7种木麻黄的引种生长表现及其在我国应用潜力的研究

木麻黄系木麻黄科(Casuarinaceae)树种的总称,大约80种,乔木或灌木。木麻黄广泛分布于东南亚、太平洋群岛和澳大利亚,多数为澳大利亚特有种。现在,木麻黄已广泛地引种栽培于世界热带和亚热带地区,但主要是木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia Forst.&Forst.)、细枝木麻黄(C.cunninghamiana Miq.)和粗枝木麻黄(C.glauca Sieb.ex Spreng.)。澳大利亚植物学家L.A.S.Johnson将木麻黄科分成4个属;木麻黄属(Casuarina Adans.s.str.)、方枝木麻黄属(Gymnostoma L.Johnson)、异果木麻黄属(Allocasuarina L.Johnson)和仅分布于马来西亚的尚未得到描述的C属。     

木麻黄不同亲缘间嫁接对嫁接亲和力和花诱导的影响

通过嫁接对木麻黄的亲本进行矮化是开展木麻黄杂交育种的重要技术基础。为了研究木麻黄 不同亲缘间嫁接对嫁接亲和力和花诱导的影响,以木麻黄属的短枝木麻黄（Casuarina equisetifolia）为砧 木,分别以同种的短枝木麻黄,同属不同种的细枝木麻黄（C. cunninghamiana）、粗枝木麻黄（C. glauca） 和不同属的滨海木麻黄（Allocasuarina littoralis）为接穗,开展木麻黄不同亲缘关系间的嫁接研究,研究 种内、种间和属间嫁接对木麻黄嫁接亲和力和花诱导的影响。研究结果表明,木麻黄种内嫁接的亲和力 最高,无性系接穗嫁接成活率高达91.4%,实生苗接穗为87.0%;而种间嫁接的亲和力显著低于种内嫁 接,细枝木麻黄接穗和粗枝木麻黄接穗嫁接成活率分别为36.0% 和45.0%;属间的嫁接未发现有成活的 例子,其嫁接亲和力为0。在嫁接对接穗的花诱导方面,种内嫁接的无性系接穗次年开花率为74.2%,显 著高于种内嫁接的实生苗接穗（42.3%）和种间嫁接的细枝木麻黄（39.8%）和粗枝木麻黄（35.6%）。     

几种木麻黄单宁含量及其分布规律研究

探讨了几种木麻黄单宁含量与种类、年龄、部位、生态环境的关系。结果表明:8种木麻黄小枝总多酚含量排序为:细枝木麻黄(Casuarina cunninghamina)>山地木麻黄(C.junghuhniana)>山神木麻黄(C.collia)>短枝木麻黄(C.equisetifolia)>鸡冠木麻黄(C.cristata)>粗枝木麻黄(C.glauca)>肥木木麻黄(C.obesa)>滨海木麻黄(Allocasuari-na littoralis);不同年龄木麻黄小枝总多酚含量随着年龄的增加而增大。短枝木麻黄和细枝木麻黄总多酚、可溶性单宁、蛋白质结合缩合单宁以及纤维素结合缩合单宁含量大体上以细根>树皮>小枝。随着离海岸带距离的增加,木麻黄小枝总多酚含量降低。木麻黄小枝蛋白质结合态缩合单宁含量非常低,而纤维素结合态缩合单宁含量较高,这可能与木麻黄鳞片叶退化为小枝,纤维素含量高有关。     

三种木麻黄苗期光合性状比较研究

<正> 木麻黄是我国南方沿海地区营造防护林和能源林的难以替代的先锋树种。本文对我省引种的主要三种木麻黄:普通木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifalia)细枝木麻黄C.cunninghamiana)粗枝木麻黄(C.glauca)的苗木的光合性状及光合性状与生物量之间的关系作了研究,旨在为木麻黄林营造的种类选择提供理论依据。     

