空中森林步道的发展进程与设计实践新进展

空中森林步道是一种融合建筑结构的架空森林步道形式，设计之初主要是为了在原始林区开展科研活动。在近40年的设计与实践中，空中森林步道已逐渐演变为城市森林高架慢行系统和多功能城市公共景观；但在中国城市山林区域的应用实践时间较短，仍属一种新生的步道类型，尚缺乏系统的理论研究。文中追溯了空中森林步道从初始阶段到逐渐成熟的历史沿革，归纳其在发展中形成的3种设计类型:艺术展品型、功能主导型和城市大众型；重点论述了森林步道在设计、施工等领域的一些最新进展，包括结构设计与施工装配工艺、材料、本土文化融合与景观渲染手段的多样化、生态友好及游客友好等方面；展望其未来革新潜力并分析亟待研究的论题，以期为后续相关研究和实践提供参考。     

武夷山国家森林步道建设规划与实践——以泰宁段为例

泰宁县是福建省著名旅游区,也是武夷山国家森林步道重要途经地。以该县旅游资源、文化底蕴、景观特色、地貌特征为基础,科学规划道路走向,并对步道建设中存在的问题和难点进行分析,从规划引领、生态施工、资金筹措、人地安全等方面提出若干建设意见,为打造泰宁县国家森林步道新品牌奠定基础。     

基于全域旅游下的城市森林步道规划建设策略探讨

全域旅游的发展理念带动了城市旅游空间建设。城市森林步道作为城市重要的绿色公共线性空间,是城市自然与文化的载体,建设森林步道对促进城市旅游经济发展具有重要的意义。该文通过研究国内外森林步道建设理论与实践,提出城市森林步道规划建设意义与策略,为我国城市森林步道规划建设提供理论依据。     

典型国家步道体制对我国国家森林步道建设的启示

文中介绍美国、加拿大、阿根廷、智利、英国、德国、西班牙、澳大利亚、日本9个国家的国家步道发展进程及成效，对其相关法律法规、管理和运营机制、资金渠道进行比较；结合我国以徒步方式开展的户外游憩发展现状与需求，归纳我国推进国家森林步道建设取得的成效和存在的主要问题；提出典型国家步道的发展经验和成功做法对我国国家森林步道建设的借鉴价值，建议在全国建立统一规范的国家森林步道体系，着力发挥国家森林步道在满足人民需求、助推区域发展、服务乡村振兴、建设生态文明中的多种功能。     

基于武夷山国家森林步道总体规划的顶层设计

武夷山国家森林步道是国家林业与草原局首批发布的五条步道之一,目前国内开展总体规划编制尚无先例。在建设国家森林步道过程中,顶层设计尤为重要。基于武夷山国家森林步道总体规划实践,从秉持理念、遵循原则、规划方法、规划指标体系、总体布局、六大系统规划等六个方面,阐述了总体规划中的顶层设计问题,以期为今后我国国家森林步道规划与建设提供借鉴。     

武夷国家森林步道走光泽

来到闽北光泽游玩的人,大多是想走走这里的武夷山国家森林步道。穿越莽莽的大山森林,领略独有的自然山水,品读厚重的历史人文,感受壮烈的红色履迹,陶醉古朴的风俗民情,聆听久远的民间传说,不无是人生的一种快乐和享受。2017年9月25日,国家林草局公布第一批五条国家森林步道线路。其中一条是武夷山国家森林步道,这段步道穿行线路有约100km在闽北光泽县境内。     

国家森林步道建设的基本思路

国家森林步道的建设是一个系统工程,该文对我国国家森林步道的建设提出了几点思考。认为国家森林步道建设需要以国家为主导,由国家全面推动,社会各界共同参与,建设覆盖全国的多条国家森林步道;突显步道的自然性与生态性,优先穿越各类自然遗产地,同时避开敏感区域,保持步道原始风貌;坚持荒野栖息与城镇景象并存,反映社会发展的历史轨迹;提供有限设施,优先穿越国家所有的土地,面向普通百姓无偿开放;建成连通世界的国家森林步道。     

