不同种源杉木树轮α纤维素δ13C对年气候因子的响应

[目的]通过对不同地理种源杉木α纤维素中的稳定碳同位素(δ^13C)与气候因子的相关性分析,筛选出影响杉木树轮δ^13C的主导气候因子,解释不同种源差异性响应,为种源层面上区域杉木的培育提供理论参考。[方法]以广西柳州的杉木试验林场的30个种源为研究材料,提取并测量α纤维素中δ^13C,利用相关分析和逐步回归分析方法,对杉木树轮δ^13C与当年、前1年、前2年的降水、平均温度、最低气温、最高气温、平均相对湿度、最小相对湿度、日照时数及湿润度指数进行分析。[结果]不同种源杉木(1987-2013)树轮δ^13C值的变幅为-20.997‰^-25.910‰,表现出较强的一阶自相关,相关系数为0.181~0.866。大部分种源杉木树轮的δ^13C与平均温度、最高气温、最低气温呈显著正相关(p<0.05),与日照时数呈不显著正相关,与平均相对湿度、最小相对湿度呈极显著负相关(p<0.01),而与降水及湿润度指数的相关性不统一。逐步回归分析结果发现,30个杉木种源中有26个种源与当年最小相对湿度呈线性关系。[结论]最小相对湿度是影响不同种源杉木树轮α纤维素中δ^13C的主导气候因子,而对降水的依赖性很小。杉木不同种源树轮δ^13C对气候因子的响应存在明显的滞后效应。研究有效的填补了种源层面上树轮稳定碳同位素对气候响应研究的不足,也为杉木培育及经营管理提供了参考。     

帽儿山地区不同种源樟子松树轮对气候因子的响应

[目的]为了进一步了解不同种源的樟子松在帽儿山地区的生长差异,研究该地区气候因子对樟子松径向生长的影响,本文建立了来自于阿尔山、高峰、红花尔基、卡伦山、图强罕达盖和金山等7个种源樟子松树轮年表。[方法]通过年轮-气候响应分析、相关分析、主成分分析,探讨了不同种源樟子松径向生长与气候因子的响应差异。[结果]表明:7个种源地樟子松树轮年表整体变化趋势基本相似,但局部也有不同之处,除图强种源外,其余6个种源地樟子松在生长初期年轮宽度呈增加趋势。阿尔山、高峰、红花尔基和卡伦山种源地樟子松径向生长与当年2月平均温度显著正相关,罕达盖种源地樟子松径向生长与前一年4月平均温度显著正相关;高峰、图强、卡伦山种源地樟子松径向生长与当年6月降水显著正相关,阿尔山、高峰、金山、卡伦山、红花尓基、图强种源樟子松的径向生长主要与前一年8月降水显著负相关。[结论]多数种源的樟子松在初期径增长较快,与当年2月份的温度和6月份的降水量有正相关的响应性,而与前一年8月份的降水量有负相关的响应性。     

杉木造林优良种源多性状选择研究

对杉木种源两次全分布试验的13年生、16年生试验林的生长、材性测定资料进行系统研究表明，杉木种源间的树高、胸径、材积、木材比重、形数等性状都存在着丰富的遗传变异，其种源的遗传变异率在中等以上。从57个参试种源中，评选出贵州锦屏、福建建瓯、广西融水和福建崇安、浦城、大田、武平、南平共8个优良种源，其中贵州锦屏、福建建瓯为生长材质兼优的种源，广西融水、贵州锦屏、福建大田和南平为稳定性好的种源，村积遗传增益为41．7％～82．3％，生长性状与木材比重无显著的表型相关，但两者遗传相关呈负向，随林龄增加达到高度负相关。     

不同种源任豆苗期生长性状的变异

对林木苗期生长性状的研究是林木遗传育种学科领域中的重要研究内容。采用随机完全区组设计对任豆容器苗苗期生长性状进行观察和分析,研究任豆不同种源间的变异规律。结果表明,不同任豆种源间在苗高和地径生长上的差异均达到极显著水平。苗高生长量最大的是广西那坡种源,为60.53cm,最小的是云南金平种源,为40.28cm;地径生长量最大的是贵州望谟种源,为7.90mm,最小的是广西都安种源,为5.90mm。种源苗高与采种点的纬度呈正相关,与经度呈负相关;地径与采种点的纬度呈负相关,但相关性均未达到显著水平。种源苗高与采种点的无霜期呈显著的负相关,相关系数为-0.752,地径与采种点的无霜期和年日照数呈显著的负相关,相关系数分别为-0.641和-0.663。研究结果对后期任豆种源的研究与筛选提供参考。     

