国产阔叶树材导管中侵填体和树胶的研究

扫描电镜观察我国１０２种阔叶树材导管，其中４９种有侵填体存在，１２种有树胶存在。侵填体形态有４种类型，即泡沫状、坍塌状和圆球状。树胶分布有３种形式，即堵塞整个导管、胶层附在导管内壁、圆球状胶滴沉积在纹孔上。导管－射线间纹孔口长和宽大于３μｍ和２μｍ的树种具有侵填体，小于３μｍ和２μｍ的具有树胶。对刺槐超薄切片的观察表明，侵填体壁具有分层的初生壁和胞间层，并保留单纹孔。光镜观察３种阔叶树材导管中侵填     

杏木结构特征分析

为给杏(Armeniaca vulgaris)木的合理利用提供理论支持,利用生物数码显微镜对杏木的宏观和微观特征进行观察与分析。结果表明,杏木边材为黄红色至黄褐色,心材为红褐色和灰褐至带红的浅黄褐色;心、边材区别明显。环孔材;早材管孔宽1～3(稀4)列;晚材管孔为单管孔及径列复管孔(2～3个),少数呈管孔团,散生或斜列;单穿孔,穿孔板倾斜;管间纹孔式互列;未见侵填体;早材和晚材管孔螺纹加厚明显。木纤维壁薄,具缘纹孔较多。木射线非叠生,射线组织异形Ⅱ型,少数为Ⅲ型;单列射线高1～18个细胞或以上;多列射线宽2～8个(多数为2～6个)细胞,高8～64个细胞或以上。生长轮外缘具创伤树胶道。杏虽为进化树种,但保留了部分原始形状特点,说明杏的进化是不同步的。杏木的结构与生长环境相适应。     

不同处理方法改善桉木渗透性研究

采用3种方法处理尾叶桉,对尾叶桉木材气体渗透性进行了测定,探讨不同处理方法对木材渗透性影响及其作用机理。结果表明:尾叶桉木材因含有侵填体/树胶、导管壁上筛状纹孔影响木材渗透性,木材纵向渗透性大于横向渗透性。经真空、苯-乙醇、尿素处理后,木材渗透性均得到改善;但真空、苯-乙醇处理改善效果不明显,渗透性比未处理材提高幅度均未超过10%;尿素处理可显著改善尾叶桉木材渗透性,渗透性提高了18.91%~41.41%。     

木材流体可渗性有效毛细管半径和数量的研究

论述了测定木材具有流体可渗性有效毛细管半径和数量的方法和原理，研究了长白鱼鳞云杉、红松和白桦木材具有流体可渗性有效毛细管结构，讨论了它在生产实践中的应用可能性。结果表明，长白鱼云杉和红松木材纵向气体渗透性与平均压力为线性关系，表明流体在这两种针叶材中流动阻力主要来自纹也膜微孔，具有流体可渗性平均有效纹孔膜微孔半径分别为０．６１和０．９８μｍ，单位面积上具有流体可渗性有效纹孔膜微孔数为１２１８和６０     

重阳木解剖构造分析

以重阳木(Bischofia polycarpa)为研究对象进行解剖实验,观察其宏观及微观的解剖特征。结果表明:重阳木心材深红褐色,生长轮明显;散孔材,管孔组合主要为单管孔及径列复管孔(2~5细胞),单穿孔,管间纹孔式互列;木纤维平均长878.51μm,长度略短,含树胶;薄壁细胞量极少,傍管状,含树胶,具分室含晶细胞;木射线非叠生,少数单列,多数为2~5细胞多列射线,射线组织异形Ⅱ型及Ⅲ型,含深色树胶;导管-射线间纹孔式大圆形及横向刻痕状。     

木材渗透性可控制原理研究

本文研究了木材渗透性可控制机制,探寻了渗透性可控制原理。结果表明,影响渗透性高低的最主要因素为纹孔膜微孔半径和数量,微孔大而多者,渗透性高;微孔愈小,微孔里气-液界面上毛细管张力愈高,对液体流动的影响愈大,浸注愈难,欲使浸注液深注入木材,必须施一与此微孔半径相应足以克服此张力的压力。若欲改善低渗透树种木材的难浸注性,似应从纹孔入手,用化学的、物理的和生物的等方法增大和增多有效纹孔膜微孔半径和数量,以减小毛细管张力,降低使用压力,增大流量率,提高渗透性。     

浙江省樟科木材小志

樟科树木是浙江省阔叶材占第二位的树种,仅次于壳斗科,有9属41种及变种,可分作12类。 (一)樟属Cinnamomum Trew本省产4种,可分作2类: 1.散孔材至半散孔材;木材具浓樟脑香气,味苦;心材红褐色或带紫褐色;纹理     

桉树木材超微结构及其对干燥皱缩的影响

以多枝桉等４种桉树木材为材料，采用扫描电镜观察并分析了其导管、纤维和管胞等胞壁上的纹孔和瘤层等超微结构．结果表明，富含侵填体的桉材因其堵塞了导管间的轴向通道，并部分覆盖了管间纹孔及导管—射线间纹孔，严重影响其渗透性，是其干燥皱缩的主要原因．通过热处理后，能使多枝桉和细叶桉木材皱缩发生改善．但对赤桉和红桉无效．     

