小叶杨的光响应曲线及其模型拟合

分别采用直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型、指数模型、二次多项式模型及直角双曲线修正模型对小叶杨的光合光响应数据进行拟合,以确定小叶杨光响应曲线拟合的最适宜模型。结果表明:通过直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型及指数模型拟合得到的最大净光合速率均大于实测值,光饱和点则远小于实测值,且不能处理光抑制部分的光响应数据;二次多项式模型能够较好的处理光抑制部分的光响应数据,但拟合得到的光合参数值与实测值不相符,甚至有悖常识;直角双曲线修正模型拟合的各项光合参数值均与实测值最相符,同时亦能很好处理光抑制部分的光响应数据,是小叶杨光响应研究的最适宜模型;利用直角双曲线修正模型拟合得到的小叶杨最大净光合速率(Pmax)、光饱和点(Is)、光补偿点(Ic)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)和初始量子效率(α)分别为19.93μmol·m~(-2)s~(-1),1 680.60μmol·m~(-2)s~(-1),28.97μmol·m~(-2)s~(-1)、-1.97μmol·m~(-2)s~(-1)和0.073。     

短梗大参光合作用光响应曲线及模型拟合

为了探讨不同光合作用光响应模型对短梗大参光合特性的适用性,采用LI-6400便携式光合仪分别观测了全光照和荫蔽环境下的5年生短梗大参叶片的光响应曲线;并应用二次多项式模型、分段函数、直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型和修正的直角双曲线模型拟合短梗大参的光响应曲线,根据拟合效果筛选不同光照环境下短梗大参合适的光响应模型。结果表明:1在全光照环境下,短梗大参光合作用的光响应曲线属于饱和趋近型;直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型和修正的直角双曲线模型无法直接求取其最大净光合速率和光饱和点的解析解;二次多项式回归模型拟合的光合参数值与实测值相差很大;分段函数为全光照下短梗大参光响应曲线最适用的分析模型,其拟合的初始量子效率为0.047,最大净光合速率为10.70μmol·m-2s-1,光饱和点为1 333.33μmol·m-2s-1,光补偿点为10.43μmol·m-2s-1,暗呼吸速率为0.48μmol·m-2s-1。2在荫蔽环境下,短梗大参光合作用的光响应曲线为中度抑制型;二次多项式拟合的光合参数值与实测值差异明显;分段函数拟合的光合参数值则比实测值要低;直角双曲线模型和非直角双曲线模型拟合的光饱和点均明显低于实测值;修正的直角双曲线模型为荫蔽环境下短梗大参光响应曲线分析的最适用模型,其拟合的初始量子效率为0.076,最大净光合速率为5.07μmol·m-2s-1,光饱和点为449.60μmol·m-2s-1,光补偿点为2.79μmol·m-2s-1,暗呼吸速率为0.21μmol·m-2s-1。     

辽西北沙地5种针叶树光合特征比较

2015年,在辽宁省彰武县应用Li-6400光合仪,对樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica Litv.)、彰武松(Pinus densiflora var.zhanguensis)、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.)、赤松(Pinus densiflora Sieb.et Zucc.)和长白松(Pinus sylvestriformis)光合作用的日变化进行观测。结果表明:5种针叶树在8月光合速率的日变化趋势基本相同,均表现为双峰型,并有明显的光合"午休"现象,其中彰武松光合速率最高、长白松光合速率较低。通过光响应曲线的分析得出:在0~2 000μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)光强下,光合能力顺序为长白松赤松樟子松油松彰武松;赤松和樟子松的光补偿点较高,为110μmol m~(-2)s~(-1);樟子松的暗呼吸速率最大,为2.338μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)。     

