几种紫胶虫优良寄主树的自然分布概况及耐旱性与水分生理

从六种紫胶虫优良寄主树钝叶黄檀、思茅黄檀、瓦氏葛藤、大叶千斤拔、山合欢、聚果榕的自然分布与生态特性看出，它们均为耐旱性较强的树种。进一步测定其蒸腾强度、水势、水分饱和亏等水分生理指标发现，蒸腾强度与水势受气温、空气相对湿度、光照和风速等综合气候因素的影响。蒸腾强度随气温、光照强度、风速的增大而增高，随相对湿度的增大而降低；水势的变化则正好相反。蒸腾强度增大，水势下降，被动吸水能力随之增强，抗旱能力增强。植物体内的临界饱和亏越大，需水程度就越小，抗干旱能力越强。测定结果反映出，六种紫胶虫优良寄主树种的抗旱性由强到弱依次为：山合欢，钝叶黄檀，瓦氏葛滕，思茅黄檀，大叶千斤拔，聚果榕。     

内聚力学说不可能成立的依据

利用压力室技术测到的水势是缺乏修正的数值,比实际水势要高出许多,用该方法测定水势,只能反映出水势的大小变化,而不能用其代表木质部内真实的负压。蒸腾使木质部产生的负压最大不会超过-0．1Mpa,木质部内巨大负压的存在缺乏理论依据和直接的实验证据。空穴的必然发生使水柱无法保持连续,故连续水柱不存在。蒸腾状态下木质部水分的移动方式是自上而下分段依次移动的,这一现象与内聚力原理相抵触。蒸腾产生的负压能保持到蒸腾停止后继续使根系吸水。     

几种针叶树种水分生理特点的研究

通过测定油松，侧柏，云杉，刺柏，樟子松的组织总含水量，自由水，束缚水含量，水势，蒸腾强度，相对含水量和临界饱和亏的季节变化，探讨这些树种在干旱条件下的水分生理特点；并对这些抗昌性指标进行数量化综合分析，用极点排序法将其依抗旱性强弱进行排序。     

几种经济树种水分生理的研究

对在民勤沙区栽培的苹果梨、锦丰梨、金冠苹果、民勤小枣、沙枣５种经济树种的蒸腾强度、组织含水率、自然饱和亏、临界饱和亏、束缚水／自由水、水势、持水力、土壤含水率等８项水分生理指标的测定分析表明，这５种经济树种水分生理指标之间，蒸腾强度与水势呈正相关关系。其中，金冠苹果相关系数达到了０．９５５，呈显著正相关关系；锦丰梨相关系数达到了０．９８９，呈极显著正相关关系；并得出了锦丰梨、金冠苹果的蒸腾强度与其他指标间的多元线性回归方程。     

宁夏盐池沙地水分动态研究初探

采用沙地土壤定位研究方法，系统地研究了毛乌素沙地土壤的水分特性及SPAC(土壤-植物-大气连续体)中水势的变化规律。结果表明：(1)经验方程θ=AS^-B对该地区的土壤水分特征曲线有良好的模拟性，该区土壤的水分特性为：持水量低，供水力小，耐旱性差；(2)水分从树叶扩散到大气中的阻力是土壤-植物-大气连续体中水分传输的主要阻力，土壤水势的变化受降雨、土壤蒸发和林木蒸腾的共同影响，林地的土壤水分表现出明显的季节性变化，树木的叶水势日变化呈明显的单峰曲线，树木受到水分胁迫时水势最低值出现的时间前移，大气水势、土壤水势与叶水势之间均具有一定的相关性。     

兴安落叶松苗木失水规律和苗木活力的测定

以兴安落叶松S1-1苗木为材料，研究苗木失水规律。苗木活力与其体内的水分状况密切相关，苗木裸根后迅速蒸腾失水，开始失水较快，以后逐渐减慢，温度越高，相对湿度越低，风速越大，苗木蒸腾失水速度越快；苗木失水首先使根系的水势下降，最终导致造林成活率和生长量的降低。兴安落叶松对其苗木水分要求较敏感，其健康苗木水势为-5bar，造林成活水势为-15bar。     

