遥感技术的发展及应用

本文介绍了遥感的起源,概念及遥感的特点,遥感技术在国内外的应用,并叙述了遥感技术在我国的发展概况及在各行业的发展前景。     

生产要素对快递产业发展影响的实证分析

通过对快递业支撑条件的理论分析,构建了交通运输系统、土地资源、人力资源和信息技术对快递业发展影响的分析框架。选取2000～2016年的快递行业相关数据,在柯布-道格拉斯生产函数模型的基础上加入了快递行业元素,并以此建立了具有行业特点的新经济增长模型,试图从定量层面上明确生产要素的变化趋势及对快递产业的影响。通过计算得出了以下主要结论:我国快递业目前处于规模递减状态,未来一段时间内快递行业内部资源的分配和利用需要更有针对性;资本和技术投入在快递行业经济增长中发挥着重要作用,是未来行业投资的重点方向;劳动力资本和土地资源目前对快递业发展的促进作用并不十分明显,但劳动力资本在未来具有巨大的提升潜力,快递企业需注意行业高端人才培养。     

遥感技术在森林病虫害监测上的研究进展

森林病虫害是森林的主要灾害之一。遥感技术在森林病虫害监测上具有较强的优势和巨大的潜力。文章从遥感监测森林病虫害的原理,监测的技术和方法以及监测的主要研究内容等方面阐述了近80年来遥感技术在森林病虫害监测领域的研究进展,并探讨了目前存在的问题与对未来的展望。     

基于层次分析法的山东省林业信息化发展模式选择

面临信息化的飞速发展,智慧化已经成为各行业发展的发展模式,山东省作为第二批全国林业信息化示范省,在未来一段时间采用什么样的模式发展是林业人所孜孜探求,本文依托层次分析法,通过建立模型与相关检验,简要分析出智慧化发展模式在未来山东省林业信息化中的可行性,对未来林业智慧化发展有重要的理论支持。     

植被信息提取技术研究进展

植被信息提取是采用遥感技术实现植被的数字识别和动态监测,是遥感技术的重要应用之一。经过查阅相关文献,回顾了国内外对于植被信息提取的几种方法,对监督分类、面向对象分类、决策树分类、光谱角及光谱信息散度混合法、模糊数学分类、人工神经网络法和面向对象的最邻近分类等方法各自的优势和存在的问题进行了分析,展望了未来植被信息提取遥感技术,为未来提高植被信息精确识别提供新的研究思路。     

遥感技术在荒漠化监测中的应用

遥感技术是区域荒漠化监测的首要手段。本文从不同遥感方法的角度出发阐述了目视解译、植被指数、分类技术及光谱混合分析技术在荒漠化监测中的具体应用,并指出了各个方法的优点与不足,同时对未来基于遥感技术的荒漠化监测进行了展望。     

植被盖度的定量反演中植被指数的应用研究

详细论述了植被指数在遥感技术定量反演植被盖度中的作用 ,并在分析研究植被指数的种类、现状的基础上 ,提出未来在遥感技术反演植被盖度中应用植被指数的趋势。     

森林植被净初级生产力遥感估算研究进展

森林植被净初级生产力(NPP)作为地表碳循环的重要组成部分,在全球变化及碳平衡中发挥着重要的作用。遥感技术在森林植被净初级生产力估算中具有较强的优势和巨大的潜力。文章从遥感估算森林植被净初级生产力的原理,遥感数据源的选择及估算模型的运用等方面阐述近年来遥感技术在森林植被净初级生产力估算领域的研究进展,并探讨目前存在的问题与对未来的展望。     

自然保护区遥感信息提取技术研究进展

遥感技术在自然保护区监测、规划和保护研究中起到越来越重要的作用,受到国内外学者的广泛关注。文中对自然保护区冰川遥感解译、湿地信息提取、植被信息提取及景观格局变化分析技术进行了总结归纳,分析各技术应用的优缺点,并讨论了遥感技术在自然保护区应用中存在的问题。     

遥感技术在现代环境监测与保护中的应用

指出了随着人类社会的不断进步,对环境造成的破坏程度也日趋加重,为确保人与环境的和谐发展,必须加大对环境的监测和保护力度。遥感技术的出现及其在环境监测各个领域当中的应用,为环境保护工作的开展提供了可靠的依据。阐述了遥感技术的起源,分析了遥感技术在环境监测与保护中的应用优势,并在此基础上对环境监测领域中遥感技术的具体应用进行了探讨。     

Measurement of the dynamic modulus of elasticity of wood panels

This study investigated the dynamic modulus of elasticity (DMOE) of wood panels of Fraxinus mandshurica, Pinus koraiensis, and Juglans mandshurica using the natural frequency measurement system of fast Fourier transform (FFT). The results were compared with the static modulus of elasticity (E _S) tested by a mechanical test machine. The results show a significant correlation between E _S, transverse vibration DMOE (E _F), and longitudinal vibration DMOE (E _L). For all of these species, the correlation between E _S, E _F and E _L is more significant than the individual species, which indicated that the FFT method is universal. The correlations between E _S and sample’s density (ρ) are significant, but the correlation coefficient of E _S and ρ is lower than those between E _F, E _L and E _S. The E _S of wood is more accurately tested by the analysis based on FFT measurement than by the estimation based on density. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2005, 41(6): 126–131 [译自: 林业科学, 2005, 41(6): 126–131]     

