江南油杉细根生物量空间分布及其对土壤水分的响应

【目的】探明广西不同栽培区江南油杉细根生物量的空间分布共性及其对土壤水分的响应机制。【方法】以广西3个栽培区江南油杉人工幼林为研究对象,采用根系全株分层挖掘和根系形态结构分析法,定量分析江南油杉幼树不同径级细根生物量密度、根长密度和表面积密度的空间分布特征。【结果】1)江南油杉幼林期细根生物量在垂直方向上主要分布在0~90 cm土层中,且0~60 cm范围内的细根生物量占总量的81.83%,细根生物量随土层深度的增加呈升高—降低—再升高的趋势。细根生物量在水平方向上主要分布在距树干0~100 cm范围内,其中0~50 cm细根生物量占总量的87.40%。综合不同径级根长密度和根表面积密度分析结果表明,d <5 mm径级细根是江南油杉幼树占主导地位的吸收根系,其中0.5 mm≤d <2 mm径级细根在不同样地以及不同土层中的根长密度值最大,是决定江南油杉幼树根长密度分布特征的主要根系。2)江南油杉细根总生物量、根系长度、根表面积与土壤水分含量呈显著的相关性,表明江南油杉细根分布对土壤水分含量的响应敏感。【结论】江南油杉细根生物量垂直分布的"双峰"特征有利于根系对表层土壤水分在下渗过程中的二次吸收利用。0~60 cm土层是江南油杉幼树根系发挥生理功能的主要土层,可作为该树种水肥管理的重要区域。     

铁尾矿坝沙棘、桑树人工林生物量分配及根系分布研究

以铁尾矿区沙棘-桑树人工混交林为研究对象,对混交林内各层次、器官生物量以及生长期内沙棘、桑树根系分布状况进行了研究.结果表明:单位面积生物量比较为乔木层＞枯枝落叶层＞革本层.其中地被层凋落物生物量占到整个人工林总生物量的17.巧%,尚无灌木层.桑树、沙棘各器官单位面积生物量比较均为:根＞枝＞干＞叶.桑树单株生物量大于沙棘,但林分内沙棘密度高于桑树,因而单位面积沙棘生物量高于桑树.沙棘根冠比为0.72,桑树的根冠比为0.62.从单株根系生物量看,在0-40cm土层内桑树大于沙棘;40-80cm土层内沙棘大于桑树;80-100.m土层内桑树又高于沙棘.从根系分布密度来看,沙棘＜1mm细根主要分布在根桩附近0-60cm土层,60cm以下明显减少;桑树＜1mm细根在0-20cm土层内分布密度最大,20-80cm土层内较为均匀.在80.m以下才开始明显减少.桑树和沙棘存在协作与竞争共存的关系.     

干旱山区油松幼林根系分布特征研究

笔者以不同树龄油松为研究对象,采用剖面挖掘与分层取样法,研究了2年生、3年生、4年生、5年生、6年生油松的根系。结果表明,随着树龄增大,根系在垂直方向上,随着深度增加分布范围变大;水平分布范围随深度变化不明显。在垂直方向上,根生物量随着土层深度的增加先增大后减小,呈现倒V的变化趋势;随着树龄增大,油松根系生物量显著增大。在0 cm～10 cm土层内,很少有细根;而在30 cm以下的土层内,只有细根和近似细根的根。2年生、3年生油松幼苗的根生物量主要分布在0 cm～20 cm土层内,4年生、5年生、6年生油松根生物量主要分布于0 cm～30 cm土层内。其中,土壤质地条件是影响根系分布的一个重要因素。     

湘北四川桤木人工林根系空间分布特征

对湘北地区6年生四川桤木(Alnus cremastogyne)人工林不同径级根系生物量分布、根长、比根长、根长密度的空间分布特征进行研究。结果表明:四川桤木人工林大根、中根、小根、细根生物量分别占林分根系生物量总和的55%、22%、14%、9%;约66%的根系生物量集中在0～30cm土层;不同径级根系根长变化趋势是:细根小根大根中根,比根长的变化趋势是:细根小根中根大根;各径级根长密度变化趋势各不相同:垂直方向上,在0～60cm土层,大根的根长密度随土层深度的增加先增后降,中根、小根、细根的根长密度随土层深度的增加而减小,水平方向上,在0～80cm距离,大根的根长密度随距树干距离的增加而减小,细根的根长密度随距树干距离的增加而增大,中根、小根的根长密度在距树干0～60cm内逐渐减小,而在距树干60～80cm又略有增加。     

