白洋淀湿地水生植物群落物种多样性及对环境因子的响应

探讨湿地水生植物群落物种多样性特征以及主要环境驱动因子，能够为湿地水生植物群落保护与恢复提供参考。本研究基于白洋淀湿地30个2 m×2 m水生植物群落样方，利用重要值衡量群落中优势种，并划分不同群落，探讨不同水生植物群落物种多样性及其与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明：出现在样方内的水生植物共18种，隶属12科13属；根据物种优势度可将群落类型划分为芦苇(Phragmites australis)群落、香蒲(Typha orientalis)群落、莲(Nelumbo nucifera)群落、篦齿眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus)群落；4种水生植物群落物种组成差异显著，Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef丰富度指数芦苇群落最高，莲群落的Simpson指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Berger-Parker优势度指数最高、篦齿眼子菜群落的物种多样性指数均较低；白洋淀湿地水生植物群落物种多样性受多重环境因子的影响，4种水生植物群落物种多样性指数对环境因子的响应各异，其中，水体硝态氮、水体铵态氮、底泥速效磷、底泥碱解氮等营养盐元素对白洋淀水生植物群落物种多样性有显...     

人类干扰对安庆沿江湿地植物多样性的影响

在安徽安庆沿江滩地湿地，研究了天然芦竹、芦苇湿地，次生旱柳林和意大利杨人工林3种湿地生态系统的植物多样性。结果表明：杨树人工林的多样性指数和丰富度指数均高于旱柳林，也高于自然芦竹、芦苇湿地。旱柳林的生态优势度最大，杨树人工林次之，天然芦竹、芦苇湿地的最小，而天然芦竹、芦苇湿地的生态优势度则不那么明显；同时也说明在长江中下游滩地湿地上，天然次生旱柳林的生态优势度较高，而杨树人工林的生态优势度较小，它的物种丰富程度要高于旱柳天然次生林。人工杨树林的均匀度指标高于天然芦竹、芦苇湿地，也高于天然次生旱柳林。不同高程不同生态系统内植被群落的重要值的总体变化趋势是随着高程的升高，物种总数量降低，但植物多样性指数随高程增加而增加。在不同林龄的林分中植物物种的多样性和丰富度没有明显的变化规律。     

武汉市城市公园绿地典型植物群落类型及物种多样性研究

采用典型样方法,对武汉市10个具有代表性的城市公园的165个植物群落进行调查,结果表明,所调查植物群落中共有植物219种,分属74科156属;运用组平均法(UPGMA)对165个植物群落进行聚类分析,分为21种植物群落类型;利用Partrick物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数,比较不同群落类型的物种多样性特征,其中群落类型紫玉兰—杜鹃—小苜蓿的物种丰富度和物种多样性最高,圆柏—八角金盘+山茶的物种丰富度最低,水杉—杜鹃+洒金桃叶珊瑚—早熟禾+车前的多样性指数最低,植物群落的多样性程度表现为乔木层≈草本层灌木层。在城市公园绿地中人工配置决定了植物群落物种多样性特征,其他环境和人为干扰因素也影响植物群落的物种多样性。建议适当增加观赏价值高的乡土植物,构建物种丰富、层次复杂、结构稳定的近自然植物群落。     

长江口北支湿地植物多样性研究

在对长江口北支湿地植物资源野外调查的基础上，分析了种子植物的物种组成、区系特征、湿地植物群落类型及其特征和典型湿地植物群落多样性。研究结果表明：长江口北支湿地分布有种子植物57科157属212种，其中裸子植物5科6属6种，被子植物52科151属206种（包括单子叶植物8科31属37种，双子叶植物44科120属169种），主要由草本植物组成。野生植物区系简单，植被演替还处在初级阶段，以湿生的和水生高等草本植物为主，世界广布和泛热带分布型占主导；菊科、禾本科、豆科为植物区系的骨干。海三棱蔗草群落、藤草群落、芦苇群落、大米草群落为该区四种典型湿地植物群落，群落的单纯度指数除芦苇群落的较低外，其他三种群落均很高，物种多样性指数、物种丰富度指数、均匀度指数除芦苇群落的较高外，其他三种群落均很低，验证了物种多样性与物种丰富度、均匀度呈正相关，与单纯度呈负相关的结论。     