抗蒸腾药剂应用研究

在茺漠草原干旱条件下，利用抗蒸腾药剂处理树木，可以降低蒸腾强度，增加原生质粘度，提高树木组织水势负值，增强保水、吸水能力，从而提高抗旱能力。     

蒸腾速度,阻力与叶内外水势和光强关系的研究

本文采用ＬＩ－１６００稳态气孔计和压力室测定了杨柴的蒸速率，阻力，叶水势及其环境因子的日变化，分析结果表明：当０－２ｍ土层内土壤平均水势在－０．０４－０．２０ＭＰａ时，光照强度是影响杨树等树木蒸腾速率的主要因子，它主要是通过影响蒸腾阻力所致。     

抗蒸腾剂在林业上的应用研究进展与展望

对抗蒸腾剂在林业上的最新应用研究成果进行了综述，介绍了抗蒸腾剂在林业上的应用基础研究情况，包括施用抗蒸腾剂后对林木蒸腾速率、光合速率、叶水势、叶绿素含量变化等机体生理生化反应的影响以及对林木干旱胁迫后应答物质含量方面的影响；同时介绍了抗蒸腾剂在提高造林成活率和大树移栽成活率、提高林木抗逆性、提高果实产量、改善果实品质、防治病虫害、以及花卉和果品保鲜等林业生产应用方面上的应用效果；并对未来一段时期抗蒸腾剂在林业上的应用研究中需解决的问题进行了阐述。     

干旱区木本植物盐分积累与其耐旱性的关系

通过对干旱区4种木本植物体内Na+,K+浓度和水分、光合等指标的测定、比较,分析盐分积累与其耐旱性的关系。结果表明:梭梭和柽柳能够吸收、积累较多的Na+,而花棒和沙枣组织Na+浓度相对较低;与花棒和沙枣相比,梭梭和柽柳具有较低的组织水势和渗透势、较小的蒸腾失水量和较大光合作用有效水势范围。表现为植株水势、渗透势和蒸腾失水量与其组织Na+浓度呈负相关,而光合作用有效水势范围大小则与其呈显著正相关。由此可见:盐分积累能够降低组织渗透势和水势、增强水分吸收的动力,同时还可以减少蒸腾耗水,有利于植株在低水势下维持较高的光合作用能力,即干旱地区的植物通过积盐可以增强其抗旱能力。     

Stored water use and transpiration in Scots pine: a modeling analysis with ANAFORE

We estimated daily use of stored water by Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees growing in a temperate climate with the ANAFORE model (ANAlysis of FORest Ecosystems) and compared the simulation results with sap flow measurements. The original model was expanded with a dynamic water flow and storage model that simulates sap flow dynamics in an individual tree. ANAFORE was able to accurately simulate diurnal patterns of measured sap flow under microclimatic conditions that differ from those of the calibration period. Strong relationships were found between stored water use and several tree characteristics (diameter at breast height, sapwood area, leaf area), but not with tree height. Relative to transpiration, stored water use varied over time (between < 1% and 44% of daily transpiration). On days when transpiration was high, trees were more dependent on stored water, indicating that the contribution of internal water to transpiration is not a constant in the water budget of trees.     

