Enzymatic saccharification of spent wood-meal media made of 5 different tree species after cultivation of edible mushroom <Emphasis Type="Italic">Auricularia polytricha</Emphasis>

The chemical characteristics and the suitability for enzymatic saccharification in the spent culture media (SCM) of Auricularia polytricha were examined in order to investigate the utilization of the SCM as a biomass resource for alternative energy production. Wood meals from 3 hardwood species (Quercus serrata, Betula platyphylla var. japonica, and Alnus japonica) and 2 softwood species (Pinus densiflora and Cryptomeria japonica) were used as basal culture media. Dry weight of fruiting bodies were higher in the cultural media made of B. platphylla var. japonica and A. japonica. Amount of weight loss in media showed almost the same value among the cultural media made of 5 species, except for media made of C. japonica. The amounts of the main chemical components (Klason lignin, holocellulose, and α-cellulose) in SCM showed lower values than those in wood meals (WM) and fresh media (FM). After saccharification of the media by Meiselase for 48 h, the hydrolysis weight decrease dramatically increased in SCM. The amount of glucose in SCM ranged from 10.9 to 19.2 g/100 g dry biomass. The highest amount of glucose was obtained in the SCM from B. platyphylla var. japonica. These results indicate that SCM of A. polytricha is a suitable biomass material to produce fermentable sugars for bio-ethanol production.     

FTIR spectroscopy, chemical and histochemical characterisation of wood and lignin of five tropical timber wood species of the family of Dipterocarpaceae

The goal of this study was to characterise chemical and histochemical properties of five dipterocarp timber wood species (Dipterocarpus kerrii, Hopea plagata, Parashorea malaanoman, Shorea almon, and Shorea contorta) differing in wood service life and utilisation. Wood of H. plagata, the most durable species, contained the lowest concentrations of nitrogen and ligno-protein, the highest C/N ratio and the lowest lignin concentration per dry mass but the highest lignin and extractive concentrations per wood density. FTIR spectroscopic studies of wood and isolated lignins of D. kerrii and H. plagata revealed differences compared to P. malaanoman and Shorea sp., which are species with short service life. Lignins of the Shorea/Parashorea species had a higher G/S ratio than those of H. plagata and D. kerrii. This was also evident from histochemical staining. Principle component analysis of FTIR spectra identified differences in both lignin composition and ligno-protein content as major source of variation.     

Interspecific variation in leaf water use associated with drought tolerance in four emergent dipterocarp species of a tropical rain forest in Borneo

By use of tree-tower and canopy-crane systems we studied variations in the water use, including transpiration, stomatal conductance, and leaf water potential, of the uppermost sun-exposed canopy leaves of four emergent dipterocarp species in an aseasonal tropical rain forest in Sarawak, Malaysia. Midday depression in stomatal conductance and leaf water potential was observed in all the species studied. Interspecific differences were clearly observed in the maxima of transpiration rates and stomatal conductance and the minima of leaf water potential among the four dipterocarp species. These interspecific variations were closely related to wood density and to factors affecting ecological patterns of distribution. Specifically, Shorea parvifolia and S. smithiana, both of which have a relatively low wood density for Dipterocarpaceae and are found on clay-rich soil, had a high transpiration rate in the daytime but had a large midday depression and a low leaf water potential. In contrast, Dryobalanops aromatica, which has a high wood density and is found in sandy soil areas, consumed less water even during the daytime. Dipterocarpus pachyphyllus, which has a high wood density and is found on clay-rich soil, stood intermediate between Shorea and D. aromatica in leaf water use. The two Shorea species had higher mortality than the others during the severe drought associated with El Ni?o in 1998, so daily pattern of leaf water use in each dipterocarp species might be correlated with its susceptibility to unusual drought events.     

Reproductive strategies and food sources used by Acerophagus n. sp. near coccois, a new successful parasitoid of the invasive mealybug Phenacoccus peruvianus

Phenacoccus peruvianus Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a new invasive mealybug that causes important damages in ornamental plants in urban landscapes and nurseries in Southern Europe. Recently, a new species of genus Acerophagus Smith (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) has been recorded as the main parasitoid of P. peruvianus in Spain, displacing the native parasitoid Leptomastix epona Walker (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). In this work, we have determined some traits of the reproductive and feeding strategies of Acerophagus sp.: fecundity, immature developmental time, host instar suitability, and preference when parasitizing P. peruvianus, and the effect of natural occurring sugar sources on adult longevity. Acerophagus sp. egg load reached its maximum when it was 5 days old. Second and third nymphal instars and adults were suitable for parasitism and immature development (efficient encapsulation was low). Immature development lasted between 20 and 22 days. Acerophagus sp. developed as a solitary parasitoid in the second instar and as a gregarious parasitoid in older instars (2–4 parasitoids per host). All the emerged offspring were females. Acerophagus sp. always preferred older instars when different host instars were available. Finally, adults lived more than 20 days when fed on honey, but they lived fewer than 3 days when fed on naturally occurring sugar sources (host honeydew and host plant flowers, Bougainvillea glabra). The consequences of these characteristics on biological control and parasitoid rearing are discussed.     

