重大害虫长林小蠹入侵我国的首次发现与侵染特征

【目的】明确国际重大林业检疫性害虫长林小蠹在我国的入侵、定殖并严重危害,研究其形态特征、分子鉴定和危害特点,为该虫的监测及防控提供理论基础。【方法】对采自山东省烟台市牟平区日本黑松根部的小蠹幼虫、蛹及成虫进行形态学观察、拍照和比对。提取其基因组DNA,利用小蠹亚科通用引物扩增核糖体大亚基(28S)和线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(COⅠ)序列进行测序,在NCBI数据库中进行序列比对。初步调查长林小蠹的危害特点。【结果】成虫形态特征完全符合长林小蠹的描述;基于28S基因序列构建系统发育树(ML树)显示,山东烟台小蠹样本与厦门口岸截获来自于澳大利亚进口辐射松原木的样本序列,以及德国样本序列和美国样本序列聚成一支,置信度为100%;样本COⅠ序列单倍型与海关截获的来源于新西兰辐射松上长林小蠹样本单倍型相同,明确外来入侵种长林小蠹已在我国定殖。该虫严重危害寄主树木根部。【结论】首次发现重大入侵害虫长林小蠹在我国的定殖与严重危害,已明确主要形态鉴别特征及初步侵害特性;基因序列分析结果可用于开发快速鉴定技术和溯源分析,同时为虫害检测与监测提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

山东省林木种子害虫新记录——合欢豆象

合欢豆象Bruchidius terrenus(Sharp)属豆象科、豆象亚科、锥胸豆象属。国内分布于北京、河北、陕西、台湾。山东未见报道,该虫以幼虫危害合欢种子,被害率为56％,是合欢种子的主要害虫。笔者于1987年4月16日发现于平度县招待所院内及前街合欢行道树荚果内,并采到成虫和卵标本。 成虫 体长椭圆形(如图),长3.4—     

微波快速灭虫技术研究初报

微波加热灭虫是一种快速、安全有效的植检除害处理新方法,适合于口岸旅检、邮检、小批量非种用林木种子的灭虫处理。用0.5瓩微波炉处理1斤左右的林木种子,时间1—1.5分钟,温度60—70℃,对洋槐种子小蜂幼虫,紫穗槐豆象幼虫有百分之百的杀     

基于mt DNA COⅠ设计种特异性引物快速鉴定具条实蝇

具条实蝇(Bactrocera scutellata Hendel)为我国进境植物检疫性有害生物,为探索其快速鉴定技术,基于mt DNA COⅠ设计一对能够准确鉴定具条实蝇的种特异性引物JF190和JR386,以具条实蝇作为阳性对照,颜带实蝇(B.cilifer Hendel)、黑颜实蝇(B.diaphora Coquillett)和黑膝实蝇(B.scutellaris Bezzi)等20种实蝇作为阴性对照,进行PCR扩增后将其产物进行电泳检测。结果表明,仅目标种具条实蝇能够在约197 bp扩增出一条单一且清晰的的条带。说明本研究建立的方法特异性强,鉴定快速,且在实际检疫鉴定工作中已得到验证,适用于实蝇的快速鉴定和疫情监测。     

宁夏沟眶象越冬虫态分布研究

采用挖树根查虫的方法,调查越冬虫态在臭椿树根部的分布情况。结果显示,沟眶象越冬代成虫主要集中在21～30cm深的土层中,幼虫主要集中在31～40cm深的土层中;在0～10cm深度的土层中成虫、幼虫均较少;成虫、幼虫所处平均深度分别为32.6cm、32.9cm,极值深度分别为60cm、55cm。成虫、幼虫所处平均树干距离分别为22.7cm、18.8cm,极值树干距离均为49.0cm。沟眶象83.0%的成虫、90.4%的幼虫分布于深度0～40cm、与树干距离0～40cm的土层中。     

基于COⅠ基因的美国白蛾与近似种类分子检测技术研究

美国白蛾是一种危害性极大的世界性检疫害虫。为研发美国白蛾的准确、快速的分子鉴定技术,克服单纯依赖形态学方法为主的局限性,本研究以美国白蛾及其形态近似的8种蛾类的线粒体COⅠ基因为模板,筛选得到美国白蛾的特异性DNA序列,并以此设计出针对美国白蛾快速鉴定的MGB探针,应用荧光PCR方法对美国白蛾进行特异性的扩增,并进行DNA条形码比较分析。结果显示,美国白蛾及其近似种的DNA条码都为各物种所独有,不存在物种之间的共享。该结果表明该条码在美国白蛾及其近似种中有很好的识别能力,可以用于美国白蛾的物种鉴定。本项目的研究结果为美国白蛾的口岸检疫鉴定、森防部门的监测和除治提供了新型技术手段。     

