VA菌根菌对红桂木的接种效应试验

VA菌根真菌(Vesicular Arbuscular mycorrhiza),为泡囊-丛枝状菌根菌,是一种分布极广的内生菌根真菌.菌根真菌侵染植物根部,与根部共生,形成菌根.由于菌根的形成具有促进植物对土壤养分的吸收、增强植物的抗逆性、改善植物的生长,提高植物的生长质量等作用,因此,近年来人工菌根菌接种作为一种环保而有效的生物技术,逐渐在农林业生产上得到研究和应用.     

陕西省咸阳地区林木VA菌根真菌资源调查

通过对陕西省咸阳地区16种林木VA菌根研究,从根际土壤中分离鉴定出VA菌根真菌17种。其中无梗囊霉属1种,球囊霉属16种,球囊霉属为广谱性菌根真菌,摩西球囊霉、地表球囊霉,地球囊霉为常见种,本文还分析了VA菌根真菌与宿主植物的选择性及其分布规律。     

中国杨树菌根种类、隶属、效应及研究方向

概述了与杨树共生的菌根真菌共74种,其中内生菌根真菌(VA)18种,外生菌根真菌56种,及其在分类学上的隶属关系,其中VA菌根真菌分属1门1纲3目2亚目4科6属18种,外生菌根真菌分属2门3纲6目14科25属56种;菌根真菌在不同杨树上的分布,其中VA菌根真菌在25种杨树及杨树多种上,外生菌根真菌在11种杨树及杨树多种上。杨树是我国重要的造林树种,菌根真菌对杨树的生长能起很大效应:生长的影响、酶活性的影响、营养元素吸收的影响、抗旱性的影响、抗溃疡病的影响。最后提出了5项今后研究方向:1)筛选目的杨树品种上形成菌根的最佳种类;2)开展不同立地类型优良菌种的筛选;3)进行苗木菌根化技术措施的探究;4)加强适合杨树生长的菌根菌剂研究;5)应用分子生物学技术研究菌根真菌与植物之间的相互作用机理。     

木本植物VA菌根研究进展

综述了近年来国内外有关木本植物VA菌根的研究进展,其中包括木本植物VA菌根资源和VA菌根的生理生态学特性,并探讨了VA菌根在农林业生产上的应用方法、策略及其前景。     

接种内生菌根真菌对油桐实生苗生长的影响

<正> 油桐产区土壤类型主要为红壤、黄壤,养分贫乏。土壤中的磷易被铁、铝固定,形成难溶性的FePO_4和AlPO_4,速效磷含量很低,因此不能满足油桐生长需要。据有关试验证明,内生菌根(VA) 可增加植物根部的磷含量。本试验研究的主要目的在于探明油桐与VA菌根真菌的关系,了解接种不同VA真菌对油桐苗期菌根的感染、生长效应、以及对N、P、K的吸收状况的影响,从而为油桐育苗、施肥管理提供科学依据。     

西澳州桉树林地土壤菌根菌剂接种潜力研究(英文)

对澳大利亚西澳州桉树人工林菌根类型及其形成情况进行了调查 ,并采用生物测定法 (Bioas saymeasurement)研究了桉树林地土壤菌根菌剂的接种潜力 .根系菌根检查和生物测定法试验均表明 ,在自然条件下桉树可以和不同真菌共生而形成三种类型的菌根 ,即外生菌根、VA菌根和混合菌根 ;林分成熟程度与菌根形成有一定的相关性 ,与共生体的类型也有一定影响 .在幼林中 ,桉树根系主要与内囊霉菌共生形成VA菌根 ,而成熟林主要与担子菌共生形成外生菌根 ,混合菌根表现为一种中间类型 .在收集的林地土壤中移植的菌根诱饵植物 (三叶草和蓝桉 )分别检测出土壤中存在有一定量的VA菌根菌和外生菌根菌 ,但菌根菌繁殖体数量及接种潜力相对较小 ,并且也揭示了按树年龄对土壤菌剂的相对接种潜力影响较大 .本文对桉树人工林土壤菌剂接种潜力进行了评价 ,并就引进优良菌根菌对桉树人工林生产的重要性进行讨论     

马占相思菌根调查及利用

马占相思菌根调查及人工接种结果表明 :马占相思在自然界能形成外生菌根及VA菌根。在贫瘠的立地条件下 ,外生菌根的子实体多 ;在较肥沃的立地条件下 ,外生菌根的子实体少 ,优势外生菌根菌是多根硬皮马勃菌 (Sclerioermapolyrhium)。马占相思对VA菌有较强的选择性和其特定的优势VA菌根菌 ,即从马占相思根部分离的VA菌。用优势外生菌根菌及优势VA菌根菌对马占相思苗木进行接种 ,都能形成菌根 ,且都能显著地提高马占相思的生长。马占相思优势VA菌接种效果优于多根硬皮马勃菌     