不同品种泡桐制备乙醇的预处理工艺优化研究

生物质制乙醇是解决当前世界能源短缺的重要途径。当前生物质制乙醇在国内外无法大规模投入生产的主要原因是成本过高。选取优质的生物质材料和高效的预处理方法可以有效解决这一问题。以6个泡桐品种为试验材料,采用稀硫酸、氢氧化钠、微波-氢氧化钠3种方法进行预处理,对泡桐纤维素含量和酶解后还原糖产量进行测定,探讨不同预处理方法对纤维素含量和还原糖产量的影响。结果表明:以微波-氢氧化钠法预处理毛泡桐品种效果良好,处理后纤维素含量达84.82%,较预处理前提升了38.01%;半纤维素和木质素分别降低了21.23%和6.65%;还原糖产量较高,为471.38 mg/g。该研究可为生物质制乙醇高效预处理方法和优质生物质材料的选择提供参考。     

Compressive deformation of wood impregnated with low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin IV: Species dependency

Flat-sawn specimens of eight wood species, albizia (Paraserianthes falkata, 0.23 g/cm³), Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica, 0.31 g/cm³), red lauan (Shorea sp., 0.36 g/cm³), European spruce (Picea abies, 0.44 g/cm³), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga douglasii, 0.50 g/cm³), elm (Ulmus sp., 0.51 g/cm³), Japanese beech (Fagus crenata, 0.64 g/cm³), and Japanese birch (Betula maximowicziana, 0.71 g/cm³), were impregnated with low molecular weight phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin and their compressive deformations were compared. The volume gain (VG) and weight gain due to 20% resin solution impregnation were different among species. Furthermore, the specific volume gain (VG/specific gravity), indicating the degree of swelling of the cell wall, also varied from 17.7% for European spruce to 26.4% for elm. Oven-dried specimens of each species were compressed using hot plates fixed to an Instron testing machine. The deformation behavior of resin-impregnated wood up to 10MPa was significantly different among the species. Stress development during cell wall collapse for low density wood was minimal. As a consequence, a significant increment of density occurred up to 2MPa for low density wood such as albizia and Japanese cedar. When PF resin-impregnated wood was compressed up to 2MPa and the pressure was kept constant for 30min, the density of Japanese cedar reached 1.18g/cm³, about 30% higher than the density of compressed Japanese birch, which possesses an original density that is 2.5 times higher than that of Japanese cedar. The mechanical properties of resin-impregnated wood, especially low density wood, increased with density. Hence, it is manifested that low density wood species have an advantage as raw materials for obtaining high-strength wood at low pressing pressure.     

Crop response and soil fertility as influenced by green leaves of indigenous agroforestry tree species in a lowland rice system in northeast India

Field experiments were conducted during rainy seasons of three consecutive years (2008–2010) to study the effect of green leaf manuring on dry matter partitioning and productivity of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.). Green leaves of five indigenous agroforestry tree species viz., Erythrina indica, Acacia auriculiformis, Alnus nepalensis, Parkia roxburghii, and Cassia siamea were treated at 10 t ha^?1 on fresh weight basis in rice fields and compared with recommended N–P₂O₅–K₂O (80:60:40 kg ha^?1) and control treatments. During 2008–2009 year, yield attributes and rice yield were greater in NPK plots as compared to the green-leaf manured ones. However, in the third year, green leaf manuring (except that of Alnus) surpassed even the recommended N–P₂O₅–K₂O treatment in terms of dry matter production and yield; better response was however observed with Erythrina. The soil available N after final harvest increased by ca. 14–20 % in Alnus and Erythrina treated plots as compared to the control. Over all, it could be said that management of plant residues can have long-term implications apart from the desired maintenance of soil organic matter and improving crop yield.     