Link between diurnal stem radius changes and tree water relations

Internal water reserves are depleted and replenished daily, not only in succulent plants, but also in trees. The significance of these changes in tissue water storage for tree water relations was investigated by monitoring diurnal fluctuations in stem radius. In 6-year-old potted Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees, whole-tree transpiration rate (T), sap flow at the stem base and fluctuations in stem radius were measured at 10-min intervals over eight successive weeks. The dynamics of diurnal water storage in relation to the daily course of water movement was simulated and the contribution of stored water to T quantified. The finding that, in P. abies, the course of bark water content is linearly coupled to stem radius fluctuations provided the basis for linking stem radius changes to a functional flow and storage model for tree water relations. This model, which consists of physical functions only and is driven by a single input variable (T), accurately simulates the diurnal course of changes in stem radius and water storage of the tree crown and stem. It was concluded that fluctuations were mainly determined by the course of transpiration. The availability of soil water and the degree to which storage tissues were saturated were also factors affecting the diurnal course of stem radius changes. Internally stored water contributed to daily transpiration even in well-watered trees, indicating that stored water plays an important role not only during periods of drought, but whenever water transport occurs within the tree. Needle and bark water reserves were most heavily depleted during transpiration. Together they supplied approximately 10% of daily T on sunny days, and up to 65% on cloudy days. On a daily basis, the crown (mainly needles) contributed approximately eight times more water to T than the stem (mainly bark). The depletion of the two storage pools and the water movements observed in the trees always occurred in the same sequence. In the morning, T first caused a depletion of the water stored in the crown. It then caused depletion of bark storage tissues at ever increasing distances from the needles. Up to 75% of the transpired water could be withdrawn from storage tissues when the increase in T reached a maximum.     

毛乌素沙地樟子松蒸腾变化规律及其与微气象因子的关系

本研究采用由热扩散植物液流技术测算得到的时间步长10 min的樟子松蒸腾速率数据,结合同步观测得到的冠层微气象要素值,分析了毛乌素沙区20年生樟子松主要生长季节蒸腾耗水规律及其冠层微气象的关系.结果表明:(1)樟子松蒸腾速率具有明显的时间变化特征.多云天气日,蒸腾速率日内变化总体呈多峰曲线趋势,单株蒸腾速率(Tr)在4-9月各月白天(6:00-19:00)的平均值为0.36～0.85 L·h-1;晴天日,除9月蒸腾速率日内变化呈多峰曲线趋势外,其余各月总体趋势呈单峰曲线,9月时Tr在10:00左右、13:00左右、15:00左右出现峰值,在14:00左右出现谷值.4-8月各月日内Tr在10:00左右出现峰值.4-9月各月Tr白天平均值为0.37～0.83 L·h-1;阴天天气日,蒸腾速率日内变化总体呈单峰曲线趋势,日内Tr最大值出现在10:00左右.4-9月各月Tr白天(6:00-19:00)平均值为0.29～0.63 L·h-1.在日际变化或季节变化方面,从4月份起,樟子松蒸腾耗水量逐渐增加,月耗水量在7月达到最高值,此后有所减小.4-9月总耗水量为1 143.7 mm,日平均为6.25 mm,7月份月耗水总量相对最大.4、5、6、7、8及9月耗水量分别占主要生长季节总量的10.76%、13.62%、14.05%、24.56%、19.47%、17.52%.(2)主要生长期内,Tr与冠层太阳总辐射(Ra),空气温度(Ta)、湿度(RH),风速(V)等气象要素有很好的复相关性,并通过显著性检验(a=0.01),且各月内影响樟子松蒸腾的最主要气象因子都是Ra.     

银杏树干茎流变化及其对抑制蒸腾措施的响应

利用GREENSPAN茎流测定系统监测银杏树干茎流动态变化.结果表明:树干不同高度、不同深度和不同方位的茎流速率存在差异.上位的茎流速率高于中位和下位,但通过上中下位截面的累积茎流通量差异不显著;在不同深度上的茎流速率存在差别,10 mm位点的茎流速率最大,20mm位点最小;不同方位的茎流速率是树干南侧最大,西侧次之,北侧最小.使用HOBO气象站同步测定各种气象因子,分析树干茎流日变化、日际变化及其与气象因子的关系,逐步回归分析表明:太阳有效辐射、气温和风速是影响茎流的主要气象因子.通过干预处理研究不同的抑制蒸腾措施对树干茎流的影响,结果表明喷抗蒸腾剂、摘叶和遮荫处理能有效地降低蒸腾耗水,但摘叶和遮荫处理的效果较为明显.     