我国木麻黄种质资源引种与保存

木麻黄科有4个属96个种,天然分布于澳大利亚、东南亚和太平洋群岛,垂直分布于海平面潮线开始至海拔3000m以上的高山。目前,我国引种木麻黄已有：107a的历史,但加世纪80年代中期,我国才开始系统地从事木麻黄种质资源引种工作,开展了木麻黄种质资源收集、保存,优良种源、家系筛选,无性繁殖、共生菌等研究。到目前为止,在我国海南、广东、福建、浙江和广西等省区,引进了2个属(Gasuarina,Allocasuarina)、23个木麻黄种、200多个种源和260多个家系,通过试验筛选出了一些适合不同立地的优良树种、种源或家系,其中短枝木麻黄和山地木麻黄为全分布区种源。加世纪90年代以来,对异木麻黄属树种,进行了重点引进,共引进了10余种异木麻黄属植物,增加了我国木麻黄遗传资源,并对主要木麻黄种质资源进行了保存和利用。引进的木麻黄树种包括田野木麻黄、迪尔斯木麻黄、双针木麻黄、费雷泽木麻黄、休格尔木麻黄、矮木麻黄、滨海木麻黄、利曼氏木麻黄、纳纳木麻黄、沼泽木麻黄、小松木麻黄、多纹木麻黄、森林木麻黄、轮生木麻黄、山神木麻黄、鸡冠木麻黄、细枝木麻黄、短枝木麻黄、粗枝木麻黄、大木麻黄、山地木麻黄、肥木木麻黄、小齿木麻黄。论文着重介绍了我国木麻黄种质资源的引种驯化历史、研究、保存现状等。     

应用模糊数学方法探讨木麻黄不同种及种源在我省沿海地区的适宜引种区域

本文应用模糊相似优比法,将引进的木麻黄三个种(细枝C.cunninghamiana、粗枝C.glau-ca、普通木麻黄C.equtsetifolia)共39个种源的原产地气候因子与本省沿海地区24个县(市)相对应的气候因子进行分析计算,从理论上探讨木麻黄不同种及种源在本省沿海地区的适宜引种区域。     

木麻黄嫩枝扦插育苗技术

<正>木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia J.R.Forst.&G.Forst.)木麻黄科(Casuarinaceae)木麻黄属(Casuari-na Adans.),乔木,高可达30 m,大树根部无萌蘖;树干通直,直径达70 cm;树冠狭长圆锥形。花雌雄同株或异株;花期4—5月,果期7—10月。本种生长迅速,     

木麻黄根瘤与寄主和土壤特性的关系

在澳大利亚实地观测了木麻黄根瘤与22种寄主和土壤化学性质的关系。在调查的5种木麻黄中,发现4种具有完整的根瘤。有效磷含量高的土壤,木麻黄属(Casuarina)根瘤比异木麻黄属(Allocasuarina)出现频度大,后者有8个种在任何土壤上都无根瘤存在。而在有根瘤的9种异木麻黄属树种植株上,根瘤的数量也很少。土壤化学性质(除有效磷水平外)与根瘤无显著关系。在温室条件下,用生长有木麻黄苗的野外土壤接种时,其结果与野外观测相似。异木麻黄属树种形成外生菌根比木麻黄属树种普遍。两个属树种都形成囊枝状菌根。第二个温室试验说明低磷和侵染性放线菌(弗兰克氏菌属缺乏是某些野外土壤中根瘤缺乏的两个因子。本文考虑了限制植物生长的其他土壤性质对木麻黄根瘤的影响,并且讨论了木麻黄科植物固氮的潜在意义。在田野木麻黄(A.campestris)、笛尔斯木麻黄(A.dielsia-na)及洛赫尔木麻黄(A.lehmanniana)上发现的根瘤,前人都未做过记录。     

木麻黄二代更新“困难”的原因调查研究

不同的木麻黄种,对青枯病(Pseudomonas solanacearum)的抗性有所不同。木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia)是感病种;细枝木麻黄(C.cunninghamiana)和粗枝木麻黄(C.glauca)的抗病性较强。我省“崇武”以北地区木麻黄林木枯死率高,气候不是主要限制因子,与树种的抗病性和所占面积比例有关。沿海沙地有粘土间层的林地,其保水、保肥力较好,二代更新的林木生长良好。不同种的木麻黄其结瘤特性有明显的差异。于8年生的幼林中,木麻黄的根瘤固氮酶活性低于其他二个种。不论是木麻黄或细枝木麻黄,施肥区林木的生长均超过对照不施肥区。     

普通木麻黄、细枝木麻黄与粗枝木麻黄

<正> 普通木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia)、细枝木麻黄(Casuarina cunninghamiana)与粗枝木麻黄(Casuarina glauca)系木麻黄属的三个重要种类,也是我省沿海防护林的重要树种。多年来国外对这三个树种(尤其是普通木麻黄)进行了较为深入的研究,现将这些研究的部分结果编译如下,供同行参考。     

Photosynthetic characteristics of Fagus sylvatica and Quercus robur established for stand conversion from Picea abies

