广东省油茶林地不同母岩红壤养分限制因子研究

为了评价广东省油茶林地土壤养分状况及其主要限制因子,采用土壤养分系统研究法(ASI),以高粱为指示作物,对该省主要油茶林地土壤养分因子进行了测定与分析。土壤养分测定结果表明:供试油茶林地土壤中有机质的含量均较低,N、P、K元素严重缺乏,Ca、Mg、B、Zn、Mo等元素普遍缺乏,而S、Fe的含量丰富;就供试的4种类型油茶林地土壤养分吸附量而言,第四纪红壤对K、Zn、Mn、Cu和砂岩类土壤对B的吸附固定量大,而千枚岩类土壤对K、B、Cu和花岗岩类土壤对P、Mn、Zn的吸附固定量小。盆栽试验结果表明:花岗岩类土壤养分限制因子及其亏缺程度的排序为N>P>K>B>Mo>Mn,砂岩类土壤养分限制因子及其亏缺程度的排序为K>P>N>Zn,千枚岩类土壤养分限制因子及其亏缺程度的排序为P>N>K>Cu>Zn>Mn>Mo>S,第四纪红壤类土壤养分限制因子及其亏缺程度的排序为N>P>K>Zn>Mo>Cu>B。由此得知,P、N、K是广东省油茶林地土壤的主要养分限制因子,其次为Zn、B、Mo。文中还提出:下一步的田间试验应致力于N、P、K、B、Zn、Mo的平衡施肥,还应重视补充Ca与Mg元素。     

油茶林果实成熟期养分分配特征

以常宁市10年生油茶作为试材,对油茶养分分配规律、油茶林土壤养分与树体各器官营养元素含量的相关性进行研究,旨在为油茶营养诊断以及配方施肥提供科学依据。结果表明:油茶各器官中,大量元素含量由高到低排序依次为N、Ca、K、Mg、P,微量元素含量由高到低排序依次为Mn、Fe、Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd;土壤大量元素含量由高到低排序依次为Ca、N、K、P、Mg,微量元素含量由高到低排序依次为Fe、Pb、Zn、Cu、Mn、Cd。土壤养分含量与油茶各器官养分指标具有不同程度的相关性,与油茶干的养分含量相关性最为紧密;土壤N、Zn、Mn、Pb、K含量与油茶植株养分元素含量的关系最为紧密;土壤Mn与油茶各器官Mn元素含量均呈现正相关;土壤N与油茶干中N含量呈现极显著相关;土壤Cd元素含量和油茶各器官中Cd元素含量多存在负相关性。     

油茶林紫色土土壤养分限制因子分析

为了解福建省三明市石壁镇油茶林紫色土的土壤养分状况,为平衡施肥提供参考,采用土壤养分状况系统研究法对该地油茶林土壤养分限制因子进行研究。结果表明,三明市石壁镇油茶林地有机质和N、P、K、Ca、Mg等大中量元素含量较低,Cu、Mn元素含量相对丰富;该土壤对P的吸附固定能力极强,对B的吸附较强,而对K、Cu、Zn的吸附固定作用较小,对Mn的吸附最弱;N、P、Ca、Mg这4种养分元素是该油茶林地土壤的主要限制因子,Zn、Fe、S元素是潜在的养分限制因子。     

江西油茶林地土壤养分限制因子分析

为了解江西省油茶林地土壤养分状况,采用土壤养分状况系统研究法对江西省油茶林土壤养分限制因子进行了研究。研究结果表明,江西省各地区油茶林地土壤中N、P、K、Mg、B、Zn的含量均低于临界值,其次是Ca、Cu,而S、Fe、Mn的含量普遍较为丰富。各地区油茶林土壤对B、S、P、K的吸附固定能力均较强,而对Cu、Mn、Zn的吸附固定能力较弱。不同地区对各种元素的固定能力有较大差异,赣南地区的吸附固定能力最强。P、N、K、Ca、Mg为江西红壤油茶林土壤主要养分限制因子,而B、Zn、Cu为次要限制因子或潜在性限制因子。江西省油茶林养分管理中在施用P、K肥的同时,不能忽视对微量元素平衡施用。     

巨桉短周期工业原料林养分平衡的矢量诊断

以四川纳溪区巨桉试验林为研究对象,运用植物营养矢量诊断法,分析植物养分受限制状况、交互作用、施肥效应,结果表明:四川纳溪巨桉试验区以K为第1养分限制因子,P为第2限制因子,N不受限,B素缺乏,P对Ca、Mg存在拮抗作用,对B有促进作用.施肥效应可延续3年以上.     