海南省枫木实验林场树木园树木根系分布特征

为更加科学地管理海南省枫木实验林场树木园,以海南省枫木实验林场的树木园树木根系为研究对象,采用样方挖掘法,调查不同土层深度的树木园土壤根系生物量密度,通过方差分析和拟合方程分析等方法,探究树木园树木根系分布特征。结果显示：在树木园0～≤100cm深的土层内,直径0～≤10mm根系的生物量密度为250.34 g/m3,且细根是树木园根系的主要组成部分（占比46.16%）。树木根系主要分布在0～<30cm深的土层中（占比73.50%）,且随土层加深,各径级根系的生物量密度均显著降低。树木园树木根系生物量密度最适回归方程为：ln (y)=7.14-0.04×d。结果表明：0～<30 cm深的土壤表层应是树木园水肥管理和管护的重点区域。     

天然苦竹林竹鞭及根构特征研究

本文以崇阳县天然苦竹林为研究对象,通过标准地作业对苦竹竹鞭及根构特征进行了研究,结果表明:苦竹竹鞭及根系主要分布在0～20 cm土层中,且以2 a和3 a壮龄鞭段为主。年龄及土层均对鞭径与节间长影响不显著。壮龄鞭上着生壮芽和笋芽多,而老龄鞭上则着生死芽多。苦竹细根生物量、细根直径、细根长度以及细根比根长各根序的之间存在很大差异。根序、土层深度及季节影响细根生物量、细根直径、细根长度及细根比根长发生相应的变化。     

窄冠刺槐根系的研究

2006年10月用全挖法和分层分段挖掘法,研究了窄冠刺槐根系的分布特征、根系生物量以及不同密度林分根系空间分布特征.结果表明:窄冠刺槐个体根系水平分布在株间可达到6.6 m,在行间可达到5.0 m;主根可深达2 m以上,侧根垂直分布集中在10～40 cm土层内.窄冠刺槐根系生物量占全株生物量的16.82％,主根、侧根的生物量在根系生物量中分别占87.13％、12.87％.窄冠刺槐林分根系生物总量和根总长分别为6 160.2～10 940.55kg·hm-2和970.35～1 607.4 km·hm-2,并呈现出根系生物总量和根总长与林分密度成正相关的规律.在垂直方向上,林分根系中直径D<15 mm的根主要分布在地下0～20 cm土层内,而直径D≥15 mm的根主要分布在地下20～40 cm土层内;在水平方向上,直径D≥5 mm的根数量随距树干距离增加而减少,而直径D<1 mm的根数量则随距树干距离增大而增大,主要集中分布在距树干0.5～1.5 m范围内.     

樟树人工林细根生物量的时空动态

以长沙市郊区的31~32年生樟树人工林为研究对象,采用根钻法,从2007年1月至12月对樟树人工林0~60 cm土层的细根(≤2 mm)生物量进行了定位研究.结果表明:樟树人工林中活细根生物量季节变化范围为1.162~3.687 t/hm2,死细根生物量为0.072~0.399 t/hm2,年均活细根和死细根生物量分别为1.958和0.184 t/hm2;樟树活细根和死细根生物量存在显著的季节变化(P<0.05),活细根生物量呈现单峰曲线,死细根生物量呈现双峰曲线;活细根和死细根生物量均随土壤深度增加而减少,0~15 cm土层的年均活细根生物量占0~60 cm土层的年均总活细根生物量的52.90%,死细根生物量占总死细根生物量的56.51%;15~30 cm土层年均活细根生物量占23.64%,年均死细根量占22.25%;30~45 cm土层年均活细根生物量占12.49%,死细根量占总死细根量的11.17%;45~60 cm土层年均活细根生物量占10.97%,死细根量占总死细根量的10.03%.     