18种树种木材防腐处理性能研究

对17种常用速生阔叶材及1种针叶材进行了可防腐处理性的试验研究,结果表明：阔叶材边材的质量载药量与它的密度呈极显著的线性关系。对其心材的防腐处理发现：各树种的心材渗透性能差异很大,只有马占相思、南洋楹、枫香、红锥、毛白杨和雷林1号桉等6个树种的心材可以完全渗透。湿地松和香樟木材不同体积试件的防腐处理,香樟的质量载药量随着试件体积的增大而减小的线性关系显著,而湿地松的质量载药量与试件体积却无明显的线性关系。     

北海道落叶阔叶树种离体部分光合作用测定方法

本研究检验了落叶阔叶树种离体部分光合作用的测定方法,早上8:00至9:00采得的散孔材树种枝条的光合作用容易测得。采用同一方法难以测得环孔材树种枝条的光合作用。可采用在太阳下山后,利用去离子无空气水采样、炙烧切口或除去韧皮部的方法测得其光合作用。本文还提出了恢复速率这一概念,用于估价树木离体枝条的光合作用活力。     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

qPCR quantification of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from infected butternut trees under different release treatments

The use of a molecular assay for quantifying conidia of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum, the fungal pathogen responsible of butternut canker, was investigated. Purified DNA from conidia collected on glass fibre filters of a passive rain collectors was quantified using a TaqMan real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. The qPCR assay could specifically discriminate the target species from all other North American known species of Ophiognomonia, and it was sensitive enough to repeatedly detect one conidium. A linear relationship between numbers of conidia and qPCR C_t values was determined, and used to assess the sporulation of the pathogen under trees that were released to promote their vigour. In total, 977 samples of field‐captured conidia from 49 trees, at two locations, and from two successive growing seasons were analysed. No significant difference of sporulation was observed under control and release treatments. However, our results demonstrated that qPCR assay was reliable for detecting and quantifying O. clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from environmental samples, which will be useful to assess further control methods for this disease.     

The potential of alley cropping in improvement of cultivation systems in the high rainfall areas of Zambia I. Chitemene and Fundikila

Three trials investigating the potential of alley cropping to improve the traditional systems of cultivation, chitemene and fundikila, in the Northern Province of Zambia are described. Flemingia congesta, Tephrosia vogelii, and Sesbania sesban, were grown in association with finger millet, groundnut, cowpea, and maize in various traditional cropping sequences. The indigenous species Tephrosia vogelii and Sesbania sesban were not able to withstand repeated pruning and the long following dry season, and were replaced with Calliandra calothyrsus, and Cassia spectabilis.Over a four year period, there was no benefit by alley cropping with any of the tree species on crop yields, and yields in alley crop treatments even dropped significantly below the control treatments in the fourth year, casting doubt on the potential of alley cropping for sustainable production. There was also no consistent effect on soil chemical characteristics in any of the trials. It was suggested that this lack of beneficial response to alley cropping was due to low tree biomass production low quality of prunings, and an inappropriate cropping sequence. There was no evidence that alley cropping contributed to enhanced nutrient recycling, despite substantial localised pools of soil nutrients, particularly in the chitemene, with which recycling could potentially occur.     

Toxicity of biocide GCSC-BtA on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions

The present research dealt with the toxicity of GCSC-BtA (Germany–China Scientific Cooperation-Bacillus thuringiensis-Abamectin), a new type biocide developed by conjugating a toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) with Abamectin from Streptomyces avermitilis, on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions. The results showed that GCSC-BtA possessed higher toxicity than B.t. crystal, Abamectin or Cypermethrin, with pest mortalities of 97.9, 93.7, 96.4, 82.3 and 96.7% for Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) (Acari, Tetranychidae), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thys., Thripidae), Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hom., Aphididae), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae) and Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimić (Lep., Gracillariidae), respectively. Toxicities of GCSC-BtA to T. cinnabarinus and P. xylostella decreased significantly at the older developmental stage with an exception that egg stage had the highest tolerance, in which LC₅₀s of GCSC-BtA were 0.0001, 0.0019 and 0.0708 mg/ml for nymph, adult and egg of T. cinnabarinus, and that 0.0399, 0.2035 and 0.9033 mg/ml for the 2nd instar larvae, 4th instar larvae and egg of P. xylostella, respectively. Also, the biocide was more effective to the lower stage of A. fabae than the higher one with LC₅₀s of 0.0023, 0.0086 and 0.0171 mg/ml against 1st instar nymph, 3rd instar nymph and adult, respectively. In general, toxicity of the new type of biocide was positively related to temperature against all the tested pests, except against T. cinnabarinus, where it was almost similar at the three temperature conditions. GCSC-BtA displayed significantly lower toxicities at 15/20°C than 20/25°C or 25/30°C against F. occidentalis, A. fabae, P. xylostella and C. ohridella. However, no significant difference was found in the toxicities against F. occidentalis, A. fabae and C. ohridella above 20°C, whereas toxicity against P. xylostella increased as temperature raised. Therefore, to achieve higher efficacy in the field, application rate and time should be devised according to these factors.