湖北远安县湿地植物多样性及群落数量特征研究

采用野外湿地样方调查及结合文献资料,选择物种多样性指数,研究了湖北远安县湿地植物多样性、区系特征、主要群落类型及数量特征。结果表明：远安县湿地植物有108科264属360种,科级区系分布类型可划分为7类5种变型,以世界广布和热带分布型为主,温带分布类型较少,中国特有类型仅1科。县域范围内分布的典型湿地植物群落54种,群落物种多样性指数中,Patrick指数均值为18.80±5.19;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均值为2.15±0.39;Simpson优势度指数均值为0.81±0.10;Pielou均匀度指数均值为0.75±0.10;Margalef指数均值为3.44±0.87。鬼针草群丛的Patrick指数与Margalef指数最低,竹叶眼子菜群丛的香农多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数、Pielou均匀度指数最低;芋群丛Patrick指数最高,乌桕群丛Pielou均匀度指数最高,加杨群丛香农多样性指数和Simpson优势度指数最高,白饭树群丛Margalef指数最高。该研究结果可为远安县及类似地区湿地生态系统保护修复及湿地资源管理提供了基础资料和科学依据。     

不同经营模式对天然次生林林下物种多样性的影响

本文以样方调查数据为基础,利用丰富度指数、Simp-son指数、Shannon-wiener指数和Pielou指数等对丹清河林场传统经营、近自然经营和未经营等三种经营模式下的针、阔天然次生林进行了多样性分析。结果表明:(1)同一林分,不同经营模式,林下物种组成不同,植物优势物种有很大变化;(2)灌木层Pielou均匀度指数在近自然经营模式高于其它两种经营模式,草本层Pielou均匀度指数在天然针叶林未经营模式最大,而在天然阔叶林随干扰程度提高而降低;(3)天然针叶林灌木层丰富度指数和多样性指数随着干扰水平提高而增大,草本层的丰富度指数和Shannon-wiener指数以近自然经营最高;(4)天然阔叶林灌木层和草本层丰富度指数和多样性指数随着干扰水平提高而降低。     

旅游干扰下太平湖国家湿地公园草本植物多样性研究

选择太平湖国家湿地公园三块受到不同程度旅游干扰的样地，对样地中草本植物物种的多样性进行数据调查，以与游径距离远近代表不同强度的旅游干扰为标准，分析不同强度的旅游干扰下太平湖湿地公园植物物种多样性的变化趋势。研究数据表明：（1）狗牙根是三处调查样地中数量最多的草本植物，禾本科植物是人为干扰下的优势科。（2）龙窑寨样地是三处样地中物种数最丰富的样地，钓场次之，八卦岛最低，且6m处的物种数最高，3m处次之，1m处最低，三处样地的6m处与1m处的样方差异显著。越靠近游径，受到的人为扰动越大，样方内的植物物种数越低，且中等程度的人为干扰有利于增加样地内植物物种的数量。（3）随着旅游干扰强度的增大，太平湖湿地公园内三处样地内植物的Shannon多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数均呈现逐渐下降的趋势。说明旅游强度的干扰会导致物种多样性的变化，干扰的强度越大，样地内物种多样性的数值越低。最后论文提出，太平湖国家湿地公园应控制旅游开发强度，加强生态游步道建设，减少旅游对物种多样性影响。     

采石场废弃地自然恢复植物群落类型研究

采用TWINSPAN数量分类方法对门头沟区采石场废弃地自然恢复植物群落进行了数量分类,并结合丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数,研究了该地植被自然恢复过程中多样性的变化.结果表明:将42个样方划分为9个群落类型.结合采石场自然恢复年限,将不同群落类型划分为不同的演替阶段,分别为草丛群落阶段、草丛群落向灌丛群落过渡阶段、灌丛群落阶段.在废弃地植物群落形成与演替的过程中,物种丰富度和多样性指数随之增加,但其分布的均匀程度先增加后减小.这些初步的研究结果表明生态自我修复在实践上是可行的,但要对规划和布局等提供更多依据,仍需深入研究.     

