小干松种源试验与研究

在育苗和造林技术都采用常规方法的基础上，探讨了小干松在我省两个气候条件下的适应性及其生长状况。研究结果表明：不同种源小干松对引种地生境反应差别极大。     

针叶树引种育苗与造林技术研究简述

中国三北 0 0 9项目办公室从 1990～ 1999年先后引种了 2 0种针叶树进行育苗造林试验。初步选出了班克松、长白松、沙地云杉和欧洲赤松等 4种针叶树可以在科尔沁沙地进行扩大造林 ;选出了青山、高峰等 6种樟子松优良地理种源。同时 ,引进推广了留床截根育苗和硬塑料容器育苗技术。试验认为 ,科尔沁沙地主要应该从北美洲半干旱半湿润地区引种针叶树 ;试验还认为 ,美国兰云杉、小干松、铅笔柏和洛基山园柏应该继续进行引种观察     

小干松引种与种源试验

用加拿大小干松 9个种源的种子 ,在建始县作引种和种源试验。结果表明 ,该树种适于海拔 1 80 0m以上高寒山地生长 ,其种源以地理位置北纬 5 0°30′～ 5 1°30′的种子为佳。     

兴安落叶松种子播种品质及幼苗生长量种源试验

为了解不同种源地兴安落叶松种子播种品质及幼苗生长量的差异,以进行种源选择,利用方差分析方法分析了净度、优良度、生活力、千粒重、发芽率、苗高、基径、冠幅、根幅、2cm侧根数、主根长和须根长的种源差异,对播种品质及幼苗生长量各指标进行了主成分分析,并对各种源进行了排序。结果表明:1)利用种子播种品质和播种苗生长量指标来进行种源选择是有效的,除基径、根幅外的其他各指标在种源间均存在显著差异。2)以须根长及苗高为主的兴安落叶松种源选择改良潜力巨大。须根长和苗高受高强度的遗传控制,广义遗传力值分别为0.936,0.850;冠幅、2cm侧根数、主根长受中等强度的遗传控制;基径和根幅受遗传控制的程度低。3)综合分析,初步认为黑龙江阿木尔、内蒙古金河、黑龙江呼中、内蒙古莫尔道嘎种源综合表现良好,具有发展潜力,但其结论尚需在今后的区域化造林试验中进一步验证。     

杉木种源抗旱变异研究

通过对杉木全分布区种源试验林进行的气孔阻抗、蒸腾强度等生理指标、根部形态及旱季生长率的分析,结果表明,原产地在北纬28°以下,以北纬25°为界向南、北的杉木种源的抗旱力有逐渐增大,基本呈U形变异趋势;而北纬28°以北的种源其抗旱力波动较大。从杉木种源的抗旱与生长特性综合考虑,在旱季明显的造林点营造短周期用材林,选用福建连城、广西融水及广东信宜种源较合适。     

水曲柳优良种源选择及造林技术

揭示了水曲柳地理变异规律为生长性状变异呈经、纬向渐变为主。采用选择指数法 ,确定可在吉林省中东部生态区推广的全适性优良种源为辉南种源、大海林种源。采用环境指数法进行种源稳定性评价 ,确定出辉南、大海林种源为高产型种源。选择优良种源造林 ,树高可获得 1 8 0 0 %～ 35 .0 7%的遗传增益 ,胸径可获得 1 6 .4 6 %～4 6 .6 2 %的遗传增益 ;采用主成分分析方法 ,综合水曲柳生长性状、形态特征 ,地理气候因子验证相结合的方法 ,将水曲柳划分成 3个种源区和 2个种源亚区。提供了优良种源造林技术     

内蒙古奈曼旗兴隆沼林场针叶树引种造林试验

内蒙古奈曼旗兴隆沼林场在１９９２年引种长白松、斑克松和小干松,以樟子松作为对照,营造试验林。到１９９９年已经基本稳定,而且生长量除小干松以外都接近于樟子松,白松树高为樟子松的１１２．５％,胸径为８８．６％,斑克松树高和胸和戏分别为樟子松的８７．５％和５４．３％,小干松树高为樟子松的２９．２％,试验认为,长白松和斑克松可以扩大造林,小干松虽然保存率比较低,生长比较缓慢,但是也已经稳定下来,应该继续进     

瑞典林木改良工作

<正> 瑞典是林业发达国家,从五十年代初就开始重视林木改良工作,并摸索到一些有用的经验。瑞典的树木改良实际措施,主要包括两个方面,即产地(种源)试验和优树——种子园工作。瑞典的主要造林树种只有两个,即欧洲赤松和欧洲云杉,所以树木改良工作也集中在这两个树种上。七十年代,由北美引进小干松的     