江西省蓝莓林地土壤限制因子分析

为了解江西省蓝莓林地土壤养分状况,从而为蓝莓平衡施肥提供技术指导,采用土壤养分状况系统研究法(ASI)对江西省蓝莓林土壤养分限制因子进行了诊断与分析,还就缺素对植株的影响情况进行了盆栽实验。诊断结果表明:供试蓝莓林地土壤中有机质的含量均较低,Ca、P、N、K、Mg元素严重缺乏,这些养分因子为其主要限制因子;Cu、B、Zn普遍缺乏,为其潜在的限制因子;而S、Mn、Fe元素的含量相对丰富。盆栽实验结果表明:不施Ca、P、N、K的指示作物——高粱的产量则分别减少85.62%、40.51%、34.00%、33.86%。     

应用土壤养分状况系统研究法指导香草兰施肥的试验研究

以香草兰(Vanilla planifolia Andrews)作为指示作物,应用土壤养分系统研究法(ASI法)对海南省万宁市中国热带农业科学院香料饮料研究所槟榔-香草兰间作园土壤养分进行分析、评价,结果表明:土壤中N、K、Ca和Mg极度亏缺,亏缺顺序为Ca>N>K>Mg;针对香草兰营养特性和种植园土壤养分状况,建议应多施用碱性和中性肥料,如钙镁磷肥、尿素、氯化钾等,以补充N、P、K、Ca、Mg等元素的亏缺。ASI法应用于指导香草兰施肥,对S和P的临界值需根据香草兰的营养特性进行相应的矫正,以提高适用性。     

广西孟江油茶叶片营养DRIS诊断

以广西三江侗族自治县40年生孟江油茶(Camellia leifera Abel)成林叶片为对象,对该油茶产区高产组和低产组油茶叶片的9种养分(N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn)进行DRIS诊断。结果表明:油茶林N、P、Fe相对缺乏,K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Mn相对充足,其中养分P、Fe元素在高、低组间差异显著,N、P和Fe元素缺乏是提高油茶产量的最大限制因子;树体需肥顺序为:NPFeZnCuCaMnKM;同时,利用高产组叶片养分浓度、养分诊断指数及其等级制定了相应的养分诊断标准,可为三江侗族自治县指导油茶施肥管理提供参考。     

江西油茶叶片早春萌芽前期DRIS营养诊断

为油茶林地在春季的科学施肥提供指导,以江西省20个县的油茶成林叶片为研究对象,运用DRIS指数法,对油茶叶片在3月份的9种养分(N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn)进行营养诊断。结果表明:萌芽前期江西油茶林N、P、K、Ca、Mn相对缺乏,Fe、Mg、Cu、Zn相对充足,萌芽前期油茶树体需肥顺序从高到低依次为:NMnPCaKCuZnFeMg。利用高产组叶片养分浓度制定了相应的养分诊断标准,即各养分的适宜浓度范围为N:12.351~17.837 g·kg~(-1)、P:0.467~1.015 g·kg~(-1)、K:4.511~6.864 g·kg~(-1)、Ca:5.981~10.612 g·kg~(-1)、Mg:0.836~1.940 g·kg~(-1)、Cu:1.231~2.405 mg·kg~(-1)、Zn:16.206~27.619 mg·kg~(-1)、Fe:0.154~0.475 g·kg~(-1)、Mn:1.947~4.626 g·kg~(-1)。     

