木材耐久性超疏水表面构建研究进展

木材作为一种天然可再生材料,富含亲水性基团且孔隙结构发达,因而具有很强的吸湿/水能力,易发生变形、开裂、腐朽等问题。基于“荷叶效应”原理,仿生构建木材超疏水表面是有效隔离木材与水分接触,赋予木材防水、防污、自清洁等优良特性的木材功能性改良新途径。然而超疏水木材在实际应用中不可避免地要受到刮擦磨损、阳光辐射、化学腐蚀等外界因素的影响,容易造成表面微/纳米粗糙结构的破坏或低表面能物质的降解,从而导致超疏水性能的降低或丧失,限制了超疏水木材的实际应用,因此设法提高木材表面超疏水涂层的机械稳定性和耐久性是亟待解决的关键问题。笔者首先分析了木材超疏水表面耐久性差的主要原因,介绍了木材超疏水表面耐久性能的测试方法,重点综述了木材耐久性超疏水表面的构建策略及其最新研究进展,最后对超疏水木材研究中存在的一些问题及发展趋势进行了总结和展望。     

木材表面遗态仿生构建类荷叶自清洁超疏水微/纳米结构

受荷叶效应启发,使用聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)模板二次转印复型技术,在负载聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)涂层的白蜡木素材表面遗态仿生制备了类荷叶微/纳米结构形貌,并赋予木材表面自清洁超疏水特性。通过扫描电子显微镜、能谱元素分析仪、X射线衍射光谱仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、X射线光电子能谱仪以及静态水接触角仪对白蜡木素材和遗态仿生类荷叶自清洁超疏水木材试样的微观形貌、化学元素组成、表面化学状态以及润湿性进行表征。结果表明,遗态仿生制备的类荷叶自清洁超疏水木材表面具有与荷叶表面微/纳米乳突结构类似的微观形貌。遗态仿生类荷叶自清洁超疏水木材没有改变白蜡木素材原有的色彩纹理,其表面静态水接触角约为151°,滚动角为6°,接近于遗态材料荷叶表面的接触角与滚动角,表现出超疏水能力;同时,表面的石墨粉能被水滴轻松冲洗掉,具有自清洁特性。这主要是由于木材表面沉积的PVB混合涂层中羟基与木材表面的羟基相结合,使其表面羟基数量有所减少,此外,含氟长链烷基聚合物的存在也增强了木材表面的疏水性能。     

一步溶胶凝胶法制备木基超疏水层的研究

为简化超疏水木材的制备工艺,以正硅酸乙酯为前驱体,氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷为修饰剂,采用一步溶胶凝胶法构建超疏水木材,并研究了其表面形貌和疏水性能。结果表明:表面类荷叶的微纳米分级结构协同低表面能物质,使杉木转变为超疏水性,表面接触角达151.5°,动态接触角低于8°;试样在大气中放置1年,经强酸、强碱溶液分别浸泡及超声波清洗25 min后,接触角仍高于140°,保持了较好的疏水性能。     

化学交联贻贝仿生超疏水木材的构建与性能表征北大核心

聚多巴胺(PDA)修饰的木材表面具有较强粘附特性和表面化学反应活性,通过引入氨基改性纳米二氧化硅(SiO;)粒子构建木材粗糙表面,采用乙二醇二缩水甘油醚为交联剂,提高纳米SiO2粒子在木材表面的稳固性,采用十八烷基三甲氧基氯硅烷为低功能化改性剂制备表面稳固的超疏水木材。研究表明:当纳米SiO;粒子浓度为2%时,接触角最大为156.6°,滚动角为4.7°,超疏水木材表面经过超声波震荡、模拟下雨冲刷、加热、酸碱腐蚀及有机溶剂浸泡等处理后,仍具有较强的超疏水稳固特性。     

