外生菌根真菌对植物促生抗逆作用机制研究进展

外生菌根真菌（ECM）为土壤真菌与陆地植物根系形成的一种互惠共生体,是森林生态系统关键的组成部分。作为生态系统的重要组分,外生菌根真菌具有较强的适应能力,可适应干旱、盐碱、重金属污染等逆境条件,外生菌根真菌侵染宿主植物根系可促进宿主植物生长、土壤养分吸收与利用、提高抗逆和抗病能力、改善土壤环境微生物群落结构。林业生产与菌根关系密切,外生菌根真菌是林木生长必不可少的重要组成部分,森林的可持续经营离不开外生菌根真菌,菌根化育苗与造林可显著提高林木成活率、促进苗木对土壤中营养元素的吸收利用和植物生长、提高植物抗逆性。文中系统阐述了外生菌根真菌促进植物生长、增强宿主植物对重金属污染、干旱、盐碱以及病虫害胁迫抗性的机制及生物修复作用,同时对外生菌根真菌资源开发、环境因子对外生菌根真菌资源的影响及利用现代技术深入研究外生菌根真菌作用机制提出了研究建议与展望。     

矿区排土场土壤中丛枝菌根真菌对刺槐接种效应

土壤中丛枝菌根真菌促进植物对矿质营养和水分的吸收,可以增强宿主植物在逆境条件下的生存能力。利用丛枝菌根真菌与宿主植物共生关系,在以矿区排土场土壤为基质的盆栽试验条件下,向刺槐幼苗接种供试丛枝菌根真菌(摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae、象牙白多孢囊霉Diversispora eburnea、隐类球囊霉Paraglomus occultum及3种真菌的混合菌剂),验证丛枝菌根真菌对刺槐生长的影响。结果表明,接种供试丛枝菌根真菌能显著提高刺槐幼苗生物量和叶绿素含量,其中以接种摩西球囊霉组植株菌根侵染率、株高、地径、生物量和SPAD值最高,说明供试菌剂中摩西球囊霉与刺槐幼苗根系的亲和力最高,接种效应最显著。研究结果为菌根技术在矿区土地复垦中的应用提供参考。     

丛枝菌根化香椿幼苗对干旱胁迫的生长响应

通过菌根接种技术,研究干旱胁迫下丛枝菌根化香椿幼苗的生长及N、P元素含量的变化.结果表明:干旱胁迫下,丛枝菌根化香椿幼苗的苗高、地径与未接种处理相比,均显著增加了,且随着胁迫程度增加苗木生长增值越大.接种丛枝菌根真菌,对香椿幼苗整株N含量影响不大,但明显增加了全株P含量.在不同程度干旱胁迫下,以W1干旱胁迫处理下(田间持水量40％),菌根化香椿幼苗根、茎、叶及全株P含量最高.这说明,接种丛枝菌根能有效促进苗木的生长和对养分的吸收,且干旱胁迫程度越重,效果越明显.     

菌根共生对林木磷养分利用的影响研究进展

磷（P）是林木生长的主要限制性养分之一，而土壤中大部分的P难以被植物所直接利用。菌根共生是林木提高P利用效率的重要途径。菌根真菌可以与陆地上大部分植物形成菌根共生关系，促进植物P吸收和生长发育。不同类型的菌根共生对P养分具有偏好性。菌根真菌通过外延菌丝增加P吸收表面积、释放分泌物、调控磷酸盐转运蛋白与相关基因机制协同作用，促进林木对土壤P养分的高效利用。菌根共生体形成及其养分获取受到土壤p H值和养分状况、林龄、气候等多种因素的影响。文中从不同菌根共生体的养分偏好性、利用机制及影响因素等方面，评述有关林木菌根共生影响P养分利用及作用机制的研究进展，并提出未来研究方向，对于促进菌根共生在林业中的应用具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

丛枝菌根对防治植物缺铁性黄化病的作用机理与应用研究

植物缺铁性黄化病已成为世界领域内一大难题,现在的防治方法各有利弊。丛枝菌根能提高植物抗逆性、促进植物营养元素的吸收,研究丛枝菌根对防治植物缺铁性黄化病的机理与效应具有重要意义。从植物功能性吸收障碍与土壤中植物有效铁含量低两个方面对植物缺铁性黄化病治病机理进行综述,同时从增加土壤铁的有效性和影响植物生理状态的角度阐述了丛枝菌根对防治植物缺铁性黄化病的可能机制,并从AMF菌根种类、植物种类、土壤环境因素方面综述了丛枝菌根对植物铁元素吸收效果的影响因素,旨在对AMF接种防治植物缺铁性黄化病研究现状进行总结,并对未来AMF防治植物缺铁性黄化病的前景进行展望。     