北美红杉VA菌根自然侵染率和侵染强度的研究

对试验地北美红杉生存的土样及其VA菌根侵染率、侵染强度的研究表明:在徐州自然条件下,北美红杉能够形成VA菌根;北美红杉与落羽杉VA菌根侵染强度的差异显著;不同生长势的北美红杉之间VA菌根侵染率和侵染强度差异显著,摸索最适宜北美红杉菌根发育的环境条件。     

树木的好帮手——菌根菌

土壤中的真菌与植物的根共生，可形成菌与根联生的复合吸收器官，叫做菌根，而参与形成菌根的真菌叫菌根菌。植物有了菌根，就能通过无数的菌丝吸收土壤中的养分和水分，扩大根的吸收面积。     

丛枝菌根对防治植物缺铁性黄化病的作用机理与应用研究

植物缺铁性黄化病已成为世界领域内一大难题,现在的防治方法各有利弊。丛枝菌根能提高植物抗逆性、促进植物营养元素的吸收,研究丛枝菌根对防治植物缺铁性黄化病的机理与效应具有重要意义。从植物功能性吸收障碍与土壤中植物有效铁含量低两个方面对植物缺铁性黄化病治病机理进行综述,同时从增加土壤铁的有效性和影响植物生理状态的角度阐述了丛枝菌根对防治植物缺铁性黄化病的可能机制,并从AMF菌根种类、植物种类、土壤环境因素方面综述了丛枝菌根对植物铁元素吸收效果的影响因素,旨在对AMF接种防治植物缺铁性黄化病研究现状进行总结,并对未来AMF防治植物缺铁性黄化病的前景进行展望。     

美国工业废地应用VA菌根恢复植被的研究与实践

本文介绍了美国西部不同类型工业废地应用VA菌根恢复植被的现状和VA菌根生态学研究,并对我国开展此类研究与应用工作提出了建议。     

四川桉树内生菌根真菌的研究

四川省桉树内生菌根资源菌较丰富，共14种，隶属接合菌亚门内囊霉科的3个属。其中以球囊霉属（Glomus)的近明球囊霉（G.claroideum Schenck and Smith)，缩球囊霉（G.constrictum Trappe)，地表球囊霉（G.versiforme(Karsren)Berch)，摩西球囊霉（G.mosseae)，有较广泛的宿主，为优势菌群，小果球囊霉，大果球囊霉，微丛球囊霉为零星出现，感染宿主相对较窄。通过5种桉树固定标准地的调查，我们发现不同桉树树种内生菌化率有显著差异，且内生菌根真菌随林分年龄增加而增多。     

浙江地区的银杏VA菌根真菌

通过对浙江地区银杏共生菌根的调查研究,肯定了银杏为内生菌根树种,并首次发现,自然界有４属共９种真菌能使奶杏形成ＶＡ菌根,其中硬囊霉属（Ｓｃｌｅｒｏｃｙｓｔｉｓ）１种,球囊霉属（Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ）５种,盾巨孢囊霉属（Ｓｃｕｔｅｌｌｏｓｐｏｒａ）１种,巨孢囊霉素（Ｇｉｇａｓｐｏｒａ）２种。     

抗病毒剂VA诱导烟草对TMV的抗性与水杨酸含量的关系

为探明VA诱导烟草抗TMV机制中SA的作用 ,以烟草的 2个抗、感品种枯斑三生烟和三生烟为材料 ,抗病毒剂VA为诱导剂 ,用高效液相色谱法测定了VA对烟草体内SA含量的影响。结果发现 ,VA可以使烟草抗、感品种体内SA含量都增加 ,抗病品种枯斑三生烟SA含量增加更显著 ,且接种TMV后 ,SA含量在 4 8h出现一个峰值 ,表明SA在烟草抗TMV机制中起重要作用 ,且SA与过敏反应及PR蛋白 (病程相关蛋白 )的产生有关     

毛白杨苗期VA菌根菌与外生菌根菌接种的研究

1998～1999年在田间条件下布置了毛白杨VA菌根(包括根内球囊霉菌和单孢球囊霉菌)与外生菌根硬皮马勃混合接种试验.结果表明接种菌根菌对毛白杨苗高生长量有促进作用,且以根内球囊霉菌作用最明显,单孢球囊霉菌处理次之,硬皮马勃处理最差.水涝大大降低人工接种菌根菌的效果,严重影响VA菌根和外生菌根菌单独接种及混合接种的效应,根内球囊霉菌甚至会抑制毛白杨苗木的高生长,VA菌根和外生菌根间的负交互作用也不对苗高生长产生影响.菌根真菌的感染率随时间变化出现较大的波动和变化.     