基于单核苷酸多态性位点的土沉香物种鉴定

对土沉香Aquilaria sinensis,云南沉香A. yunnanensis和马来沉香A. malaccensis 3种沉香属Aquilaria植物的ITS序列进行PCR扩增和测序,并通过DNAMAN软件筛选出单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点,土沉香序列第236位上的碱基为C,而云南沉香和马来沉香为T,设计出土沉香特异性引物AS-F,AS-R和探针AS-P。实时荧光定量PCR实验表明,该引物探针能特异性扩增土沉香,且检测灵敏度可以达到0.01ng·μL~(-1),是一种快速、灵敏的鉴定方法。     

核桃横沟象(Dyscerus juglans)生物特性观察及防治

采取林间调查和室内饲养、观察等方法研究了核桃横沟象Dyscerus juglans Chao生物特性和受害树木解剖特征。结果表明:核桃横沟象在商洛市2a发生一代,以幼虫和成虫越冬,越冬成虫翌年3月底开始活动,6月上、中旬成虫产卵、9月份产卵结束,幼虫孵出1d后,开始在产卵孔取食树皮,随后蛀入韧皮部与木质部之间,幼虫危害期长,每年3~11月均能蛀食。     

福州口岸截获林业危险性有害生物松树皮象

通过对福州口岸从芬兰进境云杉板料中首次截获的有害生物松树皮象的分类地位、分布、寄主、形态特征、生物学特性等的研究,结合口岸检疫实际,提出了防范松树皮象入侵的检疫措施。     

枣食芽象(虫甲)及其综合防治

枣食芽象(虫甲)是枣树上的一种主要害虫。其又名枣飞象、小灰象(虫甲),俗名灰虎,属鞘翅目象(虫甲)科。该虫在吴堡县一年发生一代,以幼虫在土中越冬。4月上旬开始羽化(平均气温10℃左右),4月15日田间出现成虫,4月下旬为成虫盛发期。成虫寿命为20～30天,4月25日发现成虫交尾。5月12日幼虫开始落地入土。成虫在上午11时至下午2时气温较高时最活跃,在树干上来回爬行取食     

用于PCR快速检测的真菌基因组DNA制备研究进展

自然界中真菌种类很多,一些对人类有益,然而有很多会对人及动植物致病。对真菌的检测鉴定在医学、植物检疫以及真菌分类学研究方面具有重要的意义。PCR检测是目前真菌鉴定的常规检测手段,用于PCR检测的真菌基因组DNA制备是相关领域研究热点,对用于PCR快速检测的真菌基因组DNA制备方法进行综述。     

Pine wilt disease: detection of the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) as a tool for a pine breeding programme

The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a serious quarantine pest first detected in Portugal and Europe in 1999. It is the causal agent of pine wilt disease (PWD). A resistance breeding programme has been initiated to contribute to control the evolution of the disease. Five hundred and four adult maritime pine, Pinus pinaster, trees were phenotypically selected as candidate trees for this programme from an area affected by PWD. To identify tolerance to the nematode, the selected trees were monitored monthly. Over the course of 1 year, 57 candidate trees died and were tested for the presence/absence of the PWN. As accuracy of detection is of major importance, an ITS‐PCR‐based method applied directly to wood from adult maritime pine trees was tested and compared with a standard morphological identification method. The results showed that the use of PCR to detect the pathogen provided more rapid and accurate results in comparison with the standard morphological identification. Thus, this method is suitable to be used in the survey of the breeding population for resistance/tolerance to PWD.     

Uni- und multivoltine Populationen von Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) in Europa (Coleoptera,Bruchidae)

Zusammenfassung Nach einem Referat über die Entdeckung uni- und multivoltiner Populationen vonAcanthoscelides obtectus (Say) in Mexiko und Kolumbien und über das Freilandvorkommen multivoltiner Populationen dieses Käfers in Südwest-Frankreich und Ungarn wird vermutet, daß das vonZachariae beschriebene Freilandvorkommen vonA. obtectus in Nordwestdeutschland von einer aus Amerika eingeschleppten univoltinen Population verursacht wurde. Auf die mutmaßliche Bedeutung des genetischen Polymorphismus für die Entstehung von Hausinsekten, besonders derSitophilus-Arten, wird hingewiesen.