不同油茶无性系光响应的研究

对广宁红花油茶、高州油茶以及普通油茶赣无-1、赣石84-3、粤韶76-1和岑软3号共6个油茶无性系进行多点连续测定,测定指标有表观量子效率、光饱和点、光补偿点、最大净光合速率和暗呼吸速率等。用叶子飘最新模型对数据进行拟合。结果表明:6个不同油茶无性系光响应曲线间存在差异。赣石84-3较耐荫蔽。赣无-1光饱和点相对较高,光补偿点较低,且有较高的最大光合速率,对光环境的适应性较强,对光环境的适应范围较广,具有较大光合潜力。     

中辽1号杨光合特性研究

以1年生中辽1号杨为试验材料,测定其光合因子日变化、光响应曲线和CO2响应曲线,其目的是了解中辽1号杨的光合生理特性,为中辽1号杨高效稳产栽培提供科学依据。结果表明:中辽1号杨净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化曲线均为“高峰—低谷—高峰”的双峰曲线,存在明显的“光合午休”现象;全天净光合速率最大值为20.34μmol·m^-2s^-1,出现在上午10:00。相关性分析表明光合有效辐射和大气CO2浓度是影响净光合速率日变化的主要因子。采用直角双曲线修正模型对中辽1号杨光响应曲线及CO2响应曲线进行拟合,得到中辽1号杨各项光合参数,其中光饱和点为1713.53μmol·m^-2s^-1,光补偿点为28.99μmol·m^-2s^-1,最大净光合速率为19.89μmol·m^-2s^-1,暗呼吸速率为-1.99μmol·m^-2s^-1,初始量子效率为0.073,CO2饱和点为1266.09μmol·mol^-1,CO2补偿点为68.81μmol·mol^-1。     

箭叶淫羊藿光合特性研究

运用Li-6400便携式光合作用测定系统对郁闭林分下箭叶淫羊藿的光合作用日变化、光响应特性及CO_2响应特性进行了研究。结果表明:(1)箭叶淫羊藿光合作用日变化表现为单峰曲线,其峰值出现在上午10∶00左右,且影响其日变化的主要因素为叶片蒸腾速率、胞间CO_2浓度、光合有效辐射和大气CO_2浓度等;(2)箭叶淫羊藿的光补偿点为3.6μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),光饱和点为433.6μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),表观量子效率为0.038μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),验证了箭叶淫羊藿为典型的阴生植物,且利用弱光的能力较强;(3)箭叶淫羊藿CO_2补偿点为80.3μmol·mol~(-1),CO_2饱和点为1 656μmol·mol~(-1),羧化速率为0.008μmol·mol~(-1)。     

6种宿根花卉植物的光合特性研究

目前,我国北方地区园林应用中宿根花卉的种类相对较少、品种单一。为了进行宿根花卉的引种栽培进而有效丰富园林宿根花卉的种类,以黑心菊、芙蓉葵、蜀葵、赛菊芋、紫茉莉、醉鱼草等6种宿根花卉为试验材料,利用CIRAS-3光合仪,研究其光合有效辐射、二氧化碳的响应以及光合速率日变化。结果表明,黑心菊、赛菊芋和醉鱼草净光合速率日变化表现为单峰曲线,未出现"午休"现象;芙蓉葵、蜀葵和紫茉莉为明显的双峰曲线,有明显的"午休"现象,且第2峰值均出现在14:00,其中黑心菊的光补偿点最低、光饱和点也较低,分别为18.69μmol/(m~2·s)和1 506.49μmol/(m~2·s),可以在遮阴环境下生长,而赛菊芋的光补偿点最高、光饱和点也较高,分别为32.45μmol/(m~2·s)和1 616.41μmol/(m~2·s),表现出较强的喜阳性。     