太岳山油松良种苗木繁育及造林技术评价

介绍了"太岳油松"良种苗木繁育和抗旱造林综合配套技术示范项目建设背景、技术来源以及项目建设内容及技术,该技术确定了用优质种源进行容器育苗,集成了不同立地类型区造林技术。     

侧桕种源间与家系间造林成活率变异分析

<正> 近两年,我们在河南省郏县林场三个地点开展了侧柏全分布区种源造林试验和种源与家系两个水平的造林试验,对侧柏种源间以及种源内家系间造林成活率的变异进行分析,为选择优良种源提供依据。一、材料与方法供试种源51个;种源与家系两个水平造林试验供试种源11个。每个种源含家系11～     

Seedling shoot,needle and bud development in three provenances of Pinus sylvestris and Pinus contorta cultivated in northern Sweden

The patterns of current‐year shoot, needle and terminal bud elongation in seedlings of three Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and three lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) provenances were compared during the third and fourth growing seasons after planting. Lodgepole pine produced longer shoots and buds than did Scots pine, mainly because lodgepole pine formed more stem units and elongated at a faster rate. Stem unit length and the duration of shoot and bud elongation differed relatively little between species and provenances. Lammas or polycyclic growth occurred in some lodgepole pine provenances, but not in any Scots pine provenance, and was associated with enhanced shoot elongation. Needle elongation commenced earlier, proceeded at a faster rate, and was greater in lodgepole pine than in Scots pine, but ceased about the same time in all species and provenances. The heat sum required to attain 50% of final length was lower for shoots and needles in lodgepole pine than in Scots pine, and for shoots in northern provenances than in southern ones. Mitotic activity in the apical meristem of the terminal bud, which occurred less than one week after the seedlings were free from snow, started and ceased about the same time in each species, but was higher in lodgepole pine than in Scots pine early in the shoot elongation period.     

Tap root formation and early root/shoot ratio of Pinus Contorts and Pinus sylvestris

Scots pine and different provenances of lodgepole pine were compared in regard to root characteristics and the distribution of biomass within individual trees. Tap root formation was more frequent and the root/shoot ratio was higher on Scots pine than on lodgepole pine but significant variation of these traits was found between provenances of planted lodgepole pine. A non‐destructive method for estimation of root biomass was developed.     

Height growth of planted conifer seedlings in relation to solar radiation and position in Scots pine shelterwood

Seedlings of different provenances of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl., var. latifolia Engelm.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were planted in three Scots pine shelterwoods (125, 65 and 43 stems ha⁻¹) and a clear-cut, all in northern Sweden. The sites were mounded and planting took place during 2 consecutive years (1988 and 1989). The solar radiation experienced by the individual seedlings was determined using a simulation model. Height development of the seedlings was examined during their first 6 years after planting. During the final 3 years of the study, height growth of Norway spruce was relatively poor, both in the shelterwoods and the clear-cut area. Height growth of lodgepole pine was significantly greater than that of Scots pine, both in the shelterwoods and the clear-cut. In contrast to Norway spruce, Scots pine and lodgepole pine displayed significantly greater height growth in the clear-cut than in the shelterwoods. For all three species in the shelterwoods, regression analyses showed that height growth was more strongly correlated with the distance to the nearest tree than with the amount of radiation reaching the ground, i.e. growth was reduced in the vicinity of shelter trees. Therefore, we conclude that the significant reduction in height growth of seedlings of Scots pine and lodgepole pine in Scots pine shelterwoods was partially caused by factors associated with the distance to the nearest shelter tree. Because the substrate was a nitrogen-poor sandy soil, we suggest that root competition for mineral nutrients, especially nitrogen, accounts for the reduction in height growth.     

马尾松不同种源对环境的反应函数和优良种源的合理布局

利用９个生长较好的马尾松种源区域试验点测定材料,建立２４个种源在不同纬度上９年生树高的Ｇａｕｓｓｉａｎ反应函数,发现３个反应函数参数（模式纬度、内稳定性参数和尺度参数）具有显著的地理变异模式。北部种源大多在其原产地以南３～６个纬度的区域内生长表现最佳,而南部种源的原产地大致也是其生长的最适地。一般来讲,南部种源较北部种源具有较高的内稳定性和遗传可塑性,适宜栽植的区域较广。根据优良种源在不同纬度上的生长优势,并考虑到气候等安全因素,为几个马尾松优良种源确定了适合的推广栽植范围。     