黄泛平原区毛白杨中矿质元素的测定和分析

对毛白杨的根、干、枝、叶进行N、P、K、Si、Ca、Mg等矿质营养元素测定表明,矿质元素含量由高到低依次为叶、根、枝、干,各器官内矿质元素含量与土壤类型及养分、树木生长均有一定的关系,其中N、P、K含量与毛白杨生长表现明显正相关。根据土壤养分和毛白杨矿质元素含量的变化,可通过施肥,达到调整和控制林木生长的目的。     

用土壤养分系统研究法评价杨树人工林土壤养分状况

A study was conducted to evaluate the soil nutrient status of poplar plantation by Soil Nutrient Systematic Approach(SNSA) in Jianghan Plain, Hubei Province, China. Soil physiochemical properties were analyzed in laboratory through collection soil samples of study site. Ten treatments of application different fertilizers were designed such as CK, optimum treatment (N, P,K, Zn), -N(P, K, Zn), -P(N, K, Zn), -K(N, P, Zn), Mg(N, P, K, Zn, Mg), -Zn (N,P,K), 2P(N, 2P, K, Zn), 2K(N, P, 2K, Zn), and 2N 2P 2K(2N, 2P, 2K, Zn) for field experiment to test the effect on tree height, diameter (DBH) growth, and dry weight of poplar.The results showed that there was no significant difference in tree heights between treatments with different fertilizers, diameter growth of poplar trees in treatments of lack of N and Zn was significantly slower than that of trees in optimum treatment, and dry weight of poplar dropped significantly for treatment of CK as well as treatments without application N and Zn. It is concluded that N and Zn were main limiting factor for poplar growth. Results from laboratory analysis and field experiment were uniform perfectly, which proved that SNSA was reliable in evaluating soil nutrient status of poplar plantation.     

White spruce foliar nutrient concentrations in relation to tree growth and soil nutrient amounts

Concentrations of foliar N, P, S, K, Ca, and Mg were studied in relation to stand age, tree growth, site index, and soil nutrient amounts for natural white spruce stands on a wide range of site conditions in the sub-boreal spruce zone of British Columbia, Canada. While Ca was sufficient in every sampled stand, relatively widespread deficiency in N was diagnosed. Deficiencies of other nutrients were diagnosed only on wet to very wet sites. Foliar N, P and K were negatively correlated with stand age and positively correlated with height and diameter growth. White spruce site index was positively correlated with foliar nutrients, and their relationships were quantified using a quadratic function. Foliar nutrients, except Ca, are positively correlated with soil nutrients measured in routine chemical analysis, and their relationships were quantified using Mitscherlich's function. It is recommended that the existing standards need to be modified should they be applied to nutrient diagnosis in natural white spruce stands. These standards appear too high for N and too low for P, K, and Ca.     

Improving models of forest nutrient export with equations that predict the nutrient concentration of tree compartments

? The objective of this study was to explore the distribution of major nutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) in the aboveground compartments of an intensively managed tree species (Pinus pinaster Ait.). A total of 53 trees were cut down in even-aged stands respectively 8, 16, 26, 32 and 40 years old. The nutrient concentrations of the aboveground compartments were analysed.

? Nutrient concentrations of foliage did not vary with any of the variables used, except needle age. Nutrient concentrations of living branches, stem bark, stem sapwood, stem heartwood, stemwood and stem decreased with increasing branch diameter, bark thickness, sapwood thickness and heartwood thickness, respectively. Beyond a certain value of the predictive variable (stem diameter ≈ 15 cm; branch diameter ≈ 2.5 cm), the concentration of all the nutrients stabilised.

? A 50 year-old pine stand was used to obtain a validation dataset for nitrogen concentration. For this nutrient, the regression relationships gave satisfactory estimates for most compartments (mean error = 12–25%) and particularly for the stem.

? A procedure is proposed to estimate the nutrient exports associated with harvests of Pinus pinaster biomass.