Efforts in Europe to convert Norway spruce (Picea abies) plantations to broadleaf or mixed broadleaf-conifer forests could be bolstered by an increased understanding of how artificial regeneration acclimates and functions under a range of Norway spruce stand conditions. We studied foliage characteristics and leaf-level photosynthesis on 7-year-old European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) regeneration established in open patches and shelterwoods of a partially harvested Norway spruce plantation in southwestern Sweden. Both species exhibited morphological plasticity at the leaf level by developing leaf blades in patches with an average mass per unit area (LMA) 54% greater than of those in shelterwoods, and at the plant level by maintaining a leaf area ratio (LAR) in shelterwoods that was 78% greater than in patches. However, we observed interspecific differences in photosynthetic capacity relative to spruce canopy openness. Photosynthetic capacity (A₁₆₀₀, net photosynthesis at a photosynthetic photon flux density of 1600 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹) of beech in respect to the canopy gradient was best related to leaf mass, and declined substantially with increasing canopy openness primarily because leaf nitrogen (N) in this species decreased about 0.9 mg g⁻¹ with each 10% rise in canopy openness. In contrast, A₁₆₀₀ of oak showed a weak response to mass-based N, and furthermore the percentage of N remained constant in oak leaf tissues across the canopy gradient. Therefore, oak photosynthetic capacity along the canopy gradient was best related to leaf area, and increased as the spruce canopy thinned primarily because LMA rose 8.6 g m⁻² for each 10% increase in canopy openness. These findings support the premise that spruce stand structure regulates photosynthetic capacity of beech through processes that determine N status of this species; leaf N (mass basis) was greatest under relatively closed spruce canopies where leaves apparently acclimate by enhancing light harvesting mechanisms. Spruce stand structure regulates photosynthetic capacity of oak through processes that control LMA; LMA was greatest under open spruce canopies of high light availability where leaves apparently acclimate by enhancing CO₂ fixation mechanisms.     

Antibacterial activity of plant extracts from Brazilian southeast region

A screening was conducted with 26 plants collected in the Brazilian southeast region, to identify plant extracts with antibacterial properties against Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Initially, the agar diffusion method was employed. Then, those extracts presenting activity were submitted to a broth microdilution assay to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). It was observed that 13 of the tested extracts showed antibacterial activity. The best results were obtained with those from Lantana lilacina and Phyllanthus tenellus.     

Antimicrobial activity of some endemic plants growing in the Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey

The Eastern Black Sea Region has an extensive flora because of ample rainfall lasting all year. In this study, antimicrobial effects of 74 crude extracts of 22 endemic plants were investigated. Among the 30 active crude extracts, water-insoluble crude extracts from Betula medwediewii, Heracleum platytaenium, Primula longipes, Anthemis cretica ssp. argaea and Centaurea helenioides were the prominent ones with their MIC values.     

Predisposition to bark beetle attack by root herbivores and associated pathogens: Roles in forest decline,gap formation,and persistence of endemic bark beetle populations

Bark beetles are largely known for their ability to undergo intermittent population eruptions that transform entire landscapes and pose significant economic hardships. However, most species do not undergo outbreaks, and eruptive species usually exert only minor disturbances. Understanding the dynamics of tree-killing noneruptive species can provide insights into how beetles persist at low densities, and how some spatiotemporal patterns of host predisposition may more likely favor breaching eruptive thresholds than others. Elucidating mechanisms behind low-density populations is challenging, however, due to the requirement of long-term monitoring and high degrees of spatial and temporal covariance. We censused more than 2700 trees annually over 7 years, and at the end of 17 years, in a mature red pine plantation. Trees were measured for the presence of bark beetles and wood borers that breed within the primary stem, root weevils that breed in root collars, and bark beetles that breed in basal stems. We quantify the sequence of events that drive this decline syndrome, with the primary emergent pattern being an interaction between below- and above-ground herbivores and their fungal symbionts. This interaction results in an expanding forest gap, with subsequent colonization by early-successional vegetation. Spatial position strongly affects the likelihood of tree mortality. A red pine is initially very likely to avoid attack by tree-killing Ips beetles, but attack becomes increasingly likely as the belowground complex spreads to neighboring trees and eventually make trees susceptible. This system is largely internally driven, as there are strong gap edge, but not stand-edge, effects. Additional stressors, such as drought, can provide an intermittent source of susceptible trees to Ips beetles, and elevated temperature slightly accentuates this effect. New gaps can arise from such trees as they subsequently become epicenters for the full complex of organisms associated with this decline, but this is not common. As Ips populations rise, there is some element of positive feedback, in that the proportion of killed trees that were not first colonized by root organisms increases. This positive feedback is very weak, however, and we propose the slope between beetle population density and reliance on host stress as a quantitative distinction along a gradient from noneruptive through eruptive species. Almost all trees colonized by Ips were subsequently colonized by wood borers, likely a source of negative feedback. We discuss implications to our overall understanding of cross-scale interactions, between-guild interactions, forest declines, and eruptive thresholds.     