不同施肥条件下丛枝菌根对1年生杨树扦插苗生长的影响

不同施肥条件下丛枝菌根真菌对1年生杨树扦插苗生长的影响研究结果表明,供试的4种丛枝菌根真菌均能与1年生杨树扦插苗形成菌根,并可显著提高苗木生长量,其中Glomussinuasa对1年生杨树扦插苗的生长促进作用最大,其次为Glomuslnosseae。丛枝菌根真菌与肥料之间的互作效应分析结果表明,供试的4种丛枝菌根真菌对磷肥的利用效率显著高于氮肥;     

丛枝菌根对植物修复重金属污染土壤的功能研究进展

自19世纪60年代,随着工矿企业的迅速发展,土壤污染问题也随之恶化,由于重金属在自然环境中无法被微生物所降解,所以,重金属污染土壤的修复也越来越成为全球关注的重点。丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal AM)是土壤中一类特殊真菌菌丝与植物根系共生所形成的复合器官。地球上大部分有花植物都具有丛枝菌根。在受重金属污染的土壤条件下,菌根结构对土壤中重金属元素的植物稳定以及增强寄主植物抗逆性、促进寄主植物吸收重金属元素方面具有重要作用,因而,在重金属污染土壤的修复中体现出潜在的应用价值。文章综述的主要目的是总结目前丛枝菌根对重金属污染土壤进行修复的策略和技术的研究进展,并对丛枝菌根在植物修复重金属污染土壤的前景进行展望。     

丛枝菌根真菌接种量对铁力木幼苗的生长效应

采用盆栽接种试验,研究丛枝菌根真菌不同接种量(5、10、15、20 g·株~(-1),以不施用菌剂为对照)对国家二级保护植物铁力木的幼苗生长及光合特性的影响。结果表明:经接种处理,铁力木幼苗能够被丛枝菌根真菌侵染,形成共生关系;丛枝菌根的形成对铁力木幼苗植株高度、地径、叶片数和根长等生长指标,地上与地下部分生物量等指标均能产生显著效应;在参试的4种接种量中,以5 g·株~(-1)为铁力木幼苗最佳接种量。     

“AM真菌-根系-土壤”耦合作用机制研究进展

丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌,能够与大多数高等植物根系形成有益共生体,调控退化生态系统的恢复与重建。文中综述国内外有关"AM真菌-根系-土壤"之间耦合的主要研究成果,揭示AM真菌调控植物生长与土壤修复的微生物机制,并展望AM菌根研究与应用的未来方向,旨在为退化生态系统恢复重建提供新的理论视角。"AM真菌-根系"界面上的耦合,主要通过菌丝桥的形成,促进植物水、碳、氮及磷等物质的代谢过程,调控植物激素分泌、抗旱性、耐盐性、抗病性等生理生化过程,从而促进植物生长、调节同种或异种植物之间的竞争以及促进植物群落的演替与恢复;"AM真菌-土壤"界面上的耦合,能够促进土壤团聚体形成、球囊霉素蛋白分泌以及增加土壤有机养分,改良土壤理化性质及活化土壤养分,调控土壤生物生态学过程,从而促进植物生长。因此,"AM真菌-根系-土壤-植物"之间形成的耦合作用,主要通过菌丝桥形成直接或间接地调控植物的物质代谢、抗性、种间和种内竞争以及土壤理化状况,并促进生态系统的物质循环与能量流动,进而调控植物生长及植被恢复与演替。     

丛枝菌根真菌提高植物非生物胁迫耐受性研究进展

丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF或AM真菌)是一种在土壤中广泛存在的有益真菌,能与地球上80％左右陆生植物根系共生形成丛枝菌根结构.AM真菌能通过与宿主植物交换碳源,促进宿主植物对N和P等无机营养元素的吸收,提高植株生产力和抵抗非生物胁迫的能力.全球气候变化和化肥农药的使用...     

