大型真菌多样性及在森林生态系统中的作用

从物种和生态环境差异两个方面来阐述了大型真菌的多样性,并且主要介绍了大型真菌的两个主要类群木腐菌和菌根菌以及各自在生态系统中的作用,在森林生态系统中,木材腐朽菌能将木材中的木质素、纤维素和半纤维素降解为植物可以利用的营养物质,从而完成系统中的物质循环,并且在木材腐朽分解的过程中,木腐菌的出现和演替有一定的规律性,不同时期都有其优势种存在,并对木材腐朽的进程起决定性作用。菌根真菌作为生态系统组分,它对物质循环,种间关系和群落的影响以及在生态系统变化过程中都起着非常重要的作用,是生态系统的重要组分。     

落叶松菌根苗培育及造林技术

为培育落叶松菌根苗木，营造速生丰产林，应遵循一定的操作规程，采取相应的技术措施。即严格把好菌种关，进行常规种子处理及苗床准备，对播种苗、容器苗、移植苗、扦插苗接菌，实现苗木菌根化。加强菌根苗管理。在菌根苗造林起苗时，应避免菌根的脱落，并对菌根苗分级，做到适地适树适菌，只有按科学合理的方法操作管理，才能有效地发挥菌根的作用。     

浙江省菌蚊初步目录

菌蚊是重要的食用菌，药用菌害虫。本文系统整理了分布于浙江省的菌蚊，计有２科６亚科１１属５４种，占中国菌纹已知种的４０．３％。     

落叶松菌根苗培育及造林技术应用

为培育落叶松菌根苗木,营造速生丰产林,应遵循一定的操作规程,采取相应的技术措施。即严格把好菌种关,进行常规种子处理及苗床准备,对播种苗、容器苗、移植苗、扦插苗接菌,实现苗木菌根化,加强菌根苗管理。在菌根苗造林起苗时,应避免菌根的脱落,并对菌根苗分级,做到适地适树适菌,只有按科学合理的方法操作管理,才能有效地发挥菌根的作用。     

云南热带作物上潜在的六种植物病原菌

报道了六种潜在的植物病原菌:在番木瓜叶上的番木瓜座糙孢菌Asperisporium caricae(Speg.)Maubl.;在桔属柚活叶上的柑桔褐斑球腔菌Mycosphaerella horii Har;在野莎仁活叶上的姜小球腔菌Leptosphaeria zingberi Hara.;在竹柏活叶上的虫状球座菌Guignardia philoprina(Berk.＆M.A.Curtis)van der Aa;在芒果、叶桐、红厚壳和木姜子等枯枝上的可可毛色二孢菌Lasiodiplodiatheobromae(Pat.)Griff.＆ Maubl.;在余甘子茎干上的橄榄丝腔菌Splanchnonema phyllathus G.C.Zhao,Sheng ＆ Wu。讨论了这些病原菌发生、发展的条件。     

中国多孔菌一新记录*

本文报道了中国多孔菌一新记录，柽柳纤孔菌Ｉｎｏｎｏｔｕｓ ｔａｍａｒｉｃｉｓ，采自北京中国林科院内柽柳树干上，引起白色腐朽。     

毛白杨内生真菌的分离与拮抗菌的筛选

采自保定市不同地点不同部位的毛白杨的新鲜组织,利用常规的内生真菌分离方法,以PDA培养基为分离培养基,从毛白杨根、茎、叶中分离得到14株内生真菌。以杨树腐烂病菌、苹果腐烂病菌、梨黑斑病菌、黑根霉、毛霉、灰霉为供试病原菌种,对14个菌株进行了杀菌活性筛选,发现G01、G02、ZD103等3个菌株对不同的供试病原菌有不同的抗菌活性。对3个菌株采用经典的真菌鉴定方法判断G02与ZD103为Trichodermasp.木霉属,而G01菌株由于其不产孢故不能用上述方法鉴定,暂定为未知属。     

中国多孔菌属一新记录种——摩鹿加多孔菌

海南省位于我国南海的北部,地处18°10′～20°10′N,108°37′～110°03′E之间,属于季风热带气候地区^[1]。这一较典型的地理位置和自然气候条件,孕育了极为丰富的生物资源,是我国多孔菌种类最丰富的地区之一^[2-3]。2007年笔者到海南进行考察,采集到数个多孔菌标本,这些标本代表多孔菌属一种,     