Processes preventing nocturnal equilibration between leaf and soil water potential in tropical savanna woody species

The impact of nocturnal water loss and recharge of stem water storage on predawn disequilibrium between leaf (psiL) and soil (psiS) water potentials was studied in three dominant tropical savanna woody species in central Brazil (Cerrado). Sap flow continued throughout the night during the dry season and contributed from 13 to 28% of total daily transpiration. During the dry season, psiL was substantially less negative in covered transpiring leaves, throughout the day and night, than in exposed leaves. Before dawn, differences in psiL between covered and exposed leaves were about 0.4 MPa. When relationships between sap flow and psiL of exposed leaves were extrapolated to zero flow, the resulting values of psiL (a proxy of weighted mean soil water potential) in two of the species were similar to predawn values of covered leaves. Consistent with substantial nocturnal sap flow, stomatal conductance (gs) never dropped below 40 mmol m(-2) s(-1) at night, and in some cases, rose to as much as 100 mmol m(-2) s(-1) before the end of the dark period. Nocturnal gs decreased linearly with increasing air saturation deficit (D), but there were species-specific differences in the slopes of the relationships between nocturnal gs and D. Withdrawal and recharge of water from stem storage compartments were assessed by monitoring diel fluctuations of stem diameter with electronic dendrometers. Stem water storage compartments tended to recharge faster when nocturnal transpiration was reduced by covering the entire plant. Water potential of covered leaves did not stabilize in any of the plants before the end of the dark period, suggesting that, even in covered plants, water storage tissues were not fully rehydrated by dawn. Patterns of sap flow and expansion and contraction of stems reflected the dynamics of water movement during utilization and recharge of stem water storage tissues. This study showed that nighttime transpiration and recharge of internal water storage contribute to predawn disequilibrium in water potential between leaves and soil in neotropical savanna woody plants.     

银杏-小麦间作系统水热效应的研究

对黄淮海平原农区银杏 -小麦间作系统的热量效应 (白天 )和水分效应进行了研究。结果表明 :(1)小麦抽穗　乳熟期 ,晴天间作系统总辐射量比单作 (麦田 )系统低 7.6 % ,阴天时二者差别不大 ;晴天间作系统净辐射通量比单作系统高 5 .6 % ,阴天时比单作系统低 1.9% ;晴天间作系统潜热通量比单作系统低 6 .8% ,阴天时二者相差极小 ;晴天和阴天间作系统的感热通量均低于单作系统 ,分别约低 5 2 .6 %和 11.1% ;晴天间作系统土壤热通量比单作系统高 2 1.8% ,阴天时比单作系统低2 5 .0 %。(2 )小麦拔节　腊熟期 ,间作系统小麦日蒸腾速率比单作麦田低 18.4 % ;小麦抽穗　腊熟期 ,实际区域面积 (1.4 3hm2 )内系统总蒸腾耗水量为 36 .4 5m3·d- 1,其中小麦占 91.7% ,银杏占 8.3% ,说明整个系统蒸腾耗水以小麦蒸腾耗水为主 ;系统内麦田土壤贮水量随带距的变化呈抛物线状分布 ,对比单作麦田 ,间作系统总体平均可使麦地 0　 10 0cm土壤贮水量提高 6 .84 % ;间作系统小麦叶片水分利用率比单作麦田约高 4 .0 %。     

Tree water storage and its diurnal dynamics related to sap flow and changes in stem volume in old-growth Douglas-fir trees