喀斯特石漠化地区植物对干旱胁迫的适应性研究进展

喀斯特石漠化地区复杂的人类活动和特殊的地上与地下二元结构水文系统以及碳酸岩丰富的节理裂隙导致了土壤水分渗漏强烈，地表干旱缺水，临时性干旱严重，使该区植物普遍遭受干旱胁迫，影响植物的生长与发育。文中通过综述干旱胁迫对喀斯特地区植物的影响，从植物形态特征、光合作用、渗透调节物质和抗氧化酶系统等方面分析植物应对干旱胁迫的机理机制，得出喀斯特地区植物一般具有发达的叶片表皮毛、较厚的角质层、强壮发达的根系特征并通过叶片的气孔调节应对干旱。此外，植物体通过积累脯氨酸、可溶性糖等渗透调节物质，增强抗氧化酶系统的活性来抗旱。提出通过抗旱锻炼、矿质肥料、化学和微生物调控以及抗旱品种的选育等途径来提高植物的抗旱性。建议今后的研究应加强模拟实验与野外验证实验相结合、分析植物对多种逆境的交叉响应，综合分析生长生理生态基因等特征，建立符合当地植物的抗旱评价体系，以及研究喀斯特和非喀斯特环境中植物对干旱胁迫适应的差异性来分析植物对干旱胁迫适应的机理机制，以期为深入研究喀斯特石漠化地区植物的抗旱性能提供参考，并为植被恢复及物种选择提供支持。     

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the drought tolerance of Cyclobalanopsis glauca seedlings under greenhouse conditions

Cyclobalanopsis glauca is an important afforestation tree species that is widely used for revegetating the karst region of southwest China. Vegetation in this region is regularly commonly subjected to drought stress because of the geology and water shortages. Here, we investigated the influence of two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices on the drought tolerance of C. glauca seedlings under greenhouse conditions. AMF-treated and non-AMF-treated C. glauca seedlings were maintained under two different water regimes (well watered: 80 % field capacity; drought stress: 40 % field capacity) for 90 days. The AMF colonization rate was higher under well-watered conditions compared to drought stress conditions. The growth and physiological performance of C. glauca seedlings were significantly affected by drought stress. Under drought stress conditions, mycorrhizal seedlings had greater height, base diameter, leaf area, and biomass compared to non-mycorrhizal seedlings. In addition, under drought conditions, AMF-inoculated seedlings had greater superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity, higher soluble sugar content, and lower proline content compared to non-inoculated seedlings. Furthermore, AMF colonization increased the phosphorus and potassium content of seedling shoots under both well-watered and drought stress conditions. Therefore, AMF colonization enhanced the drought tolerance of C. glauca seedlings by improving growth performance, nutrient content, the quantity of osmotic adjustment compounds, and antioxidant enzyme activity. The results indicate that AMF are of potential use for the restoration of vegetation in the karst region of southwest China.     

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on leaf solutes and root absorption areas of trifoliate orange seedlings under water stress conditions

The effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus mosseae on plant growth, leaf solutes and root absorption area of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) seedlings were studied in potted culture under water stress conditions. Inoculation with G. mosseae increased plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and plant dry weight, when the soil water content was 20%, 16% and 12%. AM inoculation also promoted the active and total absorption area of root system and absorption of phosphorus from the rhizosphere, enhanced the content of soluble sugar in leaves and roots, and reduced proline content in leaves. AM seedings had higher plant water use efficiency and higher drought tolerance than non-AM seedlings. Effects of G. mosseae inoculation on trifoliate orange seedlings under 20% and 16% soil water content were more significant than under 12% soil water content. AM infection was severely restrained by 12% soil water content. Thus, effects of AM fungi on plants were probably positively related to the extent of root colonization by AM fungi. The mechanism of AM fungi in enhancing drought resistance of host plants ascribed to greater osmotic adjustment and greater absorption area of root system by AM colonization. __________ Translated from Journal of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, 2005, 30(5): 583–588 [译自: 植物生理与分子生物学报, 2005, 30(5): 583–588]     

我国喀斯特断陷盆地石漠化区植物群落构建机制研究

喀斯特断陷盆地是我国石漠化综合治理8大喀斯特类型中治理成效最低、治理难度最大的区域，面临石漠化严重、干旱频发、植被恢复难等突出问题。文中针对水分是影响喀斯特断陷盆地石漠化治理与植被恢复成效最关键的限制因素，综合分析了国内外水分梯度差异与植物群落构建机制研究动态与发展趋势；提出利用日趋成熟的水分脆弱性评价方法，通过建立基于耦合暴露度、敏感性及适应性的水资源脆弱性评价指标体系，以满足遥感影像分辨率和植物群落调查样地大小的评价单元进行水分脆弱性评估；在建立物种库—功能性状—生境特征数据库的基础上，提出基于功能性状差异进行喀斯特断陷盆地植物群落机制构建的研究方案。提出的研究方案有望解决喀斯特断陷盆地石漠化区水分梯度特征与分布格局、自然植物群落组配规律及其生境特征、水分梯度与生境要素对植物群落特征及功能性状组成的影响规律等关键科学问题，可为不同脆弱生态区植被恢复群落构建机制研究提供重要参考和借鉴。     