中国纤孔菌属两新记录种

本文报道了中国纤孔菌属两个新记录种,分别为芮克纤孔菌Inonotus rickii(Pat.)D.A.Reid和杨生纤孔菌Inonotus plorans(Pat.)Bondartsev & Singer.芮克纤孔菌采于海南省保亭县热带植物园,生长在橡胶树上,杨生纤孔菌Inonotus plorans发现于中国西北地区的新疆,生长在杨树上,本文根据中国的材料对这两个种进行了详细描述和显微结构绘图.     

Dual inoculation of a woody legume (Centrolobium tomentosum) with rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi in south-eastern Brazil

The integration of N₂ fixing trees into stable agroforestry systems in the tropics is being tested due to their ability to produce high biomass N and P yields, when symbiotically associated with rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi. The growth of Centrolobium tomentosum Guill. ex Benth, a native leguminous tree from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, was assessed with dual inoculation of Rhizobium spp and mycorrhizal fungi under field conditions. Complete fertilization was compared to treatments of inoculation with selected rhizobia strains BHICB-Ab1 or BHICB-Ab3, associated or not to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. The dual inoculation increased the height and growth in relation to the plants treated with rhizobia alone. Plants inoculated with strain BHICB-Ab1 and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) exhibited an increase of 56% dry matter over uninoculated control and nitrogen accumulation was greater than with BHICB-Ab3 inoculated plants. Strain BHICB-Ab1 presented a synergetic relationship with mycorrhizal fungi since the combined inoculation with BHICB-Ab1 enhanced plant height and dry weight more than single inoculation while the growth of BHICB-Ab3 plants was not modified by AMF inoculation. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhanced plants survival and seemed to favour the nodule occupation by rhizobia strains as compared to the non-mycorrhizal plants. Inoculation with selected rhizobia and AMF improved the growth of C. tomentosum under field conditions. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Coinoculation of bioinoculants improve <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia auriculiformis</Emphasis> seedling growth and quality in a tropical Alfisol soil

We conducted a study to find out if arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Acaulospora scrobiculata, Scutellospora calospora) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB, Paenibacillus polymyxa) inoculation either individually or in combinations can improve Acacia auriculiformis seedling growth, uptake of nutrients and quality in a phosphorus deficient tropical Alfisol. The seedlings were assessed for various growth and nutrient uptake parameters after 60 days of treatment. Inoculation with P. polymyxa stimulated mycorrhizal formation. Seedling height, stem girth, taproot length, number of leaves and leaf area, plant dry matter production, nodulation, and nodular dry weight were significantly higher for seedlings that were either dual inoculated or triple inoculated compared to individual inoculation of AM fungi or PSB, and uninoculated seedlings. Dual and triple application of AM fungi and PSB also significantly improved the nutrient contents of shoots and roots and nutrient uptake efficiencies. The calculated seedling quality indexes of the AM fungi and PSB inoculated seedling were 25–208% higher than uninoculated seedlings. These findings show that A. auriculiformis seedlings when dual inoculated or triple inoculated performed better than seedlings inoculated with the microbes individually and compared with uninoculated control seedlings. We conclude that bioinoculation is important for the production of high-quality A. auriculiformis seedlings in tree nurseries for planting in nutrient deficient soils.     

山地木麻黄菌根菌的筛选和接种效应的研究

利用3个内生菌根菌(AMF)和6个外生菌根菌(ECMF)接种山地木麻黄苗,测定小苗的树高、根长、地径、地上干质量、地下干质量和总生物量,并在干旱胁迫下测定小苗的保存率.结果表明:接种内、外生菌根菌后都能极显著地促进山地木麻黄苗期的生长;山地木麻黄对供试的AMF和ECMF菌根都属于中等强度或较弱的依赖性;山地木麻黄接种菌根菌后对地上部分(苗高、地径和地上干质量)生长的促进作用比地下部分(根长和地下干质量)要大;在供试的9个菌根菌种和菌株中,AMF比ECMF更能提高山地木麻黄的抗旱力;筛选出菌根效应较好的菌根菌有:苏格兰球囊霉90068、苏格兰球囊霉90036、地表球囊霉9004、黄硬皮马勃0207、蜡蘑E439,可在山地木麻黄苗期接种应用.     