吴县太湖孤山丘陵杉木优良种源选择研究

在吴县太湖孤山丘陵进行的５５个产地杉木种源造林试验表明，种源间生长柱状、抗性、适应性状有显著的差异。种源选择增产效果显著。１１年生时，广西融水，贵州锦屏，福建南平，四川洪雅、荣径，广东乐昌，广西那坡、浦北、信宜等种源丰产性好，适应性、抗性较强，小径材材积比本省对照杉木增加４１．１６～９６．９０ｍ３／ｈｍ２，表型增益，遗传增益分别达４６．５％～１０９．６％和１３．３％～３１．３％，可供当地营造杉木短轮伐（１２～１５年）小径材建材林选用。广西融水种源丰产性最佳，适应性强，是应推广应用的优良种源。     

吴县太湖弧山丘陵杉木优良种源选择研究

在吴悬太湖孤山丘陵进行的５５个产地杉木种源造林试验表明，种源间生长性状、抗性、适应状的显著的差异。种源选择增产效果显著。１１年生时，广西融水、贵州锦屏、福建南平，四川洪雅、荣径，广乐昌、广西那坡、浦化、信宜等种源丰产性好，适应性、抗性较强，小径材材积比本对照杉木增加４１．１６～３１．３％，可发地营造杉木短轮伐（１２－１５年）小径材建材林造用。广西融水种源丰产性最佳，适应性强，是应推广应用优良种源。     

杉木地理种源长期选择效果研究

[目的]研究不同林龄的杉木地理种源生长状况的差异,筛选适宜于试验区发展的杉木优良种源,促进杉木种源水平的长期遗传改良。[方法]利用1981年营造的杉木种源试验林在5、10、31年生时的测定材料,分析不同种源主要生长性状在不同林龄的遗传参数变异规律,利用早晚相关和聚类分析对优良种源长期选择效果进行评价。[结果]不同林龄的杉木胸径、树高和单株材积在种源间均存在极显著的差异,31年生时最大种源的各性状值较最小种源的各性状分别高75.86%,48.55%,263.76%;杉木在种源间的变异存在明显的地理变异模式,以纬向变异为主,由南向北,杉木的生长量先增大后减小,即我国西南和东南部种源生长较好。参试杉木种源不同林龄时各性状的遗传力为0.750～0.875,说明各性状受较高水平的遗传控制;胸径、树高和单株材积在不同林龄间表型相关和秩相关均呈极显著的正相关,认为杉木早期选择宜在10年生左右;从169个参试种源中筛选出29个生长较快速的种源,大部分种源来自福建省,还包含贵州、广西和湖南等地的种源,其中,生长最好的是福建崇安、顺昌、尤溪等福建北部种源,其胸径、树高和单株材积的遗传增益分别达到23.21%～31.45%、15.60%～20.19%、59.94%～89.97%。[结论]早期选择的年龄对缩短杉木育种周期影响明显,在10年生选择更有利于提高杉木遗传改良的效率,从31年生杉木成熟林中选择出的29个优良种源较当地种源有较大增幅,适宜在江西省及周边地区推广。     

杉木速生优质种源多性状选择研究

对杉木种源两次全分布区试验的13、16、18、28年生试验林的生长、材性测定资料进行了研究,结果表明:杉木种源间的树高、胸径、材积、木材比重、形数等性状都存在着丰富的遗传变异,其种源的遗传力在中等以上;以速生优质为目标作综合指数选择,从57个参试种源中,评选出福建崇安、建瓯、浦城、贵州锦屏、广西融水、福建武平、南平7个优良种源,其中广西融水、贵州锦屏、福建南平为稳定性好种源,在13年生时其材积遗传增益为417%～823%,在28年生时,其树高、胸径、材积现实增益分别为77%～156%、99%～309%、308%～911%;生长性状与木材比重无显著的表型相关,但两者遗传相关呈负向,随林龄增加达到高度负相关,生长性状的改良有降低木材比重的趋势;广西融水、贵州锦屏等优良种源早期就表现出速生性,而福建崇安、浦城、建瓯等武夷山闽西北山地种源,前期速生性并不十分显著,随林龄增大,其生长速率加快,直径生长尤为突出,具有巨大的生产潜力,更适合在浙江省推广应用。杉木种源研究应延续到半个轮伐期以上。     