Diurnal and seasonal tree water storage was studied in three large Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) trees at the Wind River Canopy Crane Research site. Changes in water storage were based on measurements of sap flow and changes in stem volume and tissue water content at different heights in the stem and branches. We measured sap flow by two variants of the heat balance method (with internal heating in stems and external heating in branches), stem volume with electronic dendrometers, and tissue water content gravimetrically. Water storage was calculated from the differences in diurnal courses of sap flow at different heights and their integration. Old-growth Douglas-fir trees contained large amounts of free water: stem sapwood was the most important storage site, followed by stem phloem, branch sapwood, branch phloem and needles. There were significant time shifts (minutes to hours) between sap flow measured at different positions within the transport system (i.e., stem base to shoot tip), suggesting a highly elastic transport system. On selected fine days between late July and early October, when daily transpiration ranged from 150 to 300 liters, the quantity of stored water used daily ranged from 25 to 55 liters, i.e., about 20% of daily total sap flow. The greatest amount of this stored water came from the lower stem; however, proportionally more water was removed from the upper parts of the tree relative to their water storage capacity. In addition to lags in sap flow from one point in the hydrolic pathway to another, the withdrawal and replacement of stored water was reflected in changes in stem volume. When point-to-point lags in sap flow (minutes to hours near the top and stem base, respectively) were considered, there was a strong linear relationship between stem volume changes and transpiration. Volume changes of the whole tree were small (equivalent to 14% of the total daily use of stored water) indicating that most stored water came from the stem and from its inelastic (sapwood) tissues. Whole tree transpiration can be maintained with stored water for about a week, but it can be maintained with stored water from the upper crown alone for no more than a few hours.     

Modeling the response of peach fruit growth to water stress

We applied a semi-mechanistic model of fresh matter accumulation to peach fruit during the stage of rapid mesocarp development. The model, which is based on simple hypotheses of fluid flows into and out of the fruit, assumes that solution flow into the fruit increases with fruit weight and transpiration per unit weight, and decreases with the maximum daily shrinkage of the trunk, which was used as an indicator of water stress. Fruit transpiration was assumed to increase with fruit size and with radiation. Fruit respiration was considered to be related to fruit growth and to temperature. The model simulates variability in growth among fruits according to climatic conditions, degree of water stress and weight of the fruit at the beginning of the simulation. We used data obtained from well-watered and water-stressed trees grown in containers to estimate model parameters and to test the model. There was close agreement between the simulated and measured values. A sensitivity analysis showed that initial fruit weight partly determined the variation in growth among fruits. The analysis also indicated that there was an optimal irradiance for fruit growth and that the effect of high global radiation on growth varied according to the stage of fruit development. Water stress, which was the most important factor influencing fruit growth, rapidly depressed growth, particularly when applied late in the season.     

Dynamics of transpiration, sap flow and use of stored water in tropical forest canopy trees

In large trees, the daily onset of transpiration causes water to be withdrawn from internal storage compartments, resulting in lags between changes in transpiration and sap flow at the base of the tree. We measured time courses of sap flow, hydraulic resistance, plant water potential and stomatal resistance in co-occurring tropical forest canopy trees with trunk diameters ranging from 0.34-0.98 m, to determine how total daily water use and daily reliance on stored water scaled with size. We also examined the effects of scale and tree hydraulic properties on apparent time constants for changes in transpiration and water flow in response to fluctuating environmental variables. Time constants for water movement were estimated from whole-tree hydraulic resistance (R) and capacitance (C) using an electric circuit analogy, and from rates of change in water movement through intact trees. Total daily water use and reliance on stored water were strongly correlated with trunk diameter, independent of species. Although total daily withdrawal of water from internal storage increased with tree size, its relative contribution to the daily water budget (approximately 10%) remained constant. Net withdrawal of water from storage ceased when upper branch water potential corresponded to the sapwood water potential (Psi(sw)) at which further withdrawal of water from sapwood would have caused Psi(sw) to decline precipitously. Stomatal coordination of vapor and liquid phase resistances played a key role in limiting stored water use to a nearly constant fraction of total daily water use. Time constants for changes in transpiration, estimated as the product of whole- tree R and C, were similar among individuals (~0.53 h), indicating that R and C co-varied with tree size in an inverse manner. Similarly, time constants estimated from rates of change in crown and basal sap flux were nearly identical among individuals and therefore independent of tree size and species.     

热扩散式茎流计在测定植物蒸腾耗水中的应用

热扩散式茎流计是测量树体蒸腾耗水速率的一种仪器。介绍了热扩散式茎流计的工作原理,从树木液流速率的变化规律、边材液流速率的运输格局规律、树木蒸腾耗水特性、影响树木蒸腾速率的因子4方面介绍了热扩散式茎流计在树木上的应用,最后提出了用热扩散式茎流计测定蒸腾规律的优点及应注意的问题。