白云岩石漠区2种落叶树种秋季光合特性比较

为了解西南喀斯特白云岩石漠化地区的适生造林树种盐肤木、栾树秋季的光合生理特性,使用LI-6400便携式光合测试仪于9月下旬对盐肤木、栾树叶片的光合参数进行测定分析。结果表明,盐肤木的净光合速率(Pn)的日变化曲线仅有1个峰值,光补偿点(LCP)为5μmol/(m~2·s),光饱和点(LSP)为818μmol/(m~2·s)。栾树的净光合速率日变化曲线出现一大一小2个峰值,光饱和点(LSP)为475μmol/(m~2·s),光补偿点(LCP)为30μmol/(m~2·s)。气孔导度(Gs)在实验过程中是对栾树和盐肤木净光合速率(Pn)影响最大的环境因子。在相同的光照条件下,盐肤木的净光合速率(Pn)大于栾树的净光合速率,光饱和点(LSP)大于栾树,光补偿点(LCP)低于栾树,2种树木均有明显"午休"现象。在9月,盐肤木光合情况优于栾树。     

3个引种彩叶树种的光响应曲线特性

以引种的彩叶树种北美枫香、娜塔栎、彩岑槭为研究对象,测定分析3个彩叶树种光合作用相关参数的光响应,绘制相应的光响应曲线,并对曲线特性进行了分析。在低光强条件下,各树种净光合速率Pn差异较小,随光强增大各树种表现出较大差异。3个彩叶树种的气孔导度Gs和蒸腾速率Tr的光响应变化规律基本一致;低光强范围内迅速上升,随着光强增大呈缓慢上升或下降趋势。3个树种的胞间CO_2浓度Ci总体先急速下降后趋于平稳,水分利用效率WUE随光合有效辐射PAR的增加呈先上升后下降趋势。3个树种的光补偿点LCP范围为10. 233～16. 631μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),光饱和点LSP范围为791. 339～1 099. 601μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),均属于阳性植物;娜塔栎的LSP、LCP及最大净光合速率均相对较高,利用强光的能力更强;北美枫香的LCP、LSP及最大净光合速率均相对较低,对弱光的利用能力更强。     

南亚热带3种幼树的光合生理生态特性

采用Li-6400便携式光合作用测定仪对3种南亚热带植物:变叶树参(Dendropanax proteu)、半枫荷(Semiliquidambar cathayensis)、台湾榕(Ficus formosana)幼树光合生理特性进行研究。结果表明:13种幼树的净光合速率(Pn)日变化均呈"双峰"曲线,变叶树参首峰(3.62μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))出现于10∶00,次峰(2.09μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))出现在16∶00;半枫荷首峰(3.15μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))出现于10∶00,次峰(1.75)出现在16∶00左右;台湾榕首峰(4.07μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))出现在9∶00左右,次峰(2.20μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))出现在16∶00左右。均具有明显的光合午休现象。2相关、回归及通径分析表明,3种植物Pn与光合有效辐射(PAR)、气孔导度(Gs)显著正相关,而与胞间CO2浓度(Ci)显著负相关,光合午休现象的原因很可能是环境因子变化引起叶肉细胞光合活性降低的非气孔限制因素。33种植物的光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)均较低,变叶树参分别为640.45、4.16μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1);半枫荷分别为597.96、2.09μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1);台湾榕分别为657.85、3.08μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),均为典型的阴生植物。     

Improving the evaluation of multiple-dowel-type connection strength

Our study focuses on predicting the ultimate short-term load carrying capacity of timber-to-timber connections with dowel-type fasteners. The wide range of possible configurations in practice makes the resolution of these values by tests unrealistic. Moreover, different current regulations do not consider some specific failure mechanisms. In many countries, the reduction of resistance involved by this phenomenon is taken into account by considering an effective number of dowels (n_ef) smaller than the actual number of dowels (n) in the connection. However, these different regulations disagree on the values of n_ef and on other points (spacing, partial coefficient of security, formulas). These discrepancies in design rules invite the fundamental research on this topic and, therefore, new methods are sought in order to estimate the load carrying capacities of the connections. In the light of these, our approach consists of predicting the load carrying capacity with the neural network numerical tool. The results obtained by this analysis tool are satisfactory, although the model remains complex. Subsequently, we focus on the simplification of this numerical model with classical regression techniques in order to implement it in a design code.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Insecticidal activity of certain medicinal plants

The methanol extracts of eight species of medicinal plants were tested for insecticidal activity in third instar larvae of Egyptian cottonworm (Spodoptera littoralis). All extracts showed a certain degree of larval toxicity. The extracts of Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana and Salvia officinalis appeared to be highly toxic. The extracts significantly affected the growth indexes [relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD)].     