张掖市城郊草本沼泽湿地植物多样性研究——张掖市甘州区碱滩镇老仁坝为例

对黑河流域湿地自然保护区甘州区碱滩镇老仁坝湿地进行物种多样性研究结果表明,该群落物种的多样性、均匀度和丰富度都较大,其中芦苇在整个群落中的重要值是0.513 6,滨麦的重要值是0.238 8,共占总群落的75.24%,芦苇是优势种,滨麦是亚优势种,该群落的多样性指数与均匀度指数与丰富度指数呈正相关,与优势度指数呈负相关。     

不同人为干扰类型对城市近郊植物群落物种多样性的影响——以贵阳市花溪区为例

研究了贵阳市花溪区大学城附近植物群落在火烧、道路、弃耕和砂石堆放等4种人为干扰类型对植物多样性的影响。结果表明:物种丰富度指数和多样性指数均以弃耕地最高,其次为火烧迹地和道路干扰样地,砂石堆放地物种丰富度和多样性指数最低;均匀度指数以砂石堆放地最低,其余3种干扰类型样地差别不大。弃耕地与火烧迹地的相似性指数最高,而弃耕地与砂石堆放地的相似性指数最低;经过与土壤水分含量进行相关分析,丰富度和均匀度指数与土壤水分呈显著正相关,多样性指数和生态优势度指数与土壤水分相关性不显著。     

土地利用方式对湖泊洲滩湿地植物生物量的影响——以西洞庭湖国家级自然保护区为例

【目的】为了解土地利用方式对西洞庭湖洲滩湿地生态系统服务功能的影响,探索土壤含水率和物种丰富度在湿地恢复过程中所起的作用,进而为今后西洞庭湖湿地恢复工程提供指导。【方法】于2015年冬季通过收割法和生物量模型对杨树种植区域、退林还湿区域、天然洲滩这3个区域间的土壤含水率、物种丰富度和植物地上生物量差异及土壤含水率和物种丰富度与地上生物量相关性进行了初步探究。【结果】1)不同土地利用方式下洲滩土壤含水率与物种丰富度差异显著;天然洲滩土壤含水率最高,退林还湿区最低,杨树种植区和退林还湿区物种丰富度高于天然洲滩。2)不同土地利用方式下洲滩植被地上生物量差异显著;杨树林种植区的植物地上生物量高于天然洲滩,而退林还湿区与天然洲滩无差异;草本植物地上生物量呈现出天然洲滩区最高、杨树林种植区最低的规律。3)不同土地利用方式下土壤含水率与草本植物地上生物量呈正相关,物种丰富度与草本植物地上生物量呈负相关。【结论】利用和恢复工程对洲滩湿地土壤含水率和物种丰富度存在影响;土地利用方式对洲滩湿地生态系统功能存在影响;土壤含水率和物种丰富度对于修复退化湿地及生态系统功能具有重要意义。后续退林还湿工程开展可考虑人为增加土壤含水率以及移植苔草等优势物种等人工辅助措施,以促进退林还湿区域向天然洲滩湿地的演替。     

Effects of fire disturbance on bird communities and species of mountain Serrano forest in central Argentina

In central Argentina, Serrano forest has a long history of fire disturbance; however, the impact of fire on avifauna remains unknown. We compared the avian–habitat relationships in forest patches with low, moderate, and high fire regimes using a community-level (species richness, abundance, ordination and guilds) and species-level (indicator species analysis) approach. In patches under each fire condition, we recorded bird community composition, richness and abundance, and different vegetation structure variables. The site under high-severity fire regime was structurally poor and had been converted from original forest to dense grassland. There, diversity of bird community was low, retaining approximately 30 % of the species present in the least impacted site. Avian assemblage was dominated by generalist and open area birds. Guilds were underrepresented, showing an important reduction of foliage granivorous, nectarivorous, omnivores, and foliage and bark insectivorous, and absence of fly-catchers. Moreover, low abundance of forest understory, midstory, and canopy species and of birds belonging to open and closed nesting guilds was detected. By contrast, under low and moderate-severity fire regimes highest bird diversity as well as highest representativeness of most guilds was observed. Forest bird species were strongly associated with low fire disturbance, whereas moderate fire disturbance was characterized by the presence of forest and generalist species. Given the critical conservation status of Serrano forest in Córdoba, Argentina, habitat restoration and protection of forest relicts could be suitable measures to promote avifauna preservation.     