黄土丘陵区燕沟流域人工刺槐林的细根空间分布特征

对黄土丘陵区燕沟流域10年生人工刺槐林的细根生物量、比根长、根长密度和根面积指数的空间分布特征,以及这些根系参数与土壤物理因子(土壤含水量、土壤温度和土壤密度)的关系进行研究。结果表明:1)人工刺槐林细根在0～180cm土层中随深度呈层次性衰减(a,b,c,d,e);其中,细根生物量、根长密度和根面积指数等随深度变化均可用负指数函数描述,根系集中分布在0～60cm土层,峰值都在0～20cm土层,该土层3项指标分别占各自0～60cm土层总量的42.72%,44.44%和47.14%;比根长随深度增加衰减趋势较弱,在80～140cm土层中出现反复,其随土层深度的变化可用三次多项式描述。2)细根生物量、根长密度和根面积指数等均随距树干基部的距离增加而减小,比根长在0～40cm随距树干距离增加而增加,在40～80cm达到最大值,120～160cm内最少。3)根系分布受环境因子影响,其影响程度依次为:土壤温度>土壤含水量>土壤密度,建立根系参数与土壤物理因子的多元线性回归模型,模型均达到95%以上显著水平。     

平欧杂种榛细根空间分布特征

[目的]探讨单作系统下平欧杂种榛根系空间分布特征,揭示影响细根(吸收根,0d≤2 mm)分布的关键土壤因子,为平欧杂种榛的地下水肥高效管理提供理论参考。[方法]采用田间分层挖掘法和根系形态结构分析系统,研究平欧杂种榛根系径级构成以及垂直与水平分布特征。[结果]表明:平欧杂种榛根系主要由细根构成,其中,细根表面积和细根长度分别占测定总根系的60.8%和93.2%,表明平欧杂种榛只有维持足够庞大的细根表面积和长度才能摄取更多的养分和水分以保障正常的生长需求。垂直方向上,平欧杂种榛根系生物量密度、表面积密度和根长密度均随土层深度的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,各根系密度参数最大值均在10～20 cm土层。水平方向上,平欧杂种榛根系生物量密度、表面积密度和根长密度均表现为随距树干基部水平距离的增加而减小,且各根系密度参数在水平距离上差异显著。细根密度的空间分布特征表明,距树干基部水平距离0～150 cm以内的0～50 cm土层为细根表面积和根长密度的集中分布区,二者分别占测定总细根的54.16%和48.83%。相关分析表明:平欧杂种榛细根表面积密度和根长密度均与土壤含水量呈极显著正相关,表明细根分布对土壤水分的响应敏感,细根"逐水性"特征明显。[结论]在平欧杂种榛单作系统下,从节水节肥的角度考虑,距树干基部水平距离0～150 cm以内的0～50 cm土层可作为土壤水肥管理的重要区域。     

Stand age and fine root biomass, distribution and morphology in a Norway spruce chronosequence in southeast Norway

We assessed the influence of stand age on fine root biomass and morphology of trees and understory vegetation in 10-, 30-, 60- and 120-year-old Norway spruce stands growing in sandy soil in southeast Norway. Fine root (< 1, 1-2 and 2-5 mm in diameter) biomass of trees and understory vegetation (< 2 mm in diameter) was sampled by soil coring to a depth of 60 cm. Fine root morphological characteristics, such as specific root length (SRL), root length density (RLD), root surface area (RSA), root tip number and branching frequency (per unit root length or mass), were determined based on digitized root data. Fine root biomass and morphological characteristics related to biomass (RLD and RSA) followed the same tendency with chronosequence and were significantly higher in the 30-year-old stand and lower in the 10-year-old stand than in the other stands. Among stands, mean fine root (< 2 mm) biomass ranged from 49 to 398 g m(-2), SLR from 13.4 to 19.8 m g(-1), RLD from 980 to 11,650 m m(-3) and RSA from 2.4 to 35.4 m(2) m(-3). Most fine root biomass of trees was concentrated in the upper 20 cm of the mineral soil and in the humus layer (0-5 cm) in all stands. Understory fine roots accounted for 67 and 25% of total fine root biomass in the 10- and 120-year-old stands, respectively. Stand age had no affect on root tip number or branching frequency, but both parameters changed with soil depth, with increasing number of root tips and decreasing branching frequency with increasing soil depth for root fractions < 2 mm in diameter. Specific (mass based) root tip number and branching density were highest for the finest roots (< 1 mm) in the humus layer. Season (spring or fall) had no effect on tree fine root biomass, but there was a small and significant increase in understory fine root biomass in fall relative to spring. All morphological characteristics showed strong seasonal variation, especially the finest root fraction, with consistently and significantly higher values in spring than in fall. We conclude that fine root biomass, especially in the finest fraction (< 1 mm in diameter), is strongly dependent on stand age. Among stands, carbon concentration in fine root biomass was highest in the 30-year-old stand, and appeared to be associated with the high tree and canopy density during the early stage of stand development. Values of RLD and RSA, morphological features indicative of stand nutrient-uptake efficiency, were higher in the 30-year-old stand than in the other stands.     

