基于机载LiDAR的伪大光斑波形数据反演林分平均高

为降低小光斑机载激光雷达因光斑直径太小而导致的脉冲首次回波无法代表冠层高度的影响,以进一步提高小光斑机载激光雷达波形数据在森林结构参数估测中的应用潜能。以内蒙古依根地区为研究区,以机载激光雷达波形数据为基础数据,在波形数据高斯分解的基础上提出一种基于小光斑波形形成伪大光斑波形数据的方法。通过计算样地内各高斯分量脉冲能量占总脉冲能量的比例,将其视为各高斯分量特征参数对应权数,分别求特征参数振幅、位置和半波宽的加权平均数,即为样地伪大光斑波形数据对应高斯函数的特征值。基于小光斑波形数据和伪大光斑波形数据提取特征参数,分别结合野外样方实测平均树高建立回归模型,并进行比较分析。结果小光斑波形反演模型的决定系数R2为0.47,总体平均精度P为78.19%,伪大光斑反演模型的决定系数R2为0.61,估测林分平均高总体平均精度P为90.65%。结果表明,伪大光斑模型反演精度高于小光斑波形反演模型,降低了小光斑LiDAR因光斑直径过小带来的影响,挖掘了小光斑机载LiDAR波形数据的应用潜力。     

机载林业探测大光斑激光雷达系统的设计与应用

激光雷达以其独特的穿透能力在大面积的林业探测中越来越受到重视。以国家林业局调查规划设计院和北京遥测技术研究所共同设计研发的大光斑激光雷达系统为基础,详细介绍了该系统的工作原理、模块组成、设备安装、参数设计、数据处理等,并对该系统的飞行试验数据进行了分析,结果显示,该系统下得到的波形数据可对建筑、农田、森林等地物进行精确地刻画。进一步利用Matlab 2014b软件对大光斑激光雷达回波波形估测森林样地最大冠层高度,并利用与之对应的小光斑激光雷达数据提取的森林最大冠层高度对比,总体平均精度达到89.24%。利用SPSS软件做配对样本T检验,结果表明,该系统下获得的大光斑波形数据估测的森林最大冠层高度与小光斑估测的森林冠层高度的差异显著性为0.366,大于0.05,无明显差异,直接证明了大光斑激光雷达估测森林最大冠层高度的独特性能。因此,在未来的林业探测中,可用该系统对大面积的森林资源进行探测,为大面积估测林分最大高、平均高、郁闭度、生物量、蓄积量、叶面积指数等一系列森林参数创造了条件。     

基于LiDAR离散点云能量信息的针叶林叶面积指数反演方法

叶面积指数是森林的重要结构参数,对于研究与植被叶片相关的生物物理活动具有重要意义。为了提高针叶林叶面积指数的估测精度,以吉林省长春市净月潭国家森林公园为研究区,通过对小光斑激光雷达离散点云进行滤波分类处理、拟合波形数据,从中提取5个能量参数,分别用于估测针叶林样方的叶面积指数,通过分析得出I2预测模型最好,R=0.911,P=0.968。结果表明小光斑激光雷达离散点云的能量信息能够较好地估计针叶林的叶面积指数,未来应加大小光斑激光雷达能量参数的应用。     

机载激光雷达森林参数估算方法综述

综述了机载激光雷达(LiDAR)在森林树高、郁闭度、蓄积量等参数估算中的应用,并对森林参数的估算精度及其影响因素进行了总结和分析。重点总结了目前机载激光雷达在森林参数估算中采用的如基于几何特性的点云数据滤波方法、基于强度信息森林参数提取方法、全波形数据的处理方法及L iDAR与多光谱影像数据融合关键技术,阐述了其现状及各自应用范围和存在的问题。     

小光斑激光雷达数据估测森林树高研究进展

小光斑激光雷达可以同时获得森林的垂直及水平结构参数,因光斑直径较小,可以做到森林单木结构参数的准确估计,进而推广到样方甚至更大区域森林结构参数的估计,近年来在林业中得到广泛应用。文中主要从树高估计方面对小光斑激光雷达在林业中的应用进行研究,通过对先前类似文献进行归纳总结发现,在小光斑激光雷达估测森林树高方面仍存在着一些问题,从而限制了森林树高估测精度的提高,如点云分类算法、点云密度、森林郁闭度、单木的准确分割等,还对小光斑激光雷达估计森林树高中所存在的问题进行了概括,并提出了改进建议。     

小光斑激光雷达数据估测森林生物量研究进展

小光斑激光雷达可以直接获取森林的垂直和水平结构参数,因此广泛应用于森林树高、生物量和郁闭度等结构参数估计。本文主要分析小光斑激光雷达在森林生物量估测中的应用,根据研究尺度的不同,分别对小光斑激光雷达在单木、样方水平森林生物量的反演技术和方法进行详细分析,并对小光斑激光雷达与其他类型遥感数据进行融合,共同用于森林生物量研究的潜能进行阐述,通过对上述分析得出小光斑激光雷达用于森林生物量研究中存在的问题进行总结并对其未来的研究进行展望。     