Effect of the arbuscular mycorrhizae <Emphasis Type="Italic">Glomus fasciculatum</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">G. macrocarpum</Emphasis> on the growth and nutrient content of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cassia siamea</Emphasis> in a semi-arid Indian wasteland soil

The effect of two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Glomus fasciculatum and G. macrocarpum on shoot and root dry weights and nutrient content of Cassia siamea in a semi-arid wasteland soil was evaluated. Under nursery conditions, mycorrhizal inoculation improved growth of seedlings. Root and shoot dry weights were higher in mycorrhizal than non-mycorrhizal plants. The concentration of P, K, Cu, Zn and Na was significantly higher in AM inoculated seedlings than in non-inoculated seedlings. Mycorrhization led to decrease in alkalinity of the rhizosphere soil from pH 8.5 to 7.4. Under nursery conditions, the degree of mycorrhizal dependency increased with age of C. siamea seedling. On transplantation to the field, the survival rate of mycorrhizal seedlings (75%–90%) was higher than that of non-mycorrhizal seedlings (40%). Besides better survival rate, AM inoculation improved the growth performance of seedlings in terms of height and stem diameter. Among the two AM fungi used, the efficiency of Glomus macrocarpum was higher than that of G. fasciculatum under both nursery and field conditions.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrected page numbers.     

柚木菌根及其对苗期生长影响的研究

在广东、广西、云南 7个点进行采样调查的结果表明 ,在自然条件下 ,7个柚木根系样品全部感染AM菌 ,感染率达 4 0 %　 70 % ,感染指数达 11 6 7　 19 17;4个AM菌对 12个不同地理种源柚木苗人工接种的结果表明 ,全部处理均形成感染 ,感染率达 70 %　 10 0 % ;利用 3个AM菌对 4个柚木无性系进行人工接种 ,感染率达 86 %　 10 0 % ,感染指数达 2 8 33　 5 2 5 0 ;接种株苗高比对照增加 5 4 0 %　4 0 8% ,地径增加 5 %　 4 30 % ,生物量增加 116 4 %　 2 5 74 8% ;统计结果表明 ,无论无性系、菌种或无性系×菌种在苗木高、地径及生物量上与对照的差异均为极显著 ;综合比较 ,3个菌种对柚木生长均有接种效果 ,以G90 0 4效果最好 ,G6 0 0 8菌株次之 ,再次是G30 0 6菌株     

Growth response of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia mangium</Emphasis> Willd. seedlings to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and four isolates of the ectomycorrhizal fungus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pisolithus tinctorius</Emphasis> (Pers.) Coker and Couch

Some Acacia mangium Willd. plantations in Asia grow poorly due to low soil fertility and the absence of compatible mycorrhizal fungi. This legume tree can be colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi but inoculation is not routinely practiced. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of AM fungi and four isolates of the ECM fungus Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch (Pt) in promoting growth of A. mangium seedlings under glasshouse conditions. AM inoculants were: Glomus etunicatum, G. fasciculatum, G. macrocarpum and Gigaspora margarita and mixed species extracted from rhizosphere soil of a Populus stand in Suwon (AMKFRI), and Carex (AMM6) and Populus (AMM7) growing in mine tailings in Korea. Pisolithus isolates were from Philippines (PtPhil) and Korea (PtKFRI, PtMKACC, PtKACC). Generally, ECM fungi promoted height and diameter growth of A. mangium more than the AM inoculants. The Korean Pisolithus increased plant dry weight by 122–145%, mixed AM inoculants by 61–97%, and Glomus and Gigaspora by 45–72% over the control. PtKACC gave the highest root colonization and promoted the highest growth and concentration of most nutrients. Mycorrhizal root colonization was positively correlated with plant dry weight, Na, Fe and Cu concentrations and N, P, K, Ca, Na, Fe and Cu contents. In conclusion, the results provide strong evidence for benefits of mycorrhizal inoculation on A. mangium seedlings under glasshouse conditions. The Korean Pisolithus isolates (particularly PtKACC), and two AM fungi (AMKFRI and AMM6) are potential mycorrhizal inoculants but their effectiveness and persistence should be determined on degraded lands in tropical countries where A. mangium is being planted for rehabilitation.     