Plant diversity patterns in different forests in Aershan, Inner Mongolia

Taking the communities of the sample sites in Aershan of Inner Mongolia as an investigation object, the indices affecting plant diversity were studied. The investigation was carried out in three different forest types (natural forests, plantations and regenerated forests after fire). Results show that 95 plant species belonging to 19 families and 50 genera were identified in total. Of these species, nine were arbors, six were shrubs and the other 80 were herbs. We found some differences in the dominant species of different layers in three forest types. Natural forests had the largest importance value for the total number of species, followed by plantations and regenerated forests after fire. Plantations and natural forests had a similar change in richness indices. The largest value of richness indices was obtained in natural forests, while the lowest value was in regenerated forests after fire. Three diversity indices (Simpson’s, Shannon-Wiener and Pielou’s indices) indicate a similar trend in all sample plots. With an increase in elevation, values of diversity indices first increased and then decreased. In different forest types, similarity between natural forests was largest, while similarity between the regenerated forests and plantations was lowest.     

Effects of treefall gaps created by windthrow on bat assemblages in a temperate forest

Determining the way in which spatial distribution and diversity of forest-dwelling mammals varies with natural disturbance is essential to understanding the spatial dynamics of mammal assemblages in forests. Bats are the only forest-dwelling mammals capable of true flight. At a local scale, bat flight ability, which may be related to ecomorphological traits, is an important factor influencing spatial distribution. We tested two postulates: (1) the spatial distribution of bats is affected by sizes of forest gaps created by natural disturbances and (2) species-specific responses can be predicted from bat ecomorphological traits (aspect ratio (AR) and wingtip shape index (WT)) that influence bat flight ability. We found that sizes of forest gaps affected the occurrence of each bat species and species richness of bats at local scales; species-specific responses were related to the ecomorphological traits of individual species. Bat species with high AR and low WT were not affected by variation in canopy gap size. In contrast, bat species with low AR and high WT responded negatively to gap size, and those with intermediate AR and WT responded positively to canopy gap size at sites with small-sized gaps but responded negatively to large-sized gaps. Overall bat species richness responded negatively to gap size. Thus, ecomorphological traits may be important determinants of bat spatial distributions and species diversity at local scales in disturbed habitats. In this study, forest edges might have been undersampled due to the location of bat detectors. However, this potential undersampling should not have affected the interpretation of occurrence patterns of bat species responding to gap size. Our results imply that bat conservation efforts in forest lands should take into consideration specific responses related to ecomorphological traits of species inhabiting an area. The results also suggest that quantifying the effects of natural disturbances on bat assemblages may provide a knowledge base for forest management to minimize the impacts of unavoidable anthropogenic disturbances on bat species diversity. Rare or infrequent natural disturbances can provide models for forest management aimed at maintaining bat species diversity.     

Bird communities following high-severity fire: Response to single and repeat fires in a mixed-evergreen forest,Oregon, USA