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Uni- und multivoltine populations of Acanthoscelides obtectus Say in Europe (Coleoptera, Bruchidae)

Based on a review of papers on discovery of uni- and multivoltine populations ofAcanthoscelides obtectus (Say) in Mexico and Colombia and on field damages by imported multivoltine populations in southwestern France and Hungaria the occurrence of this beetle in fields of northwestern Germany reported byZachariae is suggested done by a univoltine population. The probable role of this genetic polymorphism in origin of stored products insects especiallySitophilus spp. is mentioned also.

     

Insecticidal effects of the powdery formulation based on clay and essential oil from the leaves of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Clausena anisata</Emphasis> (Willd.) J. D. Hook ex. Benth. (Rutaceae) against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acanthoscelides obtectus</Emphasis> (Say) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

The bioefficacies of essential oil and aromatized clay powder based on the mixture of clay and essential oil extracted from Clausena anisata were evaluated for their insecticidal activities and their effects on progeny production of Acanthoscelides obtectus. Contact toxicity assayed by coating on bean grains showed that these chemicals caused significant mortality of the test insect. Beetle mortality was dose dependant and after 2-day exposure the aromatized clay powder was more toxic (LD₅₀ = 0.069 μl/g grain) than the pure essential oil (LD₅₀ = 0.081 μl/g grain). There was, however, a highly significant loss of toxicity after 24 and 36 h following treatment with essential oil and aromatized powder, respectively. Both aromatized clay powder and pure essential oil considerably reduced the F₁ progeny insect production. The essential oil evoked moderated repellent action and high fumigant toxicity (LC₅₀ = 0.093 μl/cm³) against adults of A. obtectus. These results suggest that the clay powder could be used to stabilize the essential oil to increase its efficacy for use as an alternative to synthetic insecticides.     

泽州县红脂大小蠹生物学特性研究

红脂大小蠹（Dendroctonus valens）是我国重要的外来入侵生物,属国家检疫性害虫之一。红脂大小蠹在山西省泽州县分布于伊候山林场、巴公镇、大阳镇,寄主植物有油松、白皮松、华山松。该虫在泽州县1a发生1代,以成虫和幼虫以及少量的蛹在树干基部或根部的皮层内越冬;采取性诱、化学防治、伐除虫害木、检疫、生物防治、营林等技术进行了防治,防治效果达80％以上,虫株率可控制在1％以下。     

河口县入侵害虫椰心叶甲的生物学特性及防治措施

椰心叶甲是棕榈科植物的一种危险性入侵害虫,属国家检疫林业有害生物,2005年在河口县首次发现.为了有效防治该害虫,2005～2006年在河口县观察研究了该虫的生物学特性.结果表明,该虫在河口县1 a发生6代,无明显越冬期,卵期3～10 d,幼虫期17 ～73 d,蛹期5～8d,成虫产卵前期9～30 d.完成一个世代需34～121 d,夏季历期较短,冬季历期较长.通过防治试验,提出椰甲清粉剂挂包法、树干打孔注药法、喷雾防治法、生物防治法等防治措施.     

浅析我国分布的3种大小蠹的识别与检疫管理

对红脂大小蠹、华山松大小蠹和云杉大小蠹的形态特征、为害寄主以及危害症状进行了比较分析,提出了检疫管理措施,为进境口岸针对性检疫和保护我国的林木资源提供参考。     

塞罕坝地区落叶松线小卷蛾、松线小卷蛾的识别与发生规律

报道了塞罕坝地区落叶松线小卷蛾、松线小卷蛾成虫、幼虫和蛹的主要形态特征区别;两种线小卷蛾1 a发生1代,以卵在树皮内或老球果内越冬,4月下旬至6月中旬为幼虫危害期,老熟幼虫在枯落层内化蛹。两种线小卷蛾的发生数量受海拔高度影响较大。     

Specific hybridization real‐time PCR probes for Phytophthora ramorum detection and diagnosis

Sudden Oak Death, caused by Phytophthora ramorum, poses a serious threat to native American oaks, and is also present in Europe where it has been isolated from numerous European ornamental plant nurseries. Its proven aggressiveness against plants in the Fagaceae and Ericaceae and the damage it has caused in North America have lead to it being assigned quarantine status. The timely and accurate detection of P. ramorum is a critical aid in the study of the epidemiology and biology of this pathogen. As a regulated organism, the availability of a sensitive and reliable assay is essential when attempting to achieve early detection of the pathogen. In this work, new specific hybridization probes for a real‐time PCR amplification method were found to be rapid, robust and labour‐saving, and proved suitable for routine use in a molecular diagnostic laboratory.