竹材表面仿制类玫瑰花超疏水结构的研究

为克服竹材因吸水吸湿而引起的缺陷,在竹材表面利用软印刷技术仿制玫瑰花微纳褶皱结构表面,以玫瑰花瓣为模具、硅基聚合物为印章,经过2次转印处理使竹材具有超疏水表面。样品表面利用电子扫描显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)及接触角(WCA)进行测试,结果表明:仿生制备的类玫瑰花竹材样品具有与玫瑰花瓣相似的乳突状微米结构和凹槽状纳米结构的粗糙褶皱表面,其水接触角达到154.5°,接近玫瑰花瓣表面的接触角160.5°,表现出超疏水特性。类玫瑰花结构竹材样品的成功制备,为竹材的疏水改性探寻了一种新的途径。     

仿生光子晶体结构色在木材颜色功能性改良中的应用前景

对木材表面进行颜色功能性改良是提高木材使用价值的重要途径。文中总结传统木材染色和诱导变色工艺的发展现状及存在的问题,提出利用结构色进行颜色改良是一种清洁无污染的生态仿生着色技术,综述其在木质材料领域中的研究现状,并从木质材料表面结构色构筑及机理、木质材料表面结构色的光响应及界面机理、木质材料表面仿生结构色薄膜大规模应用技术、木质纤维素纳米晶结构色薄膜制备及其功能拓展4个方面提出研究展望。     

超疏水木材老化性能初步探究

以杉木为基底,采用一步水热法在木材基底上构建超疏水结构,使水滴静态接触角可达151°,滚动角小于5°。并采用湿热老化实验和化学稳定性测试实验初步探究超疏水木材老化性能。实验结果表明,超疏水木材经72 h湿热老化实验之后,表面水滴静态接触角仍可达150.5°,其滚动角小于5°。在强酸溶液中浸泡8 h后水滴接触角仍可达150°,但在强碱溶液中浸泡后水滴接触角急剧下降。     

仿月季花/TiO_2超疏水竹材表面特征研究

为改善竹材的疏水性和稳定性,采用软印刷技术在竹材表面仿制月季花瓣的超疏水微纳结构,同时在竹材表面负载纳米二氧化钛提高其稳定性。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱元素分析(EDS)、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)、热重分析(TGA)及接触角技术对样品进行了表面特征分析。结果表明:在竹材表面成功构建了类月季花瓣表面的微纳乳突结构,水滴在其表面的接触角达到154.5°,展现出良好的超疏水特性;TGA结果显示,800℃后的样品仍有31.3%的残炭量,试样具有较好的热稳定性。表面仿生可延长竹材的使用寿命和增加竹材的附加值。     

溶胶-凝胶法调控木材表面附着二氧化硅薄膜的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法使木材表面附着二氧化硅薄膜,以改良木材表面疏水性、抗老化性等性能。通过SEM、EDAX、FTIR等研究二氧化硅的形态、结构、分布及其与木材表面结合的方式等,使用抗老化性、润湿角表征二氧化硅改良材的表面性能。结果表明:木材表面附着一层厚度为40μm的二氧化硅薄膜,且薄膜的厚度随着浸渍时间的增加而增加。该二氧化硅薄膜具有疏水性,润湿角的平均值为101.6°,其润湿角随着浸渍时间的增加而增加,且改良材的润湿角在人工老化后,其变化量明显小于素材,抗老化性能得到了很大提高。改良材的抗光变色能力是素材的2倍以上。     

基于玫瑰花瓣褶皱微表面特性仿生构筑疏水竹材的研究

本研究利用软印刷法以不同浓度的聚乙烯醇（PVA）为弹性印章,以新鲜红玫瑰花为模板,经过二次复形将玫瑰花表面微纳褶皱结构转印到竹材表面,制备得到具有类玫瑰花表面微观结构的疏水竹材。试样表面利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）及水接触角进行检测,结果显示类玫瑰花竹材样品具有乳突状和凹槽状微纳米结构的粗糙褶皱表面。研究发现,以10% PVA为模板复形的竹材表面水接触角接近于新鲜玫瑰花瓣表面的水接触角数值,展现出良好的疏水特性。     