Reproduction of the parasitoids Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) and Lariophagus distinguendus (F?rster) on arenas containing a mixed population of the coleopteran pests Sitophilus oryzae and Rhyzopertha dominica

In this article, we assessed the reproduction rates of the generalist pteromalid parasitoids Anisopteromalus calandrae and Lariophagus distinguendus on the coleopteran pest species, Sitophilus oryzae and Rhyzopertha dominica, when these hosts were offered together under environmental conditions reproducing spring or early summer. These species had proved to be the most suitable hosts in terms of parasitoid progeny production for both parasitoid species in no choice experiments in previous studies. Trials with A. calandrae and L. distinguendus had lower pest emergence in the parasitoid treatment when compared to the control for S. oryzae. However, for R. dominica, there was no difference between treatments for either parasitoid species. Pest reduction levels reached by the two parasitoids were caused by parasitism effects together with other parasitoid-induced mortality causes, which included host feeding and unsuccessful parasitism. The most preferred host under the conditions tested for both parasitoid species was S. oryzae. The parasitoid L. distinguendus decreased grain loss significantly more than A. calandrae thanks to a greater reduction of pest population. Product loss in terms of reduction of the medium (brown rice) weight was always higher in the control treatments.     

分批添料纤维素酶水解研究

提出了在反应过程中分批添加底物的纤维素酶解方法，并对分批添料的作用机理进行了讨论。研究表明，分批添料可以同时提高酶解得率、底物浓度和酶解糖液浓度，当底物浓度为１５％（ｗ／ｖ）时，分批添料酶解得率为７０％，糖液中还原糖浓度为４８．１ｇ／Ｌ。     

Chemistry and ecotoxicity of heat-treated pine wood extractives

Pine (Pinus pinaster) wood was heat-treated in an autoclave for 2?C12?h at 190?C210°C. Hemicelluloses were the first compounds affected by the treatment. In general, the sugar decrease was higher for arabinose and galactose followed by xylose and mannose. Lignin started to degrade for small mass losses but at a slower rate than hemicelluloses, and cellulose only degraded significantly for severe treatments. Almost all of the original extractives disappeared, and new compounds arose such as anhydrosugars and phenolic compounds. The compounds that might leach from heat-treated wood were mainly those identified in the water and ethanol extracts, all of which were not harmful at the existing concentrations, thereby reinforcing the wood heat treatment as an environmental benign process.     

配方施肥对辣木生长效应及其初果期产量构成的影响

[目的]研究不同配方施肥对辣木生长效应及产量构件因素的影响,[方法]采用正交设计L9(34)3因素3水平进行施肥试验。[结果]施肥处理对各时期生长有显著的促进作用,且营养生长期N肥和K肥占主导作用。适合株高和地径生长的最优组合为N150P40K100,而适合冠幅和分枝数生长的最优组合为N85P85K100。生殖生长各指标较对照均有明显提高。低浓度的氮肥和高浓度的磷钾肥有助于辣木的开花和座果,同时提高果荚产量和种子产量,明显促进产量增加以及花序数、成熟果数、百粒质量和座果率的提高。[结论]合理的配比施肥显著促进辣木的生长效应以及提高产量,果荚产量和种子产量的最优组合为N_(40)P_(150)K_(100)。     

Cardiac glycosides from the bark of Antiaris toxicaria

Five new cardiac glycosides (1–5, namely antiaroside Y-ZC) together with 19 known compounds were obtained from the bark of Antiaris toxicaria. Their chemical structures were determined by IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR (HSQC, ¹H–¹H COSY, HMBC, ROESY). The absolute configuration of sugar unit was defined by acid hydrolysis and appropriate derivatization. Compound 1 was rare 5β-H-10β-H-19-nor-cardenolide, which might derive from decarboxylative derivative of 19-COOH cardenolide. The inhibitory effects of cardiac glycosides 1–11 on the viability of NIH-H460 lung cancer cells and their induction of Nur77 expression were evaluated and preliminary structure–activity relationship (SAR) was also discussed.     