Susceptibility of species of Juglans to pathovars of Xanthomonas campestris

Bacterial blight is considered one of the most serious diseases affecting the genus Juglans. Artificial inoculations with Xanthomonas campestris pv. Juglandis were performed in the field by spraying seedlings of Juglans cinerea, Juglans hindsii, Juglans mandshurica, Juglans nigra, Juglans regia and Juglans sieboldiana. Juglans nigra, J. cinerea ana J. sieboldiana proved to be the most resistant. The multiplication ability of Xanthomonas campestris pv. corylina, X. c. pv. juglandis, and X. c. pv. campestris was evaluated by injecting 2-year-old seedling leaves of J. mandshurica, J. nigra and J. regia. The bacterial growth was monitored in the infected tissue over 12 days. Xanthomonas c. pv. juglandis exhibited a high growth rate and induced black greasy spots in J. mandshurica and J. regia; X. c. pv. campestris grew in leaf tissues without inducing symptoms, X. c. pv. corylina showed a very low growth rate. None of the tested bacterial strains multiplied in the leaves of J. nigra. This confirms the results obtained in the field tests. Juglans regia was the most susceptible among the walnut species tested.     

Effects of flooding on growth of seedlings of woody riparian species

The effects of flooding on growth of seedlings were compared over a 7-month period (April–November) among six different woody species: Aesculus turbinata, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Fraxinus platypoda, Pterocarya rhoifolia, Pterostyrax hispida, and Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata. Flooding reduced the shoot length of F. platypoda, P. rhoifolia, C. japonicum, P. hispida, and Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata seedlings but did not affect that of A. turbinata seedlings. Among control seedlings, shoot elongation occurred once in A. turbinata and twice in F. platypoda and Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata; the other species continued to grow from April to August. Among the flooded plants of all species, shoot elongation occurred only once at the beginning of the growing season. On August 25, flooding significantly reduced the number of developed leaves as compared with control plants except for A. turbinata. In the flooded plants except for F. platypoda, leaf fall began on June 30; in controls, by contrast, the number of developed leaves increased until August 25. Flooding reduced the total dry weight increment in all species. The survival ratio of flooded plants after the experiment differed with species. All of the F. platypoda and A. turbinata seedlings survived the flooding treatment, while only 20% of P. hispida and 30% of Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata survived. Flooding seriously affected the growth of riparian pioneer species including P. rhoifolia, C. japonicum, P. hispida, and Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata. The effects of flooding on growth of the seedlings differed with the tree species because of differences in leaf-emergence pattern and physiological flood tolerance. The responses of tree seedlings to flooding reflected species habitats and growth patterns.     

3种落叶松苗期光能利用效率的比较

正林木90%以上的干物质来自光合作用,单位时间内光能利用效率(包括光能截获能力和光能转化效率)是衡量林木生长潜力的重要指标。光能截获能力主要与叶面积大小及其发展有关,光能转化效率主要与单叶光合速率有关。自发现光合速率在不同个体间存在明显差异后,以提高光能利用效率为目标的"高光效育种"受到育种学家的重视[1-3],而通过选配高光效种质进行有目的杂交已成为高光效育种的重要手段[4]。落叶松(Larix spp.)种间杂交     

黄河小浪底库区山地栓皮栎人工林土壤呼吸的季节动态

[目的]分离并量化土壤自养呼吸和异养呼吸,探讨各自贡献率及其随季节变化的动态特征。[方法]采用壕沟法和气体红外分析法,研究黄河小浪底库区山地栓皮栎人工林土壤总呼吸、自养呼吸和异养呼吸速率的季节动态变化、贡献率和环境影响因子。[结果]表明:栓皮栎人工林总土壤呼吸、自养呼吸和异养呼吸均呈夏季速率高、冬季速率低。栓皮栎土壤总呼吸、自养呼吸及异养呼吸速率与5 cm土壤温度均呈极显著指数相关,温度敏感性系数Q_(10)值大小为自养呼吸(3.40)异养呼吸(2.90)土壤总呼吸(2.45);栓皮栎土壤总呼吸、自养呼吸、异养呼吸速率与0 10 cm土壤体积含水量均显著线性相关;土壤总呼吸、自养呼吸速率与0 10 cm土壤电导率显著相关。土壤总呼吸和异养呼吸的温度敏感系数Q_(10)值均在冬季最大,夏秋季最小;而自养呼吸的Q_(10)值则呈相反的变化趋势。栓皮栎人工林自养呼吸和异养呼吸对土壤总呼吸的月贡献率为13.23%37.33%和62.67%86.76%,且自养呼吸的贡献率与土壤温度的季节变化规律相似。土壤总呼吸、异养呼吸与自养呼吸的CO2年通量分别为1 616.41、1 199.39、417.02 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1)。[结论]经过区分与定量化土壤总呼吸及其组分,确定异养呼吸为本研究区栓皮栎人工林土壤总呼吸的主要组分,作用于异养呼吸的生物与非生物因子均能显著影响整个森林生态系统表层CO_2总排放通量的大小,进一步为该研究区森林生态系统碳循环与能量流动的进一步量化研究提供参考。     