微波等离子体处理对杉木表面性能的影响

为了解微波等离子体处理对杉木表面性能的影响,使用接触角测定评估表面润湿性,使用扫描电子显微镜观测表面处理前后的差异。结果表明,杉木表面轻微波等离子体处理后,接触角下降为零,即使处理条件十分微弱、处理效果仍然十分明显,这表明微波等离子体处理可显著提高木材表面的润湿性,微波等离子体处理使杉木表面形成粗化面,即表面明显有等离子体蚀刻过的痕迹并留下凹凸不平的坑洼,粗化面的形成可能是导致杉木表面接触角下降,     

Changes in wettability of wood surface using electron beam irradiation

ABSTRACT

This study deals with the influence of electron beam irradiation (EBI) on the wettability of Norway spruce surface samples. To evaluate this possible effect in detail, the changes in chemistry and wood structure were analysed using the methods of IR spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The surface wettability was determined by the contact angle measurement method. The results of infrared spectra show decreased relative numbers of available hydrophilic groups (e.g. hydroxyl and carbonyl groups) in the wood surfaces due to the electron beam irradiation. This behaviour is consistent with the values from the surface wettability measurements. Structural differences of the wood surfaces after electron beam irradiation were not detectable. Based on these findings pre-treatment of wood surfaces for industrial usages can be a potential field of application of this technology.     

Effect of wood species,digester conditions,and defibrator disc distance on wettability of fiberboard

Wettability of medium density fiberboard (MDF) surface affects paint or adhesive application and is, thus, of importance in the course of furniture manufacturing. This study investigated the effects of wood species, digester conditions and defibrator disc distance on the wettability properties. It was found that the wettability of the MDF significantly decreased with increasing the defibrator disc distance and increased with the increment in the severity of the digestion conditions. The highest wettability was found for samples made of beech wood having an average contact angle value of 74.5°, followed by poplar wood (76.5°), birch wood (79.7°), the mixture (1:1) of scots pine and beech wood (82.9°), and scots pine wood (86.4°), respectively.     

3种水性漆在杨木表面的润湿性对比研究

选取丙烯酸酯、聚氨酯、丙烯酸-聚氨酯共聚物3种水性漆为滴液,用接触角测试仪对3种水性漆在杨木表面的接触角进行测试,对比分析其对杨木表面润湿性的影响。结果表明:未进行超纯水稀释的水性漆中,丙烯酸酯、共聚物水性漆在杨木径切面的润湿性优于弦切面,聚氨酯水性漆则反之;共聚物水性漆相比于其他两种漆润湿性更好,聚氨酯次之,丙烯酸酯水性漆的润湿性则相对较差。相比未进行超纯水稀释的水性漆,经稀释处理的3种水性漆在杨木表面的接触角均有不同程度的下降。接触角下降率分析表明:丙烯酸酯水性漆相比其他两种漆在杨木表面的润湿性更好,此外共聚物水性漆在杨木弦切面润湿性优于径切面,而其他两种水性漆则相反。     

Changes in wettability of heat-treated wood due to artificial weathering

Effect of artificial weathering on the wettability of three heat-treated North American wood species (jack pine, aspen, and birch) is studied from the point of view of the structural and chemical changes taking place on the wood surface. Weathering increases wettability of all three heat-treated woods by water. Changes in wettability during artificial weathering differ according to heat treatment procedure and wood species and are likely due to combination of structural and chemical changes of the surfaces. Scanning electron microscopic analysis indicates that cracks form due to degradation taking place during weathering. As a result, water has easier entry into the cell wall, which consequently increases wettability. IR spectra suggest that the OH/CH₂ ratio for heat-treated specimens is inversely proportional to the contact angle regardless of the type of wood species. The presence of cellulose-rich layer on wood surface and increasing amount of amorphous cellulose transformed from crystallized cellulose due to weathering result in increase in hydroxyl; consequently, it increases heat-treated wood wettability.     