锦鸡儿属植物抗旱性研究进展

锦鸡儿属植物是极具开发价值的生态经济型灌木,也是我国西北生态建设的重要植物资源.干旱引起的水分胁迫,对植物的影响主要表现在生长发育及生理代谢过程等方面.文中概述了干旱胁迫条件下的锦鸡儿属植物种子萌发情况,叶片、茎和根的形态结构特征,以及不同程度干旱胁迫对植物组织水分、光合作用、细胞膜系统、渗透调节物质和抗氧化酶系统的影...     

Improving drought tolerance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Casuarina equisetifolia</Emphasis> seedlings by arbuscular mycorrhizas under glasshouse conditions

Effects of mycorrhizal association on improving tolerance of host plant under stress environments have received attentions in recent years. In this paper, six isolates of AMF (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus) were inoculated to Casuarina equisetifolia seedlings under glasshouse conditions to investigate the effects of AMF on growth and drought tolerance of host plants. All the six isolates which belong to Glomus showed high mycorrhizal colonization (88.5–96.0%) with C. equisetifolia seedlings. Seedlings were subjected to drought stress without watering for 7 days and survival of the seedlings inoculated with Glomus caledonium Gc90068, G. versiforme Gv9004 and G. caledonium Gc90036 increased by 36.6, 23.3 and 16.6%, respectively compared with uninoculated seedlings. Limited influence of AMF on seedling height growth was found, but the effects of AMF on total biomass increment were very significant; the increment ranged from 25.7 to 118.9% compared with uninoculated treatment, and it was noted that AMF exerted more influences on root biomass than shoot biomass. Based on the changes in physiological and biochemical parameters among different treatments caused by drought stress, it was concluded that AM (arbuscular mycorrhizal) associations improve the drought tolerance of C. equisetifolia seedlings by means of some physiological and biochemical responses, such as lowering permeability of plasma membrane and MDA (malondialdehyde) contents, enhancing concentrations of P nutrition, soluble sugar, soluble protein and activities of POX (Peroxidase) of C. equisetifolia seedlings.     

Growth response, phosphorus content and root colonization of Polylepis australis Bitt. seedlings inoculated with different soil types

Polylepis forests are one of the most endangered high mountain ecosystems of South America and reforestation with native Polylepis species has been highly recommended. Greenhouse bioassays were set up to determine the influence of three different soils on growth and phosphorous nutrition of Polylepis australis seedlings. Soils were collected from a grassland, a rare mature forest and a forest degraded due to repeated fires. We identified the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) present in the three soils and after 12 months we harvested the seedlings to evaluate root and shoot biomass, plant P content and root colonization by native AMF and dark septate endophytes (DSE). The soil inocula contained 26 AMF morphospecies. Grassland inoculum showed the highest AMF richness, and mature forest showed a different AMF community assembly from grassland and degraded forest inocula. Root biomass and root colonization were highest in seedlings inoculated with mature forest soil, meanwhile shoot biomass and plant P content were similar between all treatments. AMF colonization correlated negatively with DSE and root biomass was negatively correlated with DSE colonization, thus these fungal symbionts could be competing for resources. Our results indicate that AMF inoculum from the mature forest stand has the potential to improve P. australis performance, probably due to the dominance of Glomeraceae and Acaulosporaceae families. However, other soil microorganisms could be together with AMF in the natural inocula, affecting the growth response of P. australis seedlings. Future studies evaluating the effect of these inocula under field conditions should be carried out.     

我国半干旱区东段森林动态研究现状及展望

半干旱区干湿交替、林草交错,生态系统复杂,生物多样性丰富,是受气候变化影响的敏感区域,森林大面积非正常死亡现象正在普遍发生。文中围绕半干旱区森林死亡原因、不同树种水分利用策略与生长特征以及应对干旱胁迫的机制等核心问题,综述了半干旱区森林分布格局及其成因,在气候变化背景下森林的死亡与更新,树木生长季开始与结束时间的界定,树木生长特征与环境的响应和森林动态与水分利用效率等基础研究;提出应加强森林动态与生态防护功能、不同树种水分利用效率与利用机制、优势树种物候及生长特征、森林生态监测和风险预警等科学问题的研究,以期为半干旱区森林动态深入研究提供参考。