淀粉酶处理对竹材防霉性能的影响

毛竹竹材由于富含淀粉和糖,在适宜的条件下极易受到以此为食的各种霉菌的侵害,给竹材加工业造成重大的损失,因此必须进行竹材的防霉保护。传统的化学药剂浸渍竹材,虽然防霉效果优异,但因其含有对人体有害的化学物质或重金属成分,长期使用会影响人类的身体健康。而利用生物酶进行竹材的防霉处理,不但简便高效,而且绿色无毒。在研究过程中采用7种不同酶量的淀粉酶溶液来处理竹材样品,同时对比了最适加酶量下3种不同处理时间和3种不同处理温度对竹材样品防霉的效果。试验结果表明:随着淀粉酶处理液中酶量的增加,竹材样品的淀粉和还原糖含量下降明显;淀粉酶处理液的处理时间对降低竹材淀粉和还原糖含量起到关键作用,适当延长竹材的酶处理时间有益于降低竹材的淀粉和还原糖含量;适合的淀粉酶处理温度能提高淀粉酶水解效率,降低竹材淀粉和还原糖含量。在竹材的防霉试验中,经淀粉酶溶液处理过的竹材,对3种霉菌(黑曲霉、桔青霉和绿色木霉)均有很好的抗霉效果;随着淀粉酶处理液酶量和处理时间的增加,竹材的防霉性能有了明显的提高。结果表明,最佳淀粉酶处理工艺为:酶量120 U/mL,酶处理时间36 h,酶处理温度95℃。研究结果可为竹材的防霉研究提供参考。     

Glomexanthones A–C,three xanthonolignoid C-glycosides from Polygala glomerata Lour

Three novel xanthonolignoid C-glycosides, glomexanthones A–C, with a trans-dihydrobenzofuran on B ring and a 2-hydroxymethyl-5-hydroxyl-2-pentenoic acid moiety in the sugar chain were isolated from an ethanol extract of Polygala glomerata. Their structures and absolute configurations were characterized by extensive NMR, MS, and CD spectroscopic studies. Screening results indicated that compounds 1–3 showed moderate neuroprotective effects on l-Glutamic acid-induced cellular damage in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells.     

Allometric relationships of frequently used shade tree species in cacao agroforestry systems in Sulawesi, Indonesia

Shade trees play an important role within agroforestry systems by influencing radiation and wind regimes as well as nutrient and hydrological cycling. However, there is a lack of quantitative assessments of their functions. One of the reasons is the rare information on structural characteristics of shade tree species. Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide basic information on the structure of frequently used shade tree species for the implementation of models simulating the ecosystem processes in agroforestry systems. The investigation of the shade trees was conducted at two cacao agroforestry sites on Sulawesi, Indonesia. The measurements of the main structural parameters: diameter at breast height, tree height, trunk height, crown length and crown radius were carried out for the shade tree species Aleurites moluccana, Cocos nucifera and Gliricidia sepium. For data collection, the National Forest Inventory Field Manual Template by FAO (2004) was applied. Based on this information allometric functions were derived for the correspondent shade tree species. The best significant relationships were obtained for the height-crown length relationship of the dicotyledonous tree species’ A. moluccana and G. sepium with a coefficient of determination r² = 0.925 and r² = 0.738, respectively, and the height-crown length relationship of the monocotyledonous palm C. nucifera with r² = 0.663. The transferability tests ‘analysis of covariance’ and ‘homogeneity of slopes’ have shown that the obtained allometric functions are also applicable to other cacao agroforestry systems of the region.     

Microbial conversion of bamboo hemicellulose hydrolysate to xylitol

A hemicellulose hydrolysate containing 19 g L^?1 xylose was prepared from the culm of bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) by hydrolysis with 3 % sulphuric acid with a liquor to solid ratio of 10 (g g^?1) at 121 °C for 1 h. After detoxification of the hydrolysate with a commercially available activated char followed by neutralisation with calcium carbonate, the resulting sugar solution was subjected to fermentation using the yeast, Candida magnoliae. The maximum xylitol production (10.5 g L^?1) and the maximum xylitol volumetric productivity (0.42 g L^?1 h^?1) were attained under agitation set at 400 min^?1 and aeration rate of 0.67 vvm (volume of air per volume of medium per minute). According to the results, a suitable control of the oxygen supply permits the xylitol formation from bamboo hemicellulose hydrolysate.     