     

巴旦杏生育营养成分探讨

通过测定新疆莎车县特产巴旦杏中金属元素锌、锰、铁,非金属元素和生育酚、核黄素、硫胺素等成分,探讨了巴旦杏的生育营养价值。结果表明,巴旦杏为硒充足食品,巴旦杏中锌、锰、生育酚、核黄素、硫胺素的含量分别是核桃中的167.1倍、19.23倍、19.14倍、2.92倍和1.09倍,与人类主食及果蔬相比,巴旦杏具有很高的生育营养价值。     

Hybrid and clonal variability of nutrient content and nutrient use efficiency in Eucalyptus stands in Congo

For 20 years, there has been 42,000 ha estate of clonal Eucalyptus plantations around Pointe-Noire in Congo on sandy soils that have very low reserves of available nutrients. These plantations have been based on a natural hybrid (E. PF1). This hybrid is being replaced by E. urophylla × E. grandis (UG), a more productive hybrid developed by the breeding program of UR2PI. A study of biogeochemical cycles showed that nutrient removal by harvesting is the main nutrient output in the E. PF1 ecosystem. It is therefore important to quantify the nutrient content (NC) in both hybrids to compare corresponding nutrient removal values.

The work dealt with four UG clones and the most planted clone of E. PF1. Twelve trees per clone were sampled at the logging age (8 years) in a clonal test for UG clones and in a nearby stand for E. PF1. Tables were established to predict, from girth at breast height (C_1.30 m), the biomass and nutrient content of stemwood, bark, dead and living branches, leaves, and were applied to the inventory of the different stands to evaluate corresponding biomass, NC and nutrient use efficiency (NUE) on a per-hectare basis.

Total biomass differed between the two hybrids and among UG clones: 109 t ha⁻¹ for E. PF1 and 108–155 t ha⁻¹ for UG clones. In E. PF1 trees, total NC was globally lower for N, K, and Mg, but greater for P and Ca. In stemwood, nitrogen content was similar for both hybrids. By contrast, in UG clones, NC was much lower for P (−72%) and Ca (−40% to −55%). The same trends were observed for NUE: equivalent for both hybrids for N, but higher in UG clones for P (+72%) and Ca (+43% to +59%). A marked variability among clones was observed for K and Mg. UG clones allocated proportionally more nutrients in leaves than E. PF1.

These results show that clones should not be selected only on growth traits but also on NUE and on the concentration of nutrients in tree components removed by harvesting. It will be then possible to limit the cost of fertilising needed to maintain stand growth and soil fertility.     

Foliar nutrient retranslocation in Eucalyptus globulus

We measured patterns of change in concentrations and contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium in fully expanded leaves of young Eucalyptus globulus (Labill.) trees growing in a plantation in southeastern Australia, over a 12-month period beginning at the onset of spring. There was significant net retranslocation of mobile nutrients on a seasonal basis from green leaves, coinciding with continued growth and production of foliage. There was a close positive relationship between initial nutrient content (N, P and K) of the leaf and amount retranslocated, and a tight coupling between N and P retranslocated from leaves. Net retranslocation was significantly correlated with basal area growth increments. Artificial shading of leaves resulted in senescence and reduction in leaf mass. It also induced retranslocation of N, P and K from leaves of different ages and from different position in the canopy. Although the mechanisms underlying the effects of shading intensity on these changes were not elucidated, shading provided an experimental tool for studying retranslocation. Comparison of the results with published data for Pinus radiata (D. Don) grown in the same environment indicated a similarity between the species in patterns of change in foliar nutrient contents and in factors governing foliar nutrient retranslocation, giving rise to unifying principles.     

Seasonal changes of nutrient levels and nutrient resorption in Avicennia marina leaves in Yingluo Bay,China

Avicennia marina is a typical mangrove species of subtropical coastlines of China. However, little is known about the retention of nutrients by this species in oligotrophic, coastal environments. In this study, seasonal changes in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations, N:P ratio and total phenolic concentration in A. marina leaves during senescence were studied. Avicennia marina leaves had high N and P concentrations but the seasonal pattern of N concentration was different from that of P concentration. The A. marina forest was N-limited as the N:P ratio of mature leaves was less than 14. Nitrogen resorption efficiency was higher than P resorption efficiency, and the concentrations of N and P in senescent leaves indicated that N resorption was mostly complete whereas P resorption was incomplete. Avicennia marina leaves contained low tannin concentrations, particularly condensed tannins, as the leaf extracts did not react with acid butanol. Total phenolic concentrations were not correlated with N concentrations in mature and senescent leaves of A. marina. These findings suggest that the high N resorption efficiency and low nutrient losses play an important role in nutrient conservation strategies for A. marina forests, whereas low tannin concentations have limited effects on nutrient cycling.     