Effects of simulated drought stress on the fine roots of Japanese cedar (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis>) in a plantation forest on the Kanto Plain,eastern Japan

Drought stress was simulated in a 28-year-old Japanese cedar plantation (Kanto Plain, Japan) between April and October 2004 by removing throughfall using rain shelters. Changes in fine-root parameters caused by this drought treatment were examined by sequential soil coring. Drought effects on fine roots were analyzed separately for particular soil depths (0–5, 5–15, and 15–25 cm) and root diameters (<1 and 1–2 mm). Generally, fine-root biomass and root tip numbers decreased by the drought treatment. Drought stress was most intense for fine roots in the topsoil and weakest for fine roots in the deepest soil layer. Fine roots less than 1 mm in diameter were affected more severely than 1- to 2-mm roots. The effect of drought treatment was most remarkable for the number of white root tips, which decreased to 17% of the control at the soil depth of 0–5 cm. These results suggest that white root tip is the most suitable indicator of drought stress. Simulated drought reduced production of fine roots less than 1 mm and 1–2 mm in diameter. Fine-root mortality was stimulated for roots less than 1 mm, but not for 1- to 2-mm roots. These results suggest that fine roots with larger diameters can survive drought stress at a level simulated in this study, but processes of fine-root production were inhibited regardless of the diameter classes. The duration of drought stress and phenology of fine roots should also be considered in diagnosing the effects of drought on fine-root parameters.     

刺槐细根面积的动态变化研究

在陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区的安塞县,采用生长季内连续钻取土芯法进行根系调查取样,研究刺槐细根面积的动态变化,结果表明:东南坡与西北坡刺槐累积细根面积存在显著差异。西北坡刺槐累积细根面积大于东南坡,分别为东南坡的1.58倍(4月)、1.86倍(7月)和1.24倍(10月)。同时,东南坡与西北坡刺槐累积细根面积都表现出10月>4月>7月的动态变化。东南坡与西北坡刺槐细根面积在各土层所占比例具有一定的差异。但是,不同坡向刺槐细根垂直分布的动态变化趋势基本相同。无论在东南坡还是西北坡4月和10月约70%的细根分布在0～150cm土层,30%分布在160～250cm土层。7月约80%的细根分布在0～150cm土层,20%分布在160～250cm土层。不同月份间,刺槐细根面积在0～40cm土层所占比例变动较大,而40～150cm土层变动较小。刺槐细根面积垂直分布的动态变化与剖面土壤水分的动态变化相吻合。     

长白山系榛子灌木林根系对优先流的影响

[目的]通过调查分析榛子灌木林下不同土层深度内不同根系径级对土壤优先流现象发生程度的影响,了解该区域内土壤水分的运动规律,查看森林系统生态恢复情况。[方法]选取长白山系张广才岭余脉丘陵区内榛子灌木林为研究对象,采用野外示踪法示踪优先流路径分布特征,分析其与不同土层深度下不同径级的根长密度、根生物量的关系。[结果]表明:灌木林内优先流以大孔隙流,漏斗流和环绕流为主,发生迅速,伴有环绕特征。随土壤深度的增加,根长密度逐渐减小,根系径级d1 mm,1d3 mm,3d5 mm,5d10 mm的根长密度对优先流贡献率分别为67.9%,64.9%、55.2%、59.3%,以d1 mm根系的优先流贡献率最大,且均值在58.5%以上。根长密度在不同土层深度及不同径级下变幅为2.59%31.2%和1.16%11.07%。研究点内优先流区根生物量大于基质流区,整体仅高出约1.1%,根生物量对优先流路径的发生不起决定性作用。[结论]不同土层内的不同根系径级的根长密度对榛子灌木林下的土壤优先流影响极为明显,d1 mm影响效果最大,根系生物量对其优先流的产生不起决定性作用。     

Plant roots and anti-scourability of soils in the Shangshe Catchment, Dabie Mountains, Anhui Province, Eastern China