利用三种梢栖真菌生物防治落叶松枯梢病的研究

从落叶松梢栖真菌筛选出对落叶松枯梢病病原菌有抑制作用的菌株,对落叶松枯梢病进行生物防治。将自落叶松梢部分离到的11种梢栖真菌与落叶松枯梢病病原菌进行对峙培养,根据被覆盖程度、抑菌率、拮抗系数和防治预试验的结果,综合评价后发现:粪生粪壳、深绿木霉和球毛壳3种梢栖真菌对落叶松枯梢病有良好的拮抗作用。利用这3个菌株在黑龙江省勃利县通天一林场国富沟进行林间防治试验,结果表明:防治效果为粪生粪壳>代森锰锌400倍液>深绿木霉>球毛壳;深绿木霉和粪生粪壳喷洒浓度50%和球毛壳喷洒浓度75%时,真菌多样性最多,梢栖真菌系统较其他浓度更为稳定,与化学防治相比,既达到了防治目的又具有不污染环境的优势。     

Aromatic plant-derived essential oil: an alternative larvicide for mosquito control

Five aromatic plants, Carum carvi (caraway), Apium graveolens (celery), Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), Zanthoxylum limonella (mullilam) and Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary) were selected for investigating larvicidal potential against mosquito vectors. Two laboratory-reared mosquito species, Anopheles dirus, the major malaria vector in Thailand, and Aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in urban areas, were used. All of the volatile oils exerted significant larvicidal activity against the two mosquito species after 24-h exposure. Essential oil from mullilam was the most effective against the larvae of A. aegypti, while A. dirus larvae showed the highest susceptibility to zedoary oil.     

Growth and physiological response of six Australian rainforest tree species to a light gradient

An understanding of growth and photosynthetic potential of subtropical rainforest species to variations in light environment can be useful for determining the sequence of species introductions in rainforest restoration projects and mixed species plantations. We examined the growth and physiology of six Australian subtropical rainforest tree species in a greenhouse consisting of three artificial light environments (10%, 30%, and 60% full sunlight). Morphological responses followed the typical sun-shade dichotomy, with early and late secondary species (Elaeocarpus grandis, Flindersia brayleyana, Flindersia schottiana, and Gmelina leichhardtii) displaying higher relative growth rate (RGR) compared to mature stage species (Cryptocarya erythroxylon and Heritiera trifoliolatum). Growth and photosynthetic performance of most species reached a maximum in 30–60% full sunlight. Physiological responses provided limited evidence of a distinct dichotomy between early and late successional species. E. grandis and F. brayleyana, provided a clear representation of early successional species, with marked increase in A_max in high light and an ability to down regulate photosynthetic machinery in low light conditions. The remaining species (F. schottiana, G. leichhardtii, and H. trifoliolatum) were better represented as falling along a shade-tolerant continuum, with limited ability to adjust physiologically to an increase or decrease in light, maintaining similar A_max across all light environments. Results show that most species belong to a shade-tolerant constituency, with an ability to grow and persist across a wide range of light environments. The species offer a wide range of potential planting scenarios and silvicultural options, with ample potential to achieve rapid canopy closure and rainforest restoration goals.     

In vitro antifungal activities of Allium cepa, Allium sativum and ketoconazole against some pathogenic yeasts and dermatophytes

By using an agar dilution assay, the antifungal activity of aqueous extracts prepared from Allium cepa (onion; AOE) and Allium sativum (garlic; AGE) were evaluated against Malassezia furfur (25 strains), Candida albicans (18 strains), other Candida sp. (12 strains) as well as 35 strains of various dermatophyte species and compared with the activity of a known antifungal drug, ketoconazole (KTZ). All the AOE, AGE and KTZ were found to be able to inhibit growth of all fungi tested in a dose-dependent manner with maximum of 100% at defined concentrations. The results indicate that onion and garlic might be promising in treatment of fungal-associated diseases from important pathogenic genera Candida, Malassezia and the dermatophytes.     

Antibacterial activity of tannin constituents from Phaseolus vulgaris, Fagoypyrum esculentum, Corylus avellana and Juglans nigra

Tannins were fractionated from acetonic extract preparations of phenolic compounds from Phaseolus vulgaris, Fagoypyrum esculentum, Corylus avellana and Juglans nigra. Wide variations in antibacterial activities ranging from MICs of 62.5 to 500 microg/ml were apparent. Of particular note was a relatively high level of activity (62.5 to 125 microg/ml) for all extracts against Listeria monocytogenes.