Fire is a widespread natural disturbance agent in most conifer-dominated forests. In light of climate change and the effects of fire exclusion, single and repeated high-severity (stand-replacement) fires have become prominent land management issues. We studied bird communities using point counting in the Klamath-Siskiyou ecoregion of Oregon, USA at various points in time after one or two high-severity fires. Time points included 2 and 3 years after a single fire, 17 and 18 years after a single fire, 2 and 3 years after a repeat fire (15 year interval between fires), and >100 years since stand-replacement fire (mature/old-growth forest). Avian species richness did not differ significantly among habitats. Bird density was highest 17 and 18 years after fire, lowest 2 years after fire, and intermediate in repeat burns and unburned forest. Bird community composition varied significantly with habitat type (A = 0.24, P < 0.0001) with two distinct gradients in species composition relating to tree structure (live to dead) and shrub stature. Using indicator species analysis, repeat burns were characterized by shrub-nesting and ground-foraging bird species while unburned mature forests were characterized by conifer-nesting and foliage-gleaning species. Bird density was not related to snag basal area but was positively related to shrub height. Contrary to expectations, repeated high-severity fire did not reduce species richness, and bird densities were greater in repeat burns than in once-burned habitats. Broad-leaved hardwoods and shrubs appear to play a major role in structuring avian communities in the Klamath-Siskiyou region. In light of these results, extended periods of early seral broadleaf dominance and short-interval high-severity fires may be important to the conservation of avian biodiversity.     

浙西北天然次生林群落物种多样性研究

对浙西北地区天然次生林群落植物物种多样性特征进行了研究，测定了群落植物生长型构成以及各层次植物物种的重要值，采用多种测度方法计算了群落各层次植物物种的丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数。结果表明：（1）浙西北地区天然次生林群落各层次优势种比较明显，乔木树种以青冈为主，灌木树种以柃木和檐木占优势，草本植物则以箬竹为主；（2）该地区天然次生林群落植物物种比较丰富，乔木树种种数最多，草本植物稀少；就各层次而言，草本层物种数最多，乔木层和灌木层比较接近，各层次的均匀度指数的趋势是灌木层最高，草本层最低，乔木层居中；以多种指标计算各层次物种多样性指数结果均显示，灌木层多样性指数最高，草本层最低，尽管草本层具有最高的丰富度；（3）封育时间长、人为干扰轻的地区具有较高的物种多样性指标以及数量指标，有利于生物多样性的保护。     

Species diversity,regeneration and dominance as influenced by canopy gaps and their characteristics in tropical evergreen forests of Western Ghats,India

Canopy gaps play a significant role in maintaining structure and composition of tropical forests. This study was carried out in tropical evergreen forests of central Western Ghats in India to understand the influence of canopy gap size and the relationship of gap regime attributes to diversity measures and regeneration. The average gap size in the study area was found to be 396 m2 and around half of gaps were 4–8 years old. Gaps created by natural single tree fall were smaller in size but significantly higher in number. Diversity and regeneration of woody species were compared with canopy gaps and intact vegetation. Species richness and diversity was higher in gaps than in intact vegetation. Macaranga peltata, a shade intolerant species dominated gaps while intact vegetation was dominated by shade tolerant Kingiodendron pinnatum.Gap size significantly influenced species diversity and regeneration. Gap area and age were significantly and negatively correlated with diversity measures but positively correlated with regeneration. Among all the attributes of gaps, regeneration was significantly positively correlated with light intensity. Gaps maintained species diversity and favored regeneration of woody species. In addition to gap size and age, other gap ecological attributes also affected species diversity and regeneration.     

人为经营干扰对人工雷竹林下植被多样性的影响

研究结果表明：（1）人为干扰导致了雷竹林群落层次结构简化，灌木层消失，草木层不明显。（2）不同干扰的雷竹林下植物变异大，群落相似系数低，优势种不同。（3）人为干扰强度增大，雷竹林下植物的丰富度，Shannon-Wiener和Simpson多样性指数随之减少。（4）同样的干扰强度对差的立地条件上群落物种多样性的影响更大。提出了保护生物多样性，发展持续稳定雷竹林的经营措施。     

喜火迹地森林昆虫及林火感受器研究进展

在森林发生火灾后，一些适应火迹地的生物种类能够进行自然演替和进化。因此，在某些情况下，被火干扰过的森林呈现出比未过火的森林具有更高的生物多样性，尤其是喜迹地昆虫物种的多样性，而我国尚未对森林喜迹地昆虫进行系统研究、关注和报道。文中综述了喜迹地昆虫物种多样性、生态学特性以及红外感受器、烟雾感受器研究及其仿生学意义，并对我国喜迹地昆虫研究进行了展望。