The distribution of root biomass was studied in different soil layers (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40 cm) by means of a “study plot” method for various plant species in the Shangshe Catchment area in the Dabie Mountains, Anhui Province. The number and lengths of root samples were recorded. In each study plot, anti-scourability of soils in corresponding soil layers was measured with a C.C. Suoboliefu anti-scourability instrument. The results showed the following: 1) The root system was largely distributed in the 0–40 cm soil layer and the number of roots was the largest in the surface soil layer. Fine roots<1 mm in diameter predominated in root length. 2) In the same section, the anti-scourability indices of the surface soil layer were larger than those of other soil layers in the various plant species. The tree root system, especially the fine roots<1 mm in diameter, are highly instrumental in controlling soil losses. Correlation coefficients of length, number and density of fine roots and the anti-scourability index were 0.8173, 0.7159 and 0.6434, respectively. The length of fine root is a key factor in the anti-scourability soil index. This index is closely correlated with the non-capillarity of each soil type, indicating that forests have a strong soil stabilizing function, because their root systems improve physical soil properties and ultimately are responsible for the establishment of a biosoil system with an anti-scourability index. __________ Translated from Science of Water and Soil Conservation, 2007, 5(6): 15–20 [译自: 中国水土保持科学]     

Biomass of fine and small roots in two Japanese black pine stands of different ages

The biomass and the spatial distribution of fine and small roots were studied in two Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) stands growing on a sandy soil. More biomass of fine and small roots was found in the 17-year-old than in the 40-year-old stand. There were 62 g m⁻² of fine roots and 56 g m⁻² of small roots in the older stand, which represented mean values of 608 g for fine and 552 g for small roots per tree, respectively. In the younger stand, a total of 85 g m⁻² of fine roots and 66 g m⁻² of small roots were determined, representing a mean of 238 g for fine and 186 g for small roots per tree, respectively. Fine and small root biomasses decreased linearly with a soil depth of 0–50 cm in the older stand. In the younger stand, the fine and small roots developed only up to a depth of 30 cm. Horizontal distributions (with regard to distance from a tree) of both root groups were homogeneous. A positive correlation in the amount of biomass of fine and small roots per m² relative to tree size was found. Fine and small root biomasses increased consistently from April to July in both stands. The results also indicated earlier growth activity of the fine roots than small roots at the beginning of the growing season. The seasonal increases in fine and small root biomasses were slightly higher in the younger stand than the older stand.     

Variation in sugar maple root respiration with root diameter and soil depth

Root respiration may account for as much as 60% of total soil respiration. Therefore, factors that regulate the metabolic activity of roots and associated microbes are an important component of terrestrial carbon budgets. Root systems are often sampled by diameter and depth classes to enable researchers to process samples in a systematic and timely fashion. We recently discovered that small, lateral roots at the distal end of the root system have much greater tissue N concentrations than larger roots, and this led to the hypothesis that the smallest roots have significantly higher rates of respiration than larger roots. This study was designed to determine if root respiration is related to root diameter or the location of roots in the soil profile. We examined relationships among root respiration rates and N concentration in four diameter classes from three soil depths in two sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) forests in Michigan. Root respiration declined as root diameter increased and was lower at deeper soil depths than at the soil surface. Surface roots (0-10 cm depth) respired at rates up to 40% greater than deeper roots, and respiration rates for roots < 0.5 mm in diameter were 2.4 to 3.4 times higher than those for roots in larger diameter classes. Root N concentration explained 70% of the observed variation in respiration across sites and size and depth classes. Differences in respiration among root diameter classes and soil depths appeared to be consistent with hypothesized effects of variation in root function on metabolic activity. Among roots, very fine roots in zones of high nutrient availability had the highest respiration rates. Large roots and roots from depths of low nutrient availability had low respiration rates consistent with structural and transport functions rather than with active nutrient uptake and assimilation. These results suggest that broadly defined root classes, e.g., fine roots are equivalent to all roots < 2.0 mm in diameter, do not accurately reflect the functional categories typically associated with fine roots. Tissue N concentration or N content (mass x concentration N) may be a better indicator of root function than root diameter.     

Vertical distribution of fine root density, length density, area index and mean diameter in a Quercus ilex forest

We used minirhizotrons to determine the vertical distribution of fine roots in a holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) forest in a typical Mediterranean area over a 3-year period (June 1994-March 1997). We measured fine root density (number of roots per unit area), fine root length density (length of roots per unit area), fine root area index (area of roots per unit area) and fine root mean diameter. Variables were pooled for each 10-cm depth interval to a depth of 60 cm. Fine roots tended to decrease with increasing depth except between 0 and 10 cm, where the values of all fine root variables were less than in the 10-cm stratum below. Fine root vertical distribution was compared with soil water content and soil temperature at different depths in the soil profile.