乐昌杉种在杉木地理种源试验中的表现

在生产实践中可发现到,不同种源营造的杉木林分,生长差别悬殊;一些小规模的杉木种源试验结果也显示出进行杉木种源选择的增产潜力。我县在1973年冬便开始进行了杉木地理种源试验,初步确定了几个适于本县生长的优良杉木种源,乐昌杉种是其中之一。1976年以来,我县杉种又作为试验种之一,参加了全国杉木地理种源试验,该试验经过几年较系统的试验比较,已于1985年底初步综合评选出了一批我国南岭山地的杉木优良种源,其中我县的杉种也是有较明显增产效益的优良种源之一。一、九省杉木种源在乐昌的生长评定(一)试验情况1973年冬,搜集了湖南江华、会同,广东乐昌(大源茅坪),贵州天柱,浙江丽水,广西融水,福建莱州,江苏宜兴、江西赣州,四川德昌等九省十个产地的杉木种子,在乐昌县大源区进行了地理种源试验。试验点位于北纬25°,东经113°,海拔高700m,最低气温-2—5℃,最高气温30—     

马尾松种源性状间相关性研究

对马尾松种源性状间的相关性研究结果表明:(1)马尾松种源树高、胸径、材积等生长性状间在年重复和地点重复中表现出高度的一致。原产地温度高,降水量大,生长表现好;(2)病虫害性状受环境影响较大,与原产地经度呈显著正相关;(3)造林成活率和保存率与生长性状为显著负相关;(4)马尾松种源早-晚龄树高生长表现出相对的一致性,苗高与9年生树高的相关系数在0.7～0.75之间;(5)早晚结实量与纬度为显著正相关,与生长性状为显著负相关,生长越好的种源,早期结实量越少。另外,还介绍了计算和检验多点相关系数的数学方法。     

Response to climate changes in radial growth of Picea crassifolia in the Qilian mountains of northwestern China

In order to investigate the response to climate changes in radial growth of Picea crassifolia at the lower tree line in the middle Qilian mountains in northwestern China, relationships of standardized chronologies of annua ring, earlywood and latewood widths with mean monthly temperature and total monthly precipitation were analyzed by ways of correlation and pointer year analyses. The results show that annual ring, earlywood and latewood widths are significantly negatively correlated with mean monthly temperature in June and Juy. Annual ring and eadywooc widths are significantly and positively correlated with tOtal monthly precipitation in March, May and June and negatively correlated with total monthly precipitation in September. Latewood width is less sensitive to climate changes than the width of earlywood and insignificantly sensitive to precipitation. The results of pointer year analysis revealed that whet summer temperatures are higher than the mean summer temperature synchronization and the summer precipitatior lower than mean summer precipitation synchronization, narrow annual rings are formed. Wide annual rings are formec~ when summer temperatures are lower than the mean summer temperature synchronization and summer precipitation higher than mean summer precipitation synchronization. The results indicate that more precipitation in the spring and summer is helpful for radial growth while warmer summer restricts radial growth of P. crassifolia at the lower tree line in the middle Qilian mountains.     

Variations and correlations of various ring width and ring density features in European oak: implications in dendroclimatology

Summary Variations and correlations of various ring width and ring density features were analyzed in 18 European oak (Quercus petraea andQuercus robur) trees from northeastern France. In light of these analyses, the goodness of various tree-ring features as a climatic parameter was discussed. In general, ring density features (viz. earlywood density, latewood density, average ring density, minimum density and maximum density) show a stronger response to calendar year, a comprehensive climatic variable, than ring width features (viz. earlywood width, latewood width, total ring width and latewood percent). The response of latewood features (viz. latewood width, latewood density and maximum latewood density) is stronger than that of earlywood features (viz. earlywood width, earlywood density and minimum earlywood density). Average ring density seems to be the most sensible tree-ring feature in European oak in terms of the response to calendar year. Moreover, total ring width as a climatic parameter is not as good as latewood width, and maximum (latewood) density and minimum (earlywood) density appears not to contain as much climatic information as (average) latewood density and (average) earlywood density, respectively.This project was supported by the institut National de la Recherche Agromonique (INRA). Thanks are due to Dr. G. Nepveu for his constant encouragement and assistance during this study     