森林康养发展模式及康养要素浅析

介绍和分析森林康养的概念以及德国、日本、美国等国森林康养的不同发展模式。从大气环境要素、景观要素等方面阐述其对于森林康养的作用。以日本东京都奥多摩森林康养步道建设为例,分析了该项目专业化的运营方式,个性化的建设策略,以期为我国的森林康养产业发展提供参考和借鉴。     

国家森林步道规划中的利益相关者分析——以武夷山国家森林步道总体规划为例

国家森林步道具有长距离、跨省际、沿途涉及利益主体多等特点。在规划设计过程中,如何充分考虑各利益相关者的利益诉求,是关系到国家森林步道规划落地实施和发展目标实现的关键问题。以武夷山国家森林步道总体规划为例,应用利益相关者分析方法,对国家森林步道总体规划涉及的主要利益相关者利益及其诉求进行深入分析,以减少步道投入使用后的利益冲突,使规划更贴合实际,更具有可操作性。     

山西省森林康养产业发展现状及建议

笔者从完善组织机构、引进资本运营、建设森林康养基地、开展森林康养基地景观资源评估、加大森林康养宣传力度等方面介绍了山西省森林康养产业的发展现状，分析了其中存在人们对森林康养认知不够、社会资本投资积极性不高、康养产品开发不足等问题，提出了森林康养融合发展建议，以期为山西省森林康养产业的发展提供参考。     

Forest edge quantification by line intersect sampling in aerial photographs

There is a need for accurate and efficient methods for quantification and characterisation of forest edges at the landscape level in order to understand and mitigate the effects of forest fragmentation on biodiversity. We present and evaluate a method for collecting detailed data on forest edges in aerial photographs by using line intersect sampling (LIS). A digital photogrammetric system was used to collect data from scanned colour infrared photographs in a managed boreal forest landscape. We focused on high-contrast edges between forest (height ≥ 10 m) and adjoining open habitat or young, regenerating forest (height ≤ 5 m). We evaluated the air photo interpretation with respect to accuracy in estimated edge length, edge detection, edge type classification and structural variables recorded in 20 m radius plots, using detailed field data as reference. The estimated length of forest edge in the air photo interpretation (52 ± 8.8 m ha⁻¹; mean ± standard error) was close to that in the field survey (58 ± 9.3 m ha⁻¹). The accuracy in edge type classification (type of open habitat) was high (88% correctly classified). Both tree height and canopy cover showed strong relationships with the field data in the forest, but tree height was underestimated by 2.3 m. Data collection was eight times faster and five times more cost-effective in aerial photographs than in field sampling. The study shows that line intersect sampling in aerial photographs has large potential application as a general tool for collecting detailed information on the quantity and characteristics of high-contrast edges in managed forest ecosystems.     

森林乔木冠层雨水再分配特征及机制研究综述

森林乔木冠层对降雨的再分配具有重要的水文生态意义,有助于定量评价不同区域、尺度、类型的森林冠层雨水利用效率,可为深入研究森林冠层变化对区域水分循环的调节作用提供科学依据。文中从森林冠层雨水截留、林内穿透雨、树干茎流和林下凋落物截留4个方面评述了近20年来国内外对森林乔木冠层影响雨水再分配的研究最新进展。研究认为,由于森林冠层雨水再分配的生态机理仍未明晰,因此建立精确度高的截留模型仍将作为此类研究的重难点之一;引入激光雷达技术获得森林冠层三维结构,以及多角度、多通道的多种传感器观测垂直空间多层次的森林冠层雨水再利用规律将会成为未来的研究方向之一;目前林冠雨水截留研究缺乏其与区域水文变化之间的关联性研究,将林冠雨水再分配研究的成果转化为区域水文问题的解决方案也将会是未来研究的趋势之一。     

The distance to structural complement (DiSCo) approach for expressing forest structure described by Aerial Photograph Interpretation data sets