激光雷达技术及其在林业上的应用

激光雷达是近年来国际上发展十分迅速的主动遥感技术,在森林参数的定量测量和反演上取得了成功的应用。激光雷达具有与被动光学遥感不同的成像机理,对植被空间结构和地形的探测能力很强,特别是对森林高度的探测能力,具有其他遥感数据无法比拟的优势。介绍激光雷达遥感的基本原理、大光斑和小光斑激光雷达系统的特点,对它们在林业上的应用现状进行评述,重点分析激光雷达反演森林参数的方法,对激光雷达的林业应用前景进行分析和展望。     

激光雷达在森林垂直结构参数估算中的应用

激光雷达是近年来迅速发展的主动遥感技术, 激光脉冲对森林具有很强的穿透能力, 在森林垂直结构参数估测中具有巨大的潜力与优势。文中分别总结了小光斑和大光斑激光雷达在获取树高、生物量等森林参数中的应用及其优缺点, 同时分析比较了小光斑和大光斑激光雷达在估测森林参数上的不同; 最后重点介绍了目前唯一的星载大光斑激光雷达ICESat/GLAS系统, 总结分析了其在大面积森林空间结构参数估算中的应用现状, 并对激光雷达前景及其应用中存在的问题进行了探讨和展望。     

机载小光斑LIDAR的森林参数评估

使用小光斑机载激光雷达遥感得到森林结构参数是一个突破性技术。由于这个技术应用于树冠测量国内还相对比较新,所以需要大量的试验来整合实测数据和激光雷达遥感数据,并在后续分析和处理过程中获取森林应用急需的结构参数。随着数据存储能力和处理速度的提高,现在已经可以通过数字化采样来存储整个反射波形,而不仅仅是由系统提取出来的三维坐标(即离散点云)。通过对波形进行分析,可以更加详细地了解物体的纵向结构,比如表面倾斜、粗糙度、反射率。本文采用改进的EM算法分解原始波形数据,并得到植被高度、林冠下地形、冠层体积、地表反射率、植被反射率、森林郁闭度来描述森林的水平和垂直结构特性。     

基于仿真大光斑激光雷达和多层感知器的森林地上生物量估算模型构建

森林是全球重要的陆地生态系统,各国普遍采用地面样地调查的方法评估其资源量和生物量。随着激光雷达技术的发展,采用星载大光斑激光雷达估算大区域森林地上生物量将成为另一种选择。为探索利用大光斑激光雷达估算森林地上生物量的方法,提出了一种基于仿真大光斑激光雷达和多层感知器的森林地上生物量估算模型。比较仿真大光斑激光雷达波形参数13种组合拟合森林地上生物量的效果后,认为多层感知器的估测精度高于多元线性回归。与样地实测地上生物量相比,多元线性回归估测结果的偏差范围为-34.96~23.28t/hm²,多层感知器估测结果的偏差范围更小,为-19.09~20.19t/hm²。因此,多层感知器估测森林地上生物量的效果优于多元线性回归。     

基于星载雷达全波形数据估测森林结构参数研究综述

随着遥感技术的迅速发展, 基于星载雷达全波形数据来估测森林结构参数已成为一项突破性的技术。星载雷达对植被空间结构和地形探测能力很强, 能准确估测出森林结构参数, 为进一步研究森林碳储量和碳循环提供可靠的基础数据, 因此在林业中得到广泛应用。文中介绍了星载雷达系统ICESat-GLAS及其组成和工作原理, 系统总结了利用星载雷达数据估测森林结构参数的研究现状, 分析了星载雷达估测森林结构参数的局限性, 并对其研究趋势进行了展望。     

Woodland vegetation and its implications for archaeological survey using LiDAR

Archaeological surveys in woodland have always been problematicand many woodlands contain an unrecorded archaeological resource.For other types of rural landscape, aerial photographs are oftenused to map archaeological features but woodland cover has alwaysimpeded such disclosure. Remote sensing methods are rapidlyevolving and are used both within forestry and archaeologicaldisciplines for a range of applications. This paper considersthe exciting application of the remote sensing technique ofairborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) to reveal archaeologicalevidence previously hidden below a woodland canopy. Our researchshows how different types of woodland canopy and understoreyvegetation greatly influence the effectiveness of the LiDARto perform these surveys. A simple, visual vegetation mappingassessment is tested and its ability to predict the potentialof the LiDAR considered. This work highlights the importanceof vegetation awareness when considering both a new LiDAR surveyfor a woodland, and when interpreting the data. Simple estimatesof LiDAR penetration of the woodland canopy and understoreyvegetation can be used to predict the effectiveness of a LiDARsurvey in disclosing archaeological evidence and aid the interpretationof results.     