金沙江干热河谷区8个造林树种的生态适应性变化

对金沙江干热河谷区8个造林树种的有关生理生态特性进行了研究。结果表明:相思类树种在旱季水分自然饱和亏缺较大,乡土树种坡柳和3种桉树则是雨季水分亏缺较大,具有WSD高而RWC低的植物同样具有很强的抗旱能力;比叶面积增大是植物提高抗旱能力的一个表现方面,但增加干物质积累、提高细胞质浓度也是途径之一;干热逆境可造成叶绿素含量降低,雨季叶绿素含量有较大提高,叶绿素a/b值也随之得到提高;参试树种的糖分含量旱季比雨季高,除马占相思外,其它树种淀粉与糖的比率则旱季比雨季低;在干热逆境胁迫下,7个树种(除尾叶桉)的游离脯氨酸含量有不同程度增加,旱季植株易出现萎蔫现象,有部分或较多叶片脱落的树种积累的游离脯氨酸较多。除造林效果较差的马占相思与其它7个树种有较多差异外,造林效果较好的7个树种在生理生态变化方面有较多相似性;同时,同类树种间有明显的一致性;乡土树种坡柳则在某些方面更近似于相思类树种,在某些方面又近似于桉树类树种;除马占相思外,3个相思类、3个桉树类树种与乡土树种坡柳同样在金沙江干热河谷区表现出较强的生态适应性。     

Impact of earthworm casts on soil pH and calcium carbonate in black truffle burns

Granules of calcium carbonate are known to be produced by the calciferous glands of earthworms, and may have a measurable impact on the soil; however, little is known of their dynamics. Earthworms are often found in Tuber melanosporum burns, and this truffle is closely linked to calcium carbonate and soil pH. The present work shows that in weakly calcareous soil burns with high earthworm (Prosellodrilus sp.) activity, earthworm casts showed a significant increase of 0.2 units of pH and 66 % more total calcium carbonate than soils in the burns, although the casts were produced from these same soils. Analysis of the soil carbonate fractions (active carbonate versus calcium carbonate greater than 50 μm in size) showed that the origin of the increase in the total calcium carbonate content of the Prosellodrilus sp. casts cannot be explained by the levels of original carbonate existing in the soils in the study, although it can be explained by the synthesis of calcite granules by earthworms. These results obtained in the field with Prosellodrilus sp. confirm Canti’s (2009) experiments in the laboratory using δ¹³C concerning the synthesis of calcite granules by Lumbricus terrestris. Both these results and other works indicate that production of calcite granules by Prosellodrilus sp., L. terrestris, Aporrectodea longa, A. trapezoides and Anisochaetae sp. has the ability to increase soil pH and calcium carbonate; additionally Lambkin et al. (2011) have found that higher soil pH and carbonates can cause an increase in the production of calcite granules by L. terrestris. All these results, therefore, point to a feedback process, scope of which is a function of the different soil types and earthworm species. In summary, different earthworm species may have a significant and positive impact on soil pH and net recarbonation of T. melanosporum burns, and the importance of both soil properties justifies the development of further experiments aimed at incorporating vermiculture into the truffle cultivations.     

半红树植物杨叶肖槿幼苗耐盐性研究

温室内对半红树植物杨叶肖槿幼苗进行7个盐度(5、8、11、14、17、20、23 g·kg-1)的胁迫处理,并对各处理下杨叶肖槿的生长量、生物量、生理指标和光合速率进行测定,结合生理指标进行适应度分析.结果表明:杨叶肖槿的苗高、地径、叶片数、根、茎、叶干质量及总生物量随着盐度的上升均呈下降趋势,在盐度为5、8 g·kg...     

Kombinierter Einsatz von synthetischen Insektiziden und Bacillus thuringiensis sowie Trichogramma evanescens gegen ausgewa¨hlte Scha¨dlinge an Vigna sesquipedalis unter tropischen Tieflandbedingungen

Field experiments with the synthetic insecticides, Methomyl and Carbaryl, alone and in combination with the biological control agents, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and Trichogramma evanescens, were conducted to control pests in yardlong beans, Vigna sesquipedalis, during the dry season 1998/1999. The experimental area was located at the Central Luzon State University in the province of Nueva Ecija on the Philippine main island Luzon. Carbaryl was applied against bean flies 5 days after plant emergence. Methomyl was sprayed against pod sucking insects and the bean podborer, Maruca vitrata, 45 days after plant emergence. The biological control agents were applied with the beginning of the flowering stage of V. sesquipedalis, when plants were first attacked by M. vitrata. Major insect pests on V. sesquipedalis were cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora), leafminer (Liriomyza sp.), and bean podborer (M. vitrata). Both, Bt and T. evanescens had no significant impact on yield. M. vitrata eggs, exposed for 48 hours in the fields to augmented T. evanescens, were used to measure field efficacy of the parasitoid. Highest parasitism rate was 13.3?%, thus, generally low. Highest yield was obtained from plots treated with both synthetic insecticides. No significant difference in fresh pod yield was observed when, in addition to the synthetic insecticides, Bt and/or T. evanescens was applied. However, all treatments significantly out-yielded the untreated control.