At the landscape-level Aerial Photograph Interpretation (API) is one of the oldest and most common tools for mapping forest structure. The variety of attributes available for API classifications can produce 100s of different patch types as a basis for mapping landscape mosaics. However, these maps are often difficult to interpret or use for monitoring the impacts of management and natural disturbance. In this study, we demonstrate an approach for quantifying the landscape forest structure described by API data sets. For this purpose we utilised a forest dataset comprising 1197 field plots and API mapping of crown structural characteristics for 773,280 ha of State Forest in Victoria, Australia. Our approach involved: (i) stratification of the landscape into distinct forest communities; (ii) construction of stand-level structural complexity indices for each forest community; (iii) use of stand-level indices of structural complexity to classify API typing into distinct canopy structural classes; (iv) calculation of the distance from each point within a landscape grid to achieve a full complement of canopy structural classes within each forest community. We term our methodology the distance to structural complement (DiSCo) approach, because it identifies the minimum distance to achieve a full complement of structural units within the landscape. We demonstrate the use of these values in mapping landscape structure and their potential for monitoring and modelling the effects of disturbance at this scale, including impacts on heterogeneity, connectivity, individual faunal species and particular forest communities.     

Factorial analysis on forest canopy density restoration in the burned area of northern Great Xing＇an Mountains, China

The restoration of forest landscape has drawn much attention since the catastrophic fire took place on the northern slope of Great Xing‘an Mountains in 1987. Forest canopy density, which has close relation to forest productivity, was selected as a key factor to find how much the forest quality was changed 13 years after fire, and how fire severity, regeneration way and terrain factors influenced the restoration of forest canopy density, based on forest inventory data in China, and using Kendall Bivariate Correlation Analysis, and Distances Correlation Analysis. The results showed that fire severity which was inversely correlated with forest canopy density grade was an initial factor among all that selected. Regeneration way which did not remarkably affect forest canopy density restoration in short period, may shorten the cycle of forest succession and promote the forest productivity of conophorium in the future, Among the three terrain factors, the effect of slope was the strongest, the position on slope was the second and the aspect was the last.     

Landscape pattern and diversity of natural secondary forests in the eastern mountainous region, northeast China： A case study of Mao＇ershan region in HeUongjiang Province

Mao‘ershan region is a representative natural secondary forested region in the eastern mountainous region, northeast of China. Under the support of ARC/INFO, the landscape pattern and landscape diversity of Mao‘erhshan region were sudied by combining the forest type map (1:10 000), which was drawn from the aerial photographs (1999), field investigation and land utilization map (1:10 000). The selected indices included patch number, patch size, patch density index, richness index,dominance index, evenness index and diversity index. The results showed that the landscape dominant forest type in Mao‘ershan region was softwood broad-leaved forest. In all landscape types, the average patch area of natural secondary forests was bigger than that of artificial forest. The patch density index of each landscape formed in artificial forest was higher than that of natural secondary forest. The landscape diversity index and landscape evenness index of natural forest were highest, the landscape heterogeneity was also, but the landscape dominance was lower. In natural forest, the control effects of landscape elements on landscape-structure, function and its change were weakened. The artificial forest was on the contrary.     

高精度DEM支持下的多时期航片杉木人工林树高生长监测

【目的】集成多时期航片数据和由机载激光雷达数据获取的密集林区数字高程模型,估测多时期杉木人工林冠层高度,并对其生长情况进行定量监测,为多时期航片监测森林生长趋势和评价林地生产力提供可能。【方法】首先基于分类后的激光雷达点云数据获得林下高精度数字高程模型和森林数字表面模型,利用航片数据构建立体像对,通过自动立体匹配算法生成森林冠层的摄影测量数字表面模型,然后借助数字高程模型将2种数字表面模型进行高度归一化,提取研究区多时期森林冠层高度。利用1996、2004年历史航片和2014年数字航片以及激光雷达数据,构建18年内皖南杉木人工林3期森林冠层高度,并对其精度进行分析。【结果】1)由2014年数字航片和激光雷达数据获取的森林冠层高度的R^2为0. 52,RMSE为1. 79 m; 2)由2014年数字航片处理得到的森林冠层高度与对应样地实测上层木的平均高验证精度较高,平均绝对误差1. 59 m,平均相对误差15%,最大绝对误差3. 45 m,最大相对误差30. 80%,测量精度85. 00%; 3)由1996、2004、2014年航片得到3期杉木人工林冠层高度,其增长趋势与树高生长曲线预测趋势一致。【结论】在多山复杂地形条件下,利用航片可准确定量反映山脊向阳面的森林冠层高度变化,但对于山谷阴影处,则会出现冠层高度被低估情况,利用多期航片结合高精度DEM数据可定量反映上层木的冠层高度变化。     