Long-term nitrogen addition regulates root nutrient capture and leaf nutrient resorption in Larix gmelinii in a boreal forest

Human activities accelerate global nitrogen (N) deposition, and elevated N availability may alter the stoichiometric balance of nutrients and then affect nutrient absorption by plants. The boreal forest is considered one of the world’s most N-limited ecosystems, and its response to N deposition is already a hot issue. In order to explore how long-term nitrogen addition influences nutrient uptake and distribution in Larix gmelinii in a boreal forest, four N treatment levels (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1) have been applied in a boreal forest since May 2011. Nitrogen addition significantly reduced the soil pH, significantly changed the soil N availability, increased the total N and N/P in needles and fine roots, and decreased the total P in needles and the C/N in soil. Nitrogen addition significantly reduced nitrogen resorption efficiency, and its impacts on P resorption efficiency were not significant. Nitrogen addition significantly increased the root length, surface area and diameter of 4th- and 5th-order transport fine roots. The N and N/P of needles showed seasonal variation. The needle N concentration and N/P were positively correlated with N addition, while the needle P was negatively correlated with nitrogen addition. With increase in nitrogen addition, Larix gmelinii increased its investment in its belowground parts, which may explain why Larix gmelinii tended to put more C in long-lived roots to improve its C utilization efficiency. Given the P deficiency caused by N addition, Larix gmelinii may be more likely to absorb P from the soil and adjust its C distribution to meet its P demand rather than relying on internal nutrient resorption.

     

榆林沙地土壤养分状况调查

榆林地区沙地土壤是指沙地或者荒沙地经拉沙平整覆盖一定厚度黄土改造后的土壤。该类土壤在区内分布广（主要在北部六市县）、面积大,但生产能力低。调查沙地土壤养分状况,对指导合理施肥,提高沙地土壤经济效益具有重要意义。我们从１９９７年开始,对沙地土壤养分状况进行了调查。１　调查区概况与方法调查区位于榆林林校实习林场,该区属陕北黄土高原与毛乌素沙漠接壤的干旱半干旱地带。气候寒冷,雨量稀少,日照充足,四季分明。年平均气温８．１℃,极端最高气温３８．６℃,极端最低气温－３２．７℃,年平均降水量４１２．２ｍｍ,…     

Water and nutrient dynamics and tree growth

The balance in the investment of assimilate at any time into leaves and roots may depend on whether water, nutrients or radiation are limiting to growth. Also, for the same investment of assimilate into roots, the root configuration may range from intensive to extensive in both space and time, to take best advantage of the distribution and amount of water and nutrients. Intensive root configurations, which include mycorrhizas and proteoid roots, assist in the uptake of nutrients (such as phosphorus) which are rate-limiting in soil. Mycorrhizas may assist in water uptake in dry or coarse textured soils with low unsaturated hydraulic conductivities.

Adaptations which assist trees to survive in dry and nutrient-deficient environments are discussed. These mechanisms may reduce, maintain or increase growth. In production forestry, it is desirable to exploit those mechanisms which increase growth. When soil water and nutrients limit tree growth, productivity may be improved by increasing the amount of uptake of water and nutrients, or by increasing the efficiency by which they are used in growth. Maximizing water-use efficiency when soil water supply is limiting may be dependent on whether the trees are in mixed stands or in monoculture. Selecting trees with relatively less root may improve productivity in monocultures when weeds are controlled and fertilizer is added. It is well known that trees can ‘re-use’ nutrients by retranslocating them within the tree to zones of demand. Relatively little is known, though, about differences in the biochemical involvement of nutrients at the cellular and subcellular level which contribute to differences in nutrient-use efficiency in trees.