Characterization of strength properties of branchwood and stemwood of some tropical hardwood species

The mechanical strength properties of the branchwood of Aningeria robusta and Terminalia ivorensis with diameters ranging from 10 to 25 cm were examined to determine the suitability of branchwood as raw material for downstream processing. The study precisely assessed the static bending strengths, compression strengths and shear strengths parallel to the grain of the branchwood and stemwood of T. ivorensis and A. robusta. It was observed that under static bending, the overall (sapwood and heartwood combined) modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity of the branchwood of A. robusta and T. ivorensis were lower than that of their corresponding stemwood. The results further show that the overall compression and shear strengths parallel to the grain of the branchwood of A. robusta and T. ivorensis were higher than that of their corresponding stemwood. Under static bending, compression parallel to the grain, and shear parallel to the grain, the experimental results indicate that the sapwood of the branchwood from both T. ivorensis and A. robusta had lower strength values than that of their corresponding heartwood. Similar results were recorded for the stemwood of T. ivorensis where the heartwood had higher strength values than the sapwood. However, in the case of the stemwood of A. robusta, the sapwood had higher strength values than the corresponding heartwood.     

CONTROL TECHNIQUE OF BACTERIAL CANKER OF POPLAR

The poplar bacterial canker caused by Erwinia sp is a serious disease spreading inmost parts of Northeast China,where poplars are cultivalted.The disease seriously infects thosepoplars belonging to section Aigeiros or the intersection hybrids of section Tacamahaca and section Aigeiros and their clones.Five fine poplar cultivars resistant to the bacterial canker have been ob-tained by screening tests.They are Lz_2(Populus simonii×nigra var.italica),A_(15)(P.×sp.)613(P.×sp.),A_(102)and A_(98)(P.simonii×sp.)T following chemicals are obviously effective,such as:50％DT germicide ,40％ XF-136 and 10％ C.C.M.A.or 12.5％ ramphencol and 50,000 ppm/mlvalidamycin,with which the stems or roots can be watered.     

Micromorphology of the bacterial attack of wood

Summary This paper describes fully the various patterns of bacterial attack to be observed in wood. It is based on many observations made with bacterially infected wood, both in pure laboratory cultures and in naturally attacked wood from diverse environments. Patterns of attack are described for tracheids, fibres, vessles and rays and three types of pit border decay are figured, together with attack of the pit margo and torus. A brief section also deals with the macroscopic appearances of wood subject to bacterial attack.

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Zusammenfassung Auf Grund zahlreicher Versuche und Beobachtungen werden die verschiedenen Formen bakteriellen Befalles von Holz, sowohl bei inokulierten Laborkulturen als auch bei natürlich infizierten Hölzern von verschiedenen Waldstandorten, eingehend beschrieben.Im einzelnen umfassen die geschilderten Befallsformen diejenigen, von denen Tracheiden, Fasern, Gefäße und markstrahlen betroffen werden; außerdem werden drei Typen von Tüpfelwulstfäule, sowie je ein Fall von Bakterienbefall eines Tüpfelhofes und einer Tüpfelschließhaut dargestellt.Dem makroskopischen Aussehen bakterienbefallener Hölzer wird ein kurzer Abschnitt gewidmet.

     

Possibility of grouping of Cyclobalanopsis species (Fagaceae) grown in Japan based on an analysis of several regions of chloroplast DNA

Four regions of chloroplast DNA were sequenced as a prospective genetic marker to identify Japanese representatives of Cyclobalanopsis: Quercus acuta, Q. sessilifolia, Q. salicina, Q. myrsinaefolia, Q. glauca, and Q. gilva. We found that Q. gilva was distinguished from other species based on both the trnL-trnF and trnT-trnL intergenic spacers. The evidence shows good coincidence with the fact that Q. gilva has several peculiar morphological features distinguishable from those of other species. There was no difference in trnL intron and matK. Both trnT-trnL and trnL-trnF intergenic spacers are capable of being used as genetic markers to identify Q. gilva among Cyclobalanopsis species.Part of this paper was presented at the 48th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Shizuoka, April 3–5, 1998     

晚松悬浮细胞系的建立和原生质体的分离

植物悬浮细胞系的建立和原生质体的分离已被广泛地应用于生理学、生物化学、细胞学、遗传学及分子生物学的研究 ,它是生物技术中进行原生质体培养、杂交、基因转移、突变系筛选等项研究的较理想手段[1] 。针叶树在这方面的研究起步虽晚 ,但至今已取得令人瞩目的进展[2 ] 。晚松