Populations of adult fungus gnats and shore flies in British Columbia container nurseries as related to nursery environment,and incidence of fungi on the insects

Adult fungus gnat and shore fly populations were monitored in four container nurseries near Victoria, British Columbia. In general, populations of both insects were larger in summer than in winter. Also, both insects were more abundant in the nursery with a plastic-covered, soil floor, which favored moisture accumulation and build up of algae, liverworts and mosses, than in nurseries with other types of floors such as cement. Results of fungus isolations revealed that gnats and flies both harbor the seedling pathogens Botrytis cinerea and species of Fusarium and Phoma, plus several non-pathogenic fungi. The results are discussed in relation to nursery sanitation practices, their effects on gnat and fly populations, and some possible roles of these insects in seedling disease epidemiology.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Constituents of aromatic plants: carvacrol

Carvacrol is a component of numerous aromatic plants. Up to now, no toxicological data were available. Carvacrol show a weak activity in the mutagenicity studies. Moreover, in the metabolism study, carvacrol has shown to be excreted with urine after 24 h in large quantities or unchanged or as glucoronide and sulphate conjugates. The available data do not allow the assessment of the NOEL. Further toxicological studies are needed.     

崖柏属植物的核型分析

[目的]为了从细胞学角度探讨崖柏属植物分类与进化问题,[方法]采用根尖压片法对崖柏属5种植物进行核型研究。[结果]表明:崖柏和日本香柏的核型公式为2n=2x=22=18m(2SAT)+4sm,朝鲜崖柏、北美乔柏和北美香柏的核型公式为2n=2x=22=20m(2SAT)+2sm,5种植物的核型均属于1A类型。[结论]该属在柏科中可能处于比较进步的进化地位;通过进化趋势图分析发现,崖柏在该属中分化最晚,而朝鲜崖柏则较原始。     

Trees and shrubs as sources of fodder in Australia

Experience with browse plants in Australia is briefly reviewed in terms of their forage value to animals, their economic value to the landholder and their ecological contribution to landscape stability. Of the cultivated species only two have achieved any degree of commercial acceptance (Leucaena leucocephala and Chamaecytisus palmensis). Both of these are of sufficiently high forage value to be used as the sole source of feed during seasonal periods of nutritional shortage. Both are also leguminous shrubs that establish readily from seed. It is suggested that a limitation in their present use is the reliance on stands of single species which leaves these grazing systems vulnerable to disease and insects. Grazing systems so far developed for high production and persistence of cultivated species involve short periods of intense grazing followed by long periods of recovery. Similar management may be necessary in the arid and semi-arid rangelands where palatable browse species are in decline.     

Effects of thinning on growth of six tree species in north-temperate forests of Lithuania

This paper summarises the results from 35 years-observed thinning experiments on 256 permanent sample plots in 10–60 year-old stands of ash, aspen, birch, oak, pine and spruce in Lithuania. Thinning enhanced crown projection area increment of residual trees. The largest effect was observed in stands of aspen and birch (growth increase by 200%), followed by ash and oak (over 100%), and spruce and pine (about 80%). Thinning also promoted dbh increment, especially in younger stands, and the increase of dbh increment was positively correlated with the thinning intensity. The strongest reaction was exhibited by oak and aspen, while ash, birch and conifers reacted to a lower extent. Low and moderate intensities of thinning stimulated volume production in younger stands while the opposite was observed in older stands with increasing removals. Spruce stands exhibited relatively strongest increase of volume increment and pine, –the weakest, while the effect on deciduous species was intermediate. The results demonstrate that significant increase in volume increment is achievable with thinning of only young forest stands, e.g. 10–20 year-old pine, birch and ash, or 10–30 year-old oak, aspen and spruce.