水性树脂底漆对木材表面润湿性的影响

水性树脂底漆对木材表面润湿性能的影响是决定木器涂装质量的关键因素。为了给木器水性漆涂装提供基本依据,选择松木、杉木、橡木、奥古曼和非洲紫檀5种木材,研究水性丙烯酸树脂底漆、水性丙烯酸改性聚氨酯底漆、双组分水性丙烯酸树脂对其表面润湿性能的影响。采用正交试验设计方案,以漆种、底漆质量分数、树种和干磨砂纸粒度为影响润湿性的因素,分别研究水性树脂底漆在木材弦、径切面的接触角大小和5种木材弦、径切面的孔槽比,分析影响木材表面润湿性的因素及原因。结果表明:4个因素水平中,底漆质量分数和漆种对木材表面润湿性的影响非常显著,树种对其影响显著,干磨砂纸粒度对其无显著影响;5种木材径切面的孔槽比高于弦切面,针叶材弦、径切面的孔槽比高于阔叶材,径切面的润湿性优于弦切面,针叶材表面润湿性优于阔叶材;此外,单组分水性树脂底漆在5种木材弦、径切面的润湿性优于双组分水性树脂底漆。因此,在木器水性漆高质量涂装中,对于不同木材种类应该选择合适的水性涂料及最优质量分数,才能保证涂装中底漆良好的质量。     

Estimating the wettability of wood by the axisymmetric Drop Shape Analysis-contact diameter method

Summary The wettability of four wood species was determined by the Axisymmetric Drop Shape Analysis-contact diameter (ADSA-CD) technique. The ADSACD technique calculates the contact angle by solving the Laplace equation of capillary given the following variables: contact diameter, volume of the liquid drop, liquid surface tension, density difference between the two fluid phases and the gravity constant. The liquid surface tension, density, and gravity are known. The volume of the liquid sessile drop is obtained by means of a micrometer screw syringe. The contact diameter, the only main experimentally determinable variable is obtained by manually selecting an arbitrary set of coordinates characterizing the perimeter of the sessile drop. The ADSA-CD technique was used on four wood species (pine, cedar, ash and elm) and it was found to be a simple, adaptable, and excellent tool for measuring the contact angles on wood surfaces.The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of the Ontario Centre for Materials Research, The University of Toronto, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, grant Nr. A8278. Ms. Z. Policova is acknowledge for technical assistance     

Impact of Drying Methods on Wettability of Populus tomentosa

Plantation poplar is one of the most important resources for wood industry, its utilization field is vast. The wettability of Populus tomentosa with different drying methods was judged by measurement of contact angle using distilled water in this paper. The results showed that the specimens from conventional drying have the biggest contact angle, and the air dried have the smallest contact angle, air dried lumbers have a better wettability than the kiln dried. The changes of contact angle in a period of tim...     

Wettability of four Asian meranti species

Summary The wettability of four Asian meranti species (dark red, light red, white, and yellow) in various liquids was studied by a cone-immersion technique. Wettability was expressed in terms of the area under the force-immersion curve and referred to as the wettability index. Wettability was strongly influenced by the pH of the solution, generally increasing with increasing pH. Surfactant type affected wettability, with the cationic type yielding the greatest wettability followed by anionic and nonionic types. Among the liquids used, distilled water gave the lowest, and acetone-isopropyl alcohol solution gave the greatest wettability. Of the meranti species, yellow meranti showed the greatest wettability, followed by white, light red, and dark red meranti.A plot of the relative amount of liquid absorbed into the wood sample versus wettability index yielded two regions, one attributed mainly to liquid trapped in crevices on the wood surface, and another which may be more indicative of wood-liquid interactions. A highly significant linear correlation between wettability index and liquid surface tension was found for those species with low and medium wettability, while that with high wettability showed no correlation. A new empirical approach of determining the critical surface tension of wood is discussed. Limited data for the present method indicated close agreement with result from the literature obtained by the use of the well-known Zisman's contact angle approach.