An overview of proven Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment tools for forests and forest-dependent communities across the globe: a literature analysis

Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (VA) tools for forest ecosystems and forest-dependent communities are important for making decisions and understanding the impact of climate change on both social and natural systems. However, the tools are poorly coordinated, making it difficult for policymakers to carry out VAs properly. The aim of this study was to analyze VA literature worldwide to find representative case studies in terms of methods and tools applied and which have been successful in performing VAs on forests and forest-dependent communities. All successful VA studies analyzed had common characteristics such as significant funding, data availability and technical capacity. An additional characteristic was the development of an integrated approach that considered the vulnerability of both ecosystems and communities by combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Community members and relevant stakeholders were significantly involved in a participatory process that concluded with the identification of adaptation measures. The case studies also revealed how policymakers need to choose suitable methods and tools to undertake efficient assessment of vulnerabilities. They need to consider several aspects of the VA process such as subject matter, availability of resources, time and scale.     

Effects of VA mycorrhizae and Frankia dual inoculation on growth and nitrogen fixation of Hippophae tibetana

Through biological inoculation technology, the joint symbiosis of Tibetan seabuckthorn (Hippophae tibetana) in pure culture was identified and the effects of dual inoculation with Frankia and mycorrhizal fungi on the host plants in pot cultures were investigated. The results obtained from the comparative study showed that H. tibetana could form nodules and VA mycorrhiza both in pot and pure cultures. VA mycorrhizae and Frankia can stimulate the growth and the nitrogen fixation ability of host plants, respectively, yet the stimulation of the dual inoculation on the growth and nitrogen fixation ability of the host plants was more significant (p<0.05): stronger nitrogen-fixing ability, higher VA mycorrhizal development and better growth of seedlings in VAH and HR16 dual inoculation.     

Veterinary antibiotic sorption to agroforestry buffer,grass buffer and cropland soils

The potential of veterinary antibiotics (VAs) to impact human and environmental health requires the development and evaluation of land management practices that mitigate VA loss from manure-treated agroecosystems. Vegetative buffer strips (VBS) are postulated to be one management tool that can reduce VA transport to surface water resources. The objectives of this study were to (1) investigate oxytetracycline (OTC) and sulfadimethoxine (SDT) sorption to agroforestry buffer, grass buffer, and cropland soils, (2) evaluate differences in VA sorption to soils collected from different vegetative management and soil series, and (3) elucidate relationships between soil properties and VA sorption. Sorption/extraction isotherms for OTC were well-fitted by the Freundlich isotherm model (r ² > 0.86). OTC was strongly adsorbed by all soils and the VA was not readily extractable. OTC and SDT solid to solution partition coefficients (K _d) values are significantly greater for soils planted to VBS relative to grain crops. Significant differences in OTC and SDT K _d values were also noted among the soil series studied. Linear regression analyses indicate that clay content and pH were the most important soil properties controlling OTC and SDT adsorption, respectively. Results from this study suggest that agroforestry and grass buffer strips may effectively mitigate antibiotic loss from agroecosystems, in part, due to enhanced antibiotic sorption properties.     

杨树菌根研究进展

杨树菌根真菌资源丰富，有３０种外生菌根真菌和５种ＶＡ菌根真菌可与其共生形成外生菌根和ＶＡ菌根，菌根的形态和解剖特征与菌根真菌的种类有关。菌根可以促进杨树苗木养分和水分的吸收，提高苗木的生长量，增强其抗旱性，并且可以诱导杨树体内酚类物质代谢中酶类（ＰＯ、ＰＰＯ、ＰＡＬ等）活性的提高，加速抗病性物质（酚类等）的合成，增强杨树抗溃疡病的能力     

Effect of the ethylene/vinyl acetate ratio of ethylene-vinyl acetate emulsion on the curing behavior of an emulsion polymer isocyanate adhesive for wood

We investigated the curing behavior of an emulsion polymer isocyanate adhesive for wood with different ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) emulsions, because it was found that the ethylene/vinyl acetate weight composition (E/VA ratio) of EVA could control the volume of gas emitted from the adhesive. EVA with higher VA content reduced the volume of gas emitted at the initial stage, which was caused by the extent of the reaction between the NCO groups and water. The reaction scheme of NCO could not be determined because the broad infrared (IR) absorptions due to CaCO3 and water masked the information of the NCO products in IR spectra. Examination of the degree of swelling suggested that the adhesive films stored for 3 weeks had the same degree of cross-linking structure in spite of the variation of EVA. This result was supported by IR spectroscopy, which showed the same amounts of NCO remained in these films. All the adhesives prepared in this study had satisfactory bond performance. The findings indicate that the E/VA ratio affects the curing behavior of the adhesive in the initial curing stage, whereas the cross-linking structure and the bond performance were independent of the E/VA ratio after storage for 3 weeks. Part of this report was presented at Wood Adhesives 2005, November 2–4 2005, San Diego, CA, USA