Landscape pattern and fragmentation of natural secondary forests in the eastern mountainous region, northeast China: A case study of Mao'ershan forests in Heilongjiang Province

Mao'ershan region is a representative natural secondary forested region in the eastern mountainous region, northeast of China. Under the support of ARC/INFO and GIS technology, the landscape shape and fragment indices of Mao'ershan experimental plantation were studied by combining the forest type map (1∶10000), which was drawn from the aerial photographs (1999), field investigation (1999) and soil utilized map (1∶10000). The results showed that the shape index and shape fragment index of natural landscape were higher than those of artificial landscapes and landscape patch fragment index depended on the number of patches. The natural forest had complex shape, suffering little jamming, and its shape index was higher than that of artificial forest. The manual controlled landscape (e.g. nursery, cropland and cutting blank) had regular shape, and its shape index was smaller. The fragment index of patches in natural forest was higher than that of artificial forest. The soft broad-leaved had the highest fragment index of patch amount. Foundation item: This paper was supported by National Key Technologies P&D Program of China during the 10^th Five-Year Plan Period (2002BA515B040). Biography: LI Shu-juan (1977-), female, Lecturer in Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

Historical fire and vegetation dynamics in dry forests of the interior Pacific Northwest,USA, and relationships to Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) habitat conservation

Regional conservation planning frequently relies on general assumptions about historical disturbance regimes to inform decisions about landscape restoration, reserve allocations, and landscape management. Spatially explicit simulations of landscape dynamics provide quantitative estimates of landscape structure and allow for the testing of alternative scenarios. We used a landscape fire succession model to estimate the historical range of variability of vegetation and fire in a dry forest landscape (size ca. 7900 km²) where the present-day risk of high severity fire threatens the persistence of older closed canopy forest which may serve as Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) habitat. Our results indicated that historically, older forest may have comprised the largest percentage of the landscape (∼35%), followed by early successional forest (∼25%), with about 9% of the landscape in a closed canopy older forest condition. The amount and condition of older forest varied by potential vegetation type and land use allocation type. Vegetation successional stages had fine-grained spatial heterogeneity in patch characteristics, with older forest tending to have the largest patch sizes among the successional stages. Increasing fire severities posed a greater risk to Northern Spotted Owl habitat than increasing fire sizes or frequencies under historical fire regimes. Improved understanding of historical landscape-specific fire and vegetation conditions and their variability can assist forest managers to promote landscape resilience and increases of older forest, in dry forests with restricted amounts of habitat for sensitive species.     

Assessing the relationships between stand development and understory vegetation using a 420-year chronosequence

The large-scale conversion of old forests to tree plantations has made it increasingly important to understand how understory vegetation responds to such landscape changes. For instance, in some forest types a reduction in understory richness and cover is thought to result from the development of canopy closure in plantations, although there is a paucity of empirical data demonstrating this relationship. We used a 420-year forest chronosequence as a case study to assess the relationship between stand age, tree canopy cover and understory vascular plant richness and composition in the Siskiyou Mountains of Oregon. The chronosequence consisted of six young managed (age 7–44) and nine older unmanaged (age 90–427) stands. All stands were similar in underlying geology, slope, elevation, and aspect. We found a non-linear relationship between stand age and richness, in which richness was highest in the youngest stands, reached a low in mid-aged stands (∼55 years), then increased in the oldest stands. We also found that percent tree canopy cover was correlated with total understory cover, richness, diversity, and species composition. In general, young stands were characterized by high shrub and graminoid cover and old stands were characterized by an abundant herb layer. Our work suggests that a major component of our study landscape is currently entering the forest stage (canopy closure) characterized by low levels of vascular plant species richness and cover. We use our results to discuss the potential effects of future forest management on understory plants.