机载激光雷达和地基激光雷达林业应用现状

激光雷达技术可以直接获取地物的三维信息,在森林参数反演方面具有独特优势。近年来,机载激光雷达与地基激光雷达在林业上的应用取得很大进展,在森林调查中应用广泛。文中介绍了机载激光雷达与地基激光雷达在森林参数提取中的应用,并分析了两者的优缺点;概述了2种数据结合在森林参数反演中的应用,并对应用前景进行了展望。     

Estimation of mean tree height using small-footprint airborne LiDAR without a digital terrain model

In order to estimate mean tree height using small-footprint airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data, a digital terrain model (DTM), which is a continuous elevation model of the ground surface, is usually required. However, generating accurate DTMs in mountainous forests using only the LiDAR data is laborious and time consuming, because it requires human-assisted methods, especially in the forests with poor laser penetration rates. Based on our previous finding that a hypothetical continuous surface model passing through the predominant tree tops (hereafter, called the “top surface model” or TSM) might be nearly parallel to a DTM, we assumed that the vertical difference between the TSM and the ground return was the mean tree height. According to this assumption, we propose a new methodology that does not require a DTM to estimate mean tree height. This method completely, automatically, and directly estimates mean tree height (MTH _E) from the LiDAR data without requiring a regression analysis using reference data. From the relationships between the MTH _E and the observed mean tree height (MTH _O) in different hinoki cypress forests, we demonstrate that this method effectively estimates the mean tree height with nearly 1-m accuracy.     

深度学习在林业中的应用

林业数据信息的智能处理与深度挖掘分析是智慧林业精准决策与统筹管理的基础。文中主要从树木识别与分类、森林火灾识别与预测、树木病虫害监测和木材检测等4个方面总结深度学习在林业中的应用；从林业数据集、数据标记、特征学习涵盖范围、图像遮挡等方面分析了深度学习在林业领域应用上的缺点与局限性，以充分认识深度学习在林业应用方面亟待解决的问题与突破的方向；从林业领域应用场景、算法改进、数据集共享与研究成果应用的角度，展望深度学习在林业领域应用上亟待加强研究的方面，以提升深度学习解决林业应用问题的广度与深度，促进智能林业的发展。     

Airborne small-footprint discrete-return LiDAR data in the assessment of boreal mire surface patterns, vegetation, and habitats

Boreal mires encompass high diversity in species and habitats, many of which are endangered. In Finland, extensive use of peatlands has resulted in habitat fragmentation. A need for accurate and cost-efficient vegetation mapping and monitoring of habitat changes exists in mire conservation, restoration and peatland forestry. LiDAR is an emerging and excellent tool for probing the geometry of vegetation and terrain. Modern systems measure the backscattered signal accurately and also provide radiometric information. Experiments were carried out in a complex minerotrophic–ombrotrophic eccentric raised bog in southern Finland (61°47′N, 24.18′E). First, we tested discrete-return LiDAR for the modeling of mire surface patterns and the detection of hummocks and hollows, as well as the effect of mire plants on the Z accuracy of the surface echoes. Secondly, the response of different mire vegetation samples in LiDAR intensity was examined. Thirdly, we tested area-based geometric and radiometric features in supervised classification of mire habitats to discover the meaningful variables. The vertical accuracy of LiDAR in mire surface modeling was high: 0.05–0.10 m. A binary hummock-hollow model that was estimated from a LiDAR-based elevation model matched flawlessly in aerial images and had moderate explanatory power in habitat classification trials. The intensity of LiDAR in open-mire vegetation was mainly influenced by the surface moisture, and separation of vegetation classes spanning from ombrotrophic to mesotrophic vegetation proved to be difficult. Area-based features that characterize the height distribution of LiDAR points in the canopy were the strongest explanatory variables in the classification of 21 diverse mire site types. Actual qualifying differences in the ground flora were unattainable in the LiDAR data, which resulted in inferior accuracy in the characterization of ecohydrological conditions and nutrient level of open mires and sparsely forested wet sites. Mire habitat classification accuracy with LiDAR surpassed earlier results with optical data. The results suggested that LiDAR constitutes an efficient aid for monitoring applications. We propose the co-use of images and LiDAR for enhanced mapping of open mires and tree species. In situ calibration and validation procedures are required until invariant geometric and radiometric features are discovered.     

山西林改软件拓展应用研究

笔者从林业信息采集管理系统的数据资源入手,详细介绍了系统的数据资源,对系统的数据流、坐标系统、支持平台、数据交换、成果应用及功能挖掘等方面进行了剖析,并对林业信息采集管理系统应提交的成果及拓展应用情况作了详细的应用研究,指出了林改中应用林业信息采集管理系统可能遇到的问题并提出解决方法。