Response of Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. to inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi isolates in sterilized and unsterilized soils in Senegal

The benefits of inoculation with six arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) isolates (Glomus aggregatum, G. fasciculatum, G. intraradices, G. manihotis, G. mosseae, and G. verriculosum) were investigated on seedlings of Acacia senegal (L.) Willd., a multipurpose tree legume highly valued for arabic gum production. Mycorrhizal root colonization, plant growth and relative mycorrhizal dependency (RMD) were measured in A. senegal seedlings growing in soils from three geographical sites in Senegal (Dahra, Bambey and Goudiry) and two soil conditions (sterilized vs unsterilized) in the glasshouse. The impact of inoculation on mycorrhizal root colonization and plant growth depended on AMF isolates, soil origins and soil conditions. Mycorrhizal root colonization and plant growth were increased in sterilized soils regardless of soil origin and AMF isolates. The degree of RMD of A. senegal seedlings varied with soil origin, soil condition and AMF isolates. A. senegal showed the highest RMD values, reaching a maximum of 45 %, when inoculated with G. manihotis. However, in unsterilized soils, no significant effect of AMF inoculation on plant growth was observed despite significant root colonization with certain AMF isolates in Dahra and Goudiry soils. This indicates that the most infective AMF isolates were not the most effective and unsterilized soils may contain effective mycorrhizal propagules. In conclusion, it is important to consider the native mycorrhizal component of the soils before harnessing mycorrhizal inoculation programs for sustainable agroforestry systems.     

Augmented growth of long pepper in response to arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) technology is a soil-based fertilization practice for sustainable crop productivity. We evaluated six indigenous Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) strains for their symbiotic response with Piper longum (long pepper), a non-timber forest product holding promise as a commercial crop for its medicinal fruits and roots. Piper saplings were raised in a 10 cm thick sand and soil mix inoculated with various AMF. Under field conditions, plants inoculated with AMF demonstrated better survival (≥80%) than non mycorrhizal plants (58%). Almost all the studied AMF strains increased the plant growth, biomass and nutrient content (N and P) over the uninoculated control. Mycorrhizal inoculation with four AMF species, viz: Glomus fasciculatum, G. clarum, G. etunicatum and G. versiforme greatly enhanced long pepper growth both in the nursery and field conditions.     

Cultured arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and native soil inocula improve seedling development of two pioneer trees in the Andean region

The tree species Alnus acuminata and Morella pubescens, native to South America, are candidates for soil quality improvement and afforestation of degraded areas and may serve as nurse trees for later inter-planting of other trees, including native crop trees. Both species not only form symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF), but also with N₂-fixing actinobacteria. Because tree seedlings inoculated with appropriate mycorrhizal fungi in the nursery resist transplanting stress better than non-mycorrhizal seedlings, we evaluated for A. acuminata and M. pubescens the potential of inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi for obtaining robust tree seedlings. For the first time, a laboratory-produced mixed AMF inoculum was tested in comparison with native soil from stands of both tree species, which contains AMF and EMF. Seedlings of both tree species reacted positively to both types of inocula and showed an increase in height, root collar diameter and above- and belowground biomass production, although mycorrhizal root colonization was rather low in M. pubescens. After 6 months, biomass was significantly higher for all mycorrhizal treatments when compared to control treatments, whereas aboveground biomass was approximately doubled for most treatments. To test whether mycorrhiza formation positively influences plant performance under reduced water supply the experiment was conducted under two irrigation regimes. There was no strong response to different levels of watering. Overall, application of native soil inoculum improved growth most. It contained sufficient AMF propagules but potentially also other soil microorganisms that synergistically enhance plant growth performance. However, the AMF inoculum pot-produced under controlled conditions was an efficient alternative for better management of A. acuminata and M. pubescens in the nursery, which in the future may be combined with defined EMF and Frankia inocula for improved management practices.