Genetic variation and division of Pinus sylvestris provenances by ISSR markers

Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) was used to detect genetic variation among nine provenances, including 135 individuals. A total of 108 loci were amplified using 10 random primers. The differentiation of the percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) among different provenances was evident, ranging from 27% to 54%, of which Honghuaerji provenance had the highest PPB and Kalunshan provenance had the lowest PPB. Shannon's Information index (I) at species level was 0.1581 and Nei's gene diversity (h) was 0.2393. Coefficient of gene differentiation (G_ST) calculated by Popgene was 0.3965, these results indicated that majority of genetic variation (60.35%) was found within provenances. According to dendrogram amongpinus sylvestriv provenances, nine provenances were divided into two provenance areas, namely Daxing's and Xiaoxing'an Mountains provenance area and Hulunbeier provenance area. Foundation item: This study was supported by National Scientific and Technological Brainstorm Project. Biography: LI Hui-yu (1978-), female, Ph.D. candidate, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

不同种源火炬松和湿地松木材基本密度和管胞长度的变异

对1984年种植在广西和浙江的22个种源的火炬松及在浙江的8个种源的湿地松的木材密度和管胞长度进行了测定和分析。结果表明,两个树种的木材密度和管胞长度在种源间和种源内单株间均表现出显著差异,但株间差异较种源间差异显著得多。不同地区火炬松的差异较之同一地区不同种源间的差异更为显著。种源、地区的交互作用对火炬松的木材密度和管胞长度都表现出显著影响,种源和单株的交互作用对两个树种的木材密度也有显著影响。两个树种的木材材性与年轮宽度之间没有显著的相关关系。与马尾松和早期引种的火炬松、湿地松比较表明,用新引进的材料可选育出木材材质更为优良的品种。     

Root growth and water use efficiency of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) seedlings

One-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) seedlings were grown for 17 weeks in 100-cm deep, 7.8-liter containers. Two Douglas-fir provenances, one from a wet and one from a dry site in coastal British Columbia, and two lodgepole pine provenances, one from a wet and one from a dry site in interior British Columbia, were grown in wet (522% water content) or dry (318% water content) peat/vermiculite soil in a factorial design. Each container was sealed so that water loss occurred only through the seedling. Five harvests were made at three to five week intervals and water use, dry matter increment, root length and root weight were determined at each harvest. Stomatal conductance and shoot water potentials were measured during the last 12 weeks of the experiment. Lodgepole pine seedlings had greater dry matter production, water use, stomatal conductance and new root length than Douglas-fir seedlings. New root weight of lodgepole pine seedlings exceeded that of Douglas-fir seedlings during the last five weeks of the experiment, and specific root length (root length per unit root weight) of new roots was higher for lodgepole pine seedlings throughout the experiment. Douglas-fir seedlings showed higher water use efficiency (WUE) than lodgepole pine seedlings, and both species showed higher WUE in the dry soil treatment. Douglas-fir seedlings had lower water potentials and higher water uptake rates per unit of new root length than lodgepole pine seedlings, although water uptake rates per unit of root dry weight showed little difference between species. Soil water treatment influenced specific root length of new roots, water uptake per unit of new root length, and WUE in Douglas-fir seedlings more than in lodgepole pine seedlings.     

Damage by pathogens and insects to Scots pine and lodgepole pine 25 years after reciprocal plantings in Canada and Sweden

A combined species – provenance – family experiment with Scots pine and lodgepole pine was planted in Canada and Sweden. One aim of the experiment was to evaluate the two species’ sensitivities to pathogens and insects 25 years after establishment in their non-native continents. In Canada, Scots pine had better average survival than lodgepole pine, but survival rates among trees from the best seed-lots were equal. In Canada only western gall rust infected Scots pine to some extent, and mountain pine beetles attacked and killed Scots pine more frequently than lodgepole pine. At one site in Sweden, lodgepole pine had higher survival rates than Scots pine, whether evaluated as an overall average or with data from only the best surviving seed-lots. At the other Swedish site, the species’ survival rates were equal, largely since moose damage was much more frequent on lodgepole pine than on Scots pine. Adaptation to local conditions seemed to be important in the resistance of stem breakage caused by heavy snowfalls. The exotic species generally seemed to resist the new threats, but more serious damage by mountain pine beetle on Scots pine than on lodgepole pine in Canada demonstrates possible drawbacks when using exotic species which are phylogenetically similar to native.     

Susceptibility of four conifer species to Gremmeniella abietina

G. abietina causes severe dieback in pole-stage stands of Scots pine in Britain. The susceptibility of ll provenances of Scots pine and of three other conifer species was tested by inoculations. Significant differences in susceptibility were found amongst Scots pine provenances, with those originating from a native Scottish pinewood at Loch Maree showing the highest levels of disease. Corsican pine was shown to be the most susceptible species tested although sporulation was greatest on Scots pine. Norway spruce was also shown to be susceptible when inoculated late in the growing season. Infection in lodgepole pine was negligible. High levels of β-phellandrene were tentatively linked with resistance among trees in a single stand of Scots pine.