年龄分结构不合理,中幼林多,近成熟林少;林种结构比例不合理,商品林多,公益林少;重造轻管,林分质量差,综合效益低四大问题,研究探讨了实现林业可持续发展的五大对策,即：应用生物措施来培育和改良土壤,增加林业产出;加强中幼林可持续经营抚育,提高林分质量和产量;调整林种结构,培育持续、多功能的森林;依靠科技支撑发展林业,不断提高林业建设的科技含量与综合效益;树立循环经济理念,优化林业产业结构等。这对南方林区促进林业及森林的可持续发展具有重要的借鉴意义。     

森林生态旅游对林业经济的促进作用

本文通过对森林生态旅游在林业中的地位和作用的分析 ,得出森林生态旅游是摆脱资源危机和经济围困、促进林业经济发展的有效手段之一。     

人工林地力衰退机理及其防止对策

本文分析了导致人工林地力衰退的因素, 主要有:自然地理环境和生态系统固有的脆弱性;人工林植物群落的结构简单导致功能降低;土壤动物和微生物区系演变;土壤理化性质和生化特性变化;人工林对营养物质的消耗;营林生产活动的干扰等。并提出了防止人工林地力衰退的对策。     

Nutrient and carbon budgets in forest soils as decision support in sustainable forest management

Knowledge about the nutrient and carbon budgets in forest soils is essential to maintain sustainable production, but also in several environmental issues, such as acidification, eutrophication and climate change. The budgets are strongly influenced by atmospheric deposition as well as forestry. This study demonstrates how budget calculations for nitrogen (N), carbon (C) and base cations (BC) can be used as a basis for policy decisions on a regional level in Sweden.The study was based on existing nutrient and C budget calculations on a regional scale in Sweden. The nutrient budgets have been calculated for each square in a national 5 km × 5 km net by means of mass balances including deposition, harvest losses, leaching, weathering (BC) and fixation (N). Scenarios with different deposition and forestry intensity have been run and illustrated on maps. A simplified C budget has been estimated by multiplying the N accumulation with the C/N ratio in the organic layer, based on the assumption that the C/N ratio in the accumulating organic matter is equal to the ratio in the soil organic matter pool. The budget approaches differ from earlier budget studies since they involve regional high resolution data, combine deposition and forestry scenarios and integrate different environmental aspects.The results indicate that whole-tree harvesting will cause net losses of N and base cations in large parts of Sweden, which means that forestry will not be sustainable unless nutrients are added through compensatory fertilization. To prevent net losses following whole-tree harvesting, compensatory fertilization of base cations would be required in almost the whole country, whereas N fertilization would be needed mainly in the northern half of Sweden. The results further suggest that today's recommendations for N fertilization should be revised in southern Sweden by applying the southwest–northeast gradient of the N budget calculations. The C and N accumulation calculations show that C sequestration in Swedish forest soils is not an effective or sustainable way to decrease the net carbon dioxide emissions. A better way is to apply whole-tree harvesting and use the branches, tops and needles as biofuel replacing fossil fuels. This could reduce the present carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels substantially.The study shows that high resolution budget calculations that illuminate different aspects of sustainability in forest ecosystems are important tools for identifying problem areas, investigating different alternatives through scenario analyses and developing new policies. Cooperation with stakeholders increases the probability that the research will be useful.     

施肥对林木生长效应的理论研究

笔者从林木生长、林分产量、木材质量三方面总结了施肥对林木生长效应的影响,从光合速率、叶绿素含量、养分含量、抗逆性等几方面阐述了施肥对林木活力的影响。同时指出施肥对林木效应理论基础研究的重要性,在定性研究的基础上开展定量研究,探求和制订最佳施肥方案,以指导林木施肥。     

安徽省农民林业专业合作社建设现状分析及发展对策

集体林权制度改革以来,安徽省农民林业专业合作社建设与发展取得了显著成效,已成为林农进入市场的重要载体,有力地促进了林业增效、农民增收,加快了新农村建设。本文通过对具有代表性的部分市县林业合作社的调查,总结了集体林权制度改革催生的农民林业专业合作组织建设发展的主要特点及成效,剖析了存在的主要问题,并就如何促进林业合作社发展提出了对策建议。     

发展广东林业改善水资源环境

针对广东省的水资源环境问题,分析了森林在改善水资源环境中的作用,然后通过数学方法对广东省３种生态公益林改善水资源环境的效益进行评价计算,在此基础上提出了改善广东省水资源环境的措施－加强保护阔叶林,加快改造针叶林,走出林治水之路。     

马尾松人工林地力维护研究进展

针对地力衰退与维护这一林业研究热点,文中从林分生产力、土壤理化性质、土壤养分、土壤微生物、土壤酶活性、自毒作用6个方面阐述了马尾松人工林的地力现状。众多研究表明,马尾松人工林尚未出现地力衰退,其产生地力衰退的原因主要是不合理的营林措施。同时从轮作、混交林、发展林下植被、林地施肥、生态系统管理等方面介绍了马尾松人工林地力维护进展,并对马尾松人工林地力维护研究趋势进行了展望。     

从林业生态效能角度谈荒漠化防治

通过阐述林业的生态环境效应 ,结合甘肃土地荒漠化和林业建设的实际 ,论述了林业建设与土地荒漠化的利害关系。并最终强调 :甘肃特有的地理气候环境决定了林业在生态环境及国民生产领域中的重要地位和作用 ,甘肃的土地荒漠化防治离不开林业建设