Influence of drought on tree rings and tracheid features of Pinus nigra and Pinus sylvestris in a mesic Mediterranean forest

We investigated the influence of climate on the ring width and xylem anatomy of two co-occurring pines (Pinus nigra Arn. and P. sylvestris L.) in the mountains of east-central Spain in order to test their utility for dendroclimatic reconstructions. We developed chronologies of ring width, mean lumen diameter and mean cell-wall thickness (in the earlywood, latewood, and the total annual ring) and the number of cells between 1960 and 2006. Drought, expressed as the standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI), was the main climatic driver of tree radial growth, although trees were also sensitive to temperature (negative effect in previous autumn and current summer) and precipitation (with a general positive effect). P. sylvestris response was stronger to climate of the current year, whereas the effect of previous-year climate was more important for P. nigra. Warm and dry summers reduced ring width, tracheid lumen, and wall thickness in both species, whereas warm winter-spring temperatures had the opposite effect, primarily for P. sylvestris. Previous-year or early-season conditions mainly affected earlywood features, whereas latewood was more responsive to summer climate. Overall, climate appeared to be a stronger limiting factor for P. sylvestris. During periods of drought, cell-wall thickness was reduced while lumen width increased in the latewood of P. sylvestris. This could compromise its hydraulic safety against drought-induced cavitation as our site was close to the southern and dry edge of the species distribution area. Our results suggest that anatomical variables record different and stronger climate information than ring width variables, especially in P. sylvestris. Reconstruction models for SPEI at the 3-month scale were developed for July–August and September–October using principal components regression. The best models included anatomical and width variables of both pine species suggesting that tracheid chronologies can be useful for drought reconstructions especially at mesic sites or with species that encode a mixed drought and temperature-precipitation signal.     

Genetic parameters for early wood and latewood densities and development with increasing age in Scots pine

? Each annual ring in pines consists of earlywood and latewood with considerable difference in density and width. To get a better determination of the genetic regulation of total wood density in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), density and width of those ring sections were measured in annual ring numbers 12 to 21 of Scots pines in a full-sib progeny test. Tree height and stem diameter were also measured.

? Heritabilities for the annual ring sections increased with age for earlywood density from 0.08 to approximately 0.25; latewood density showed similar reductions. Heritability over all 10 annual rings was 0.25 for earlywood density, 0.22 for latewood density, 0.29 for height and 0.10 for stem diameter. Genetic correlations between earlywood and latewood density and growth traits were negative, while they were strongly positive between densities of adjacent annual rings (0.70–1.0).

? Despite the higher heritability of earlywood density, the strong positive genetic correlation between those traits indicates little benefit from focusing solely on earlywood density when selecting for wood density. Analysing earlywood and latewood separately does not benefit from including the width of the corresponding ring section as a covariate. Juvenile wood may possibly turn into mature wood 15–20 y from the pith.

     

Intra-increment variation in specific gravity of wood in blue pine

Summary Intra-increment variation in specific gravity of wood is studied in relation to the types of annual increments in Pinus wallichiana. In the normal annual increments specific gravity increases almost linearly across the ring, displaying minimum value in the first-formed earlywood and maximum value in the last-formed latewood. The occurrence of false rings and that of compression wood in an annual ring causes a localized increase in specific gravity. The change in specific gravity at the false growth ring boundary is slight and gradual, whereas at the true annual rings boundary the change is steep and abrupt. The specific gravity in the first-formed earlywood portion gives the most consistent value as compared to whole earlywood, whole latewood and whole ring when studied around the circumference.The financial support from University Grants Commission (India) is gratefully acknowledged     

文冠果种子及苗期生长性状地理种源变异

[目的]研究不同种源文冠果(Xanthocerassorbifolium Bunge)的种子形态特征及在山东省安丘地区苗期性状差异,了解文冠果不同种源变异特征,为文冠果在山东安丘地区引种和遗传改良提供参考。[方法]以来自山东、河南、内蒙古、辽宁、黑龙江、河北、新疆、陕西等地的27个种源的文冠果种子为研究对象,对其种子形态指标进行测定,并在山东省安丘市开展种源试验。[结果]研究发现:不同种源间文冠果表型性状均存在极显著差异(P0.01),且这些差异可以稳定遗传(遗传力均大于0.9);苗期苗高与种源地降水、年均气温及地径与降水之间呈极显著正相关(P0.01),苗高与种源地纬度、年均日照及地径与年均日照呈极显著负相关(P0.01),种子长、种子宽、种皮厚均与海拔呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。[结论]文冠果表型性状存在丰富的变异,且受较强遗传控制;文冠果苗期性状变异主要受降水、年均气温、年均日照3个环境主导因子的影响,种子性状变异主要受海拔的影响。综合种源苗期生长状况,初步筛选出山东东营、山东安丘、内蒙古库伦、辽宁关山和辽宁海城5个适合安丘地区育苗的速生种源。     

Statics and kinetics of water vapor sorption of small loblolly pine samples

A better understanding of the sorption behavior of different wood structures could be useful in protecting wood against wood deterioration and fungal attack. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of differences among earlywood, latewood, and tree ring location within the stem cross-section of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) on the sorption kinetics and statics of water vapor under ambient conditions. The water vapor sorption of earlywood and latewood in different tree rings was recorded using a dynamic contact angle analyzer under relative humidity changes from 11 to 89%, as provided by saturated salt solutions. Earlywood had higher sorption rates and diffusion coefficients than latewood, while outer tree rings had higher sorption rates and diffusion coefficients than inner tree rings. The sorption isotherms of earlywood, latewood, and different tree ring locations within the stem cross-section were fitted very well by a Hailwood–Horrobin model.     

Impact of solar activity on the growth of pine trees: case study

In this work, we focus on the analysis of data for the ring width of two pine tree species: samples of six maritime pines (Pinus pinaster), grown in the north of Portugal, and one sample of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), grown in the south of Slovakia. A negative impact of solar activity (SA) was observed on the growth of these pine trees with particularly strong impact in the case of the maritime pines. The width of the annual rings was generally smaller in the years of maximum SA; furthermore, it was found that it is latewood width that is affected whereas earlywood width is not affected; as a corollary, the percentage of latewood also shows a significative negative correlation with SA.     

Variability of selected wood characteristics in 40 half-sib families of black spruce (Picea mariana)

Summary Based on 15-year-old black spruce (Picea mariana) trees from 40 half-sib families sampled from 9 blocks of a family test in New Brunswick, this study examined intertree and intratree variation in various wood density and ring width characteristics. Of various variance components of the intertree variation, a remarkable variance component due to family was found in wood density characteristics (viz. average wood density, average earlywood density and latewood density of the tree), and these characteristics are thus under strong genetic control (h _i ² ranging from 0.60 to 0.86, and h _f ² from 0.56 to 0.68). It, to a lesser extent, applies to ring width characteristics at the tree level (viz. average ring width, and average earlywood width, latewood width and latewood percent of the tree) that show a lower heritability (h? from 0.18 to 0.28, and h _f ² from 0.22 to 0.36). Both block and block × family interaction contribute little to the total intertree variation encountered in 40 families from 9 blocks, while tree-to-tree variation within the family accounts for most (over 3/4) of the total intertree variation.Compared to the intertree variation (tree-to-tree variation within the family), the intratree variation in various wood characteristics studied is considerably larger in this species. It appears that most intraring wood density characteristics show a relatively smaller intertree variation but a relatively larger intratree variation as compared to ring width characteristics (except latewood width and latewood percent). Latewood width and latewood percent show the smallest intertree variation and the largest intratree variation. Between the two sources of the radial intratree variation, cambial age explains much more variation in most intraring wood density characteristics, while ring width accounts for more variation in earlywood width, latewood width and intraring density variation. This indicates that wood density of growth rings in this species is dependent more on cambial age than ring width (growth rate). Among various wood density and ring width characteristics studies, maximum (latewood) density shows the strongest response to calendar year. This characteristics is thus a useful dendroclimatic parameter in this species.I would like to thank Dr. E.K. Morgenstern and Mr. D. Simpson for their involvement in the planning of this study. Thanks are also due to G. Chauret, T. Keenam, R. Ploure, V. Steel and C